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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BOTANICAL PARTS OF Eucalyptus

Camaldulensis UNDER DIFFERENT EDAPHIC REGIMES

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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BOTANICAL PARTS

OF Eucalyptus Camaldulensis UNDER DIFFERENT
EDAPHIC REGIMES
Mudassar Hussain1, Ehsan Ali1,2, Muhammad Farooq Azhar2,*, Ilyas Hussain Sarfaraz3, Imran Khan2,
Dilawar Ali Dilbar1, Hayatullah Jaffar4, Muhammad Talha Imtiaz2
1
Department of Forestry and Range Management, Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Department of Forestry and Range Management, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
3
Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, the University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
4
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) used in treat-
ment of different ailments. Current study aimed at
extraction and screening of active phytochemical
compounds from different extracts (Aqueous, Etha-
nol and Methanol) of EC leaves, stem-bark and seeds
and samples were taken from two different localities
to check influence of edaphic properties on the com-
position of phytochemicals in various parts of EC.
Soil samples from three different places and
from two different localities (Daphar and MithaTi-
wana Irrigated plantations) at three different depths
were taken and brought to lab for analysis of physi-
cal and chemical characteristics in special relation to
BVOCs production. Samples of different botanical
parts leaves, stem-bark and seeds from six different
trees of each locality were collected. Standard tests
were performed to determine the phytochemicals.
Statistical test was applied to check association be-
tween soil characteristics and type of phytochemical
produced by EC.
It is showed that secondary metabolites like
tannins, Saponins and steroids were present in all
parts of plant while alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids
and terpenoids varied from part to part with total ab-
sence of phenols in all parts. The phytochemicals
known to be present at site I were also found to be
present at site II and statistical analysis revealed that
there was no association between soil characteristics
and type of phytochemical produced. Among the ex-
tracting agents methanol showed the wider range of
Phytochemicals in all parts followed by ethanol and
water.
The phytochemicals obtained from EC could
account for varied medicinal properties like anti-flu,
anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic effects at
commercial level.
KEYWORDS:
Safaida/Eucalyptus, Botanical parts, phytochemical
screening, edaphic properties, Medicinal value
Research regarding secondary metabolites use
for pharmaceutical purpose started and is based on
solid foundations of the observation that; popula-
tions consuming a plant-based diet have decreased
heart disease and cancer risk. Nearly 80 per cent of
the population in rural areas depends on traditional
medicines for primary healthcare and most of this is
based on use of plant extracts and in raw form by
considering less negative effects [1,2,3,4,5].
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) has been used
as relief for colds and influenza. It has also been
widely used as antiseptic because of its refreshing
odor and ability to kill bacteria. It is also acknowl-
edged for possessing analgesic and anti-pyretic prop-
erties since ancient times. It has been reported to pos-
sess antimicrobial, fungicidal, insect-repellant, fumi-
gant, and pesticidal activity [6]. EC leaves were uti-
lized as a household folklore remedy in Australia.
The leaves and oil were used mainly for respiratory
conditions e.g. bronchitis and croup. The dried
leaves were smoked like tobacco for asthma. It is
also used for feverish conditions (malaria, typhoid,
cholera, etc.) and skin problems such as burns, ulcers
and wounds [7]. It is used as a remedy for sore throat
and other bacterial infection of the respiratory and
urinary tracts. Essential oils are used in treatment of
lung diseases while the volatile oils are used as ex-
pectorants [8].
In nature numerous factors thwart a homogene-
ous and continuous making of secondary metabo-
lites; these include Physiological variations (Organ
development, Pollinator activity cycle, Type of plant
material (leaves, flowers, etc.), Environmental con-
ditions (Climate, Pollution, Diseases and pests),
Edaphic factors, Geographic variation, factors and
evolution, Storage, Political/social conditions,
Amount of plant material/space and manual labour
needs [9]. A lot of conventional parting techniques
with various solvent systems have been described as
having the ability to separate and identify secondary
metabolite[10].

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Numerous authors considered the structure and
texture of the soil (edaphic factors) and concentra-
tion of available nutrients as one of the destructive
factors in phytochemical composition and that of
volatiles in particular, over and above other rational-
ization for the divergence found in oils of the same
species. The supplementation of the soil with three
of the most important nutrients (nitrogen, phospho-
rus and potassium) has usually shown an increase in
the oil yields, although the separate addition of the
same nutrients gave different results in the yield and
composition of the same oils. Other authors have
shown that, in contradiction of the yield, the compo-
sition of the essential oil was not predisposed by the
concentration of nitrogen in the soil [11].
The present study was design to assess the pres-
ence of different types of secondary metabolites in
different botanical parts of EC and to explore their
potential advantage or usage. To evaluate the effect
of edaphic (soil) properties on secondary metabolite
production by the botanical parts and to determine
the response (qualitative) of different botanical parts
in different extracting agents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil and plant samples: Three samples from
three different places and two different localities
(Daphar and MithaTiwana Irrigated plantations) at
three different depths; 0-6 inches (approximately 0–
20 cm), 6-12 inches (approx. 20-40 cm) and 12-18
inches (approx. 40-60 cm) and were taken labeled
with date and place and brought to lab for analysis of
physical and chemical characteristics in special rela-
tion to BVOCs production.Samples of different bo-
tanical parts leaves, stem-bark and seeds from six
different trees of each locality were collected. The
samples were labeled with date, time and place and
stored at room temperature.
Soil sample preparation and Extraction of
plant sample: Each of the three soil samples taken
at three different depths (equivalent to three different
cores) from both the locations was thoroughly mixed
in a clean pot to make a composite lab sample for
analysis. While the leaves, stem-bark and seeds were
air dried in shade followed by oven drying kept in
paper bag at 80 oC for approx. three hours in order to
desiccate (remove moisture) them. After the drying
was completed the leaves, stem-bark and seeds were
crushed to powder form using electric grinder. These
twelve samples of leaves and stem-bark and two
samples of seeds related to two localities were then
prepared for solvent extraction. 2 g of each botanical
part powder of all samples from both localities was
dissolved in three solvents Distilled Water, Metha-
nol and Ethanol separately and allowed to incubate
for overnight. After overnight staying or incubation
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

the contents were filtered using Whattman filter pa-
per. The filtrate was then used for the phyto-chemi-
cal tests.
ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Determination of pH: Soil pH was measured
by converting soil into suspension solution (in ratio
2.5:1, water: soil). Nearly 25 ml distilled water was
added in 10 g air-dried soil sample in a beaker and
stirred at regular intervals for 15-20 minutes. The
suspension solution was then dipped in electrode of
pH meter which was already calibrated with a stand-
ard solution. The pH reading showed was recorded
[12, 13].
Determination of Electrical Conductivity:It
was measured by using conductivity meter. The sus-
pension solution used was same as for pH. However
the suspension solution was made by stirring the
mixture for 2 times at regular interval of 30 minutes
and for 10 minutes each time. Calcium sulfate dehy-
drate saturated solution was used for calibrating the
meter [14].
Determination of Organic matter percent
age: It was measured by using Walkley-Black
method using the following formula;
% organic matter= % C/0.58= % C * 1.72
Where; 0.58 and 1.72 are correction factors.
Determination of available phosphorous: It
was measured by using Micro-Vanadate-Molybdate
Method [15]. Calculation was done using following
formula;
P mg/100g = reading * factor /10 * 100/dry
weight at 105 oC
Determination of available potassium: The
available potassium was extracted from using am-
monium acetate reagent method. The apparatus used
was flame photometer and slope extraction method
was used for calculating potassium in samples.
Determination of Soil texture: It was deter-
mined by using USDA textural triangle.
Analysis of Plant Samples: The phytochemi-
cal screening was done according to the methods
used by various scientists [2,16,17].
Test for Alkaloids: Mayer’s reagent was used
to detect the presence of alkaloids.
Test for Terpenoids: Samples were treated
with 0.5 ml acetic anhydride and 0.5 ml chloroform
then concentrated H2SO4added slowly to detect ter-
penoids.
© by PSP Volume 31– No. 08/2022 pages 7788-7795
Test for Flavonoids and Flavones: All sam-
ples from both localities were treated with dilute
NaOH, followed by addition of dilute HCl. A yellow
solution formed with NaOH turned colorless with di-
lute HCl indicating the presence of flavonoids and
flavones.
Test for Tannins: 0.5 ml Leaves, stem-bark
and seeds extract of methanol, ethanol and aqueous
solvent of all samples from both localities was
treated with 1 ml distilled water then 1-2 drops of
ferric chloride solution turned Gallic tannin solution
blue and catecholic tannin solution green black
color.
Test for Phenols: 1 ml Leaves, stem-bark and
seeds extract of methanol, ethanol and aqueous sol-
vent of all samples from both localities was dis-
solved in 1 ml distilled water or ethanol, and then
addedwith few drops of ferric chlorides solution.
Phenolic solution showed Red, Blue, green, Purple
coloration. This is known as Ferric chloride solution
test.
Test for Saponin: 2 ml Leaves, stem-bark and
seeds extract of methanol, ethanol and aqueous sol-
vent of all samples from both localities was dis-
solved in 2 ml of distilled water and shaken for few
minutes in a test tube caused 1 cm layer of foam thus
indicating the presence of Saponins.
*-) *,+!>>
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 % )$*-&
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FIGURE 1
Soil Analysis of Daphar and Mitha Tiwana I.P’s
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

RESULTS
Soil Analysis: The results related to the soil
analysis from both the localities (Daphar and Mitha
Tiwana irrigated plantations) are shown in the Figure
1. Results indicated that there was a difference in soil
properties between the two localities based on differ-
ent parameters pH, E.C., O.M %, available phospho-
rous and potassium but texture was found to be same.
The texture found by United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) textural triangle and confirmed
by saturation % method indicated that texture of both
soils was loam in nature with relative proportion of
silt: sand: clay to be 40 %: 35 %: 25 % and 40 %: 40
%: 20 % for Daphar and MithaTiwana I.P. The pH
of Daphar and Mitha Tiwana I.P. was found to be
7.96 ± 0.12 and 7.93 ± 0.05 respectively showing
that both sites are alkaline or basic. At this pH many
nutrients are optimally available with exception to
phosphorous in macronutrients and zinc, iron, man-
ganese and boron in micronutrients which are more
available within a range of 6 to 7 and 5 to 7 respec-
tively. Electrical conductivity was found to be 3.506
± 0.095 (ms cm-1) and 0.976 ± 0.061 milisie-
mens/centimeter (ms cm-1) for both localities in re-
spective order. O.M % of both places was found to
be 4.8 % ± 1.9 % and 4.1 % ± 1.9 % for Daphar and
Mitha Tiwana I.P., respectively. Available phospho-
rous for the two sites was found to be 3.46 ± 0.75
milli-gram per kilogram (mg/kg-1) and 3.8 ± 1.03
mg/kg-1. Both the sites were found to be deficient in
phosphorous, which is one of the three essential
macronutrients thus playing an important role in
plant growth. This
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TABLE 1
Phytochemicals found in different botanical parts of EC for both localities
Phytochemicals
Botani- Ex- Flavo-
Study Site
cal Part tracts Alka- Tan- Phe- Sapo- noids/ Ster- Terpe-
loids nins nols nins Flavones oids noids
Aque-
ous - + - - - + -
Leaves Ethanol + + - + - + -
Metha-
nol + + - + - - -
Aque-
ous - + - - - + -
Daphar Stem/ba
Ethanol + + - + - + -
I.P. rk
Metha-
nol + + - + - - -
Aque-
ous - + - - - + -
Seeds Ethanol + + - + - - -
Metha-
nol + + - + - + -
Aque-
ous - + - - - + -
Leaves Ethanol - + - + - + -
Metha-
nol - + - + - - -
Aque-
ous - + - - - + -
MithaTi- Stem/ba
Ethanol - + - + - + -
wana I.P. rk
Metha-
nol - + - + - - -
Aque-
ous - - - - - + -
Seeds Ethanol - + - + - - -
Metha-
nol - + - + - - -

phosphorous deficiency was found to have negative
effects on secondary metabolic pathways of EC. The
values for available potassium for the two sites were
reported to be 128 ± 11.31 mg/kg-1 (Daphar) and
132.66 ± 12.25 mg/kg-1 (Mitha Tiwana). From the
standpoint of potassium, another important macro-
nutrient both the sites were found to be moderately
fertile thus producing favorable effects for plant me-
tabolism.
Phytochemical Analysis: The samples of dif-
ferent plant parts leaves, stem-bark and seeds ex-
tracted with each of three solvents water, ethanol and
methanol were tested with the reagents and chemi-
cals and the characteristic appearance or character
shown by sample was considered an indication of
presence or absence of respective phyto-chemical.
The results found for Daphar I.P. and Mitha Tiwana
I.P. is given in Table 1. The result showed that alka-
loids were absent in samples of aqueous extract in
leaves, bark and seed from both locations but were
present in samples of methanol and ethanol extract
of all the sections of plant collected from Daphar and
samples of leaves, seed and stem-bark extracted by
methanol and ethanol solution from Mitha Tiwana
showed the absence of alkaloids. Tannins were pre-
sent in all the parts of plant extracted with any of the
three solvents in 5 samples of Daphar and 4 samples
of Mitha Tiwana I.P. Saponins were present in etha-
nol and methanol extracted leaves and stem-bark in
4 and 3 samples of Daphar and 3 and 2 samples of
Mitha Tiwana I.P. Phenols were absent in all the
samples of both locations may be because of absence
of water stress. Flavonoids/flavones were also not
found to be present in any except methanol extracted
seeds at both localities, their absence was because as
these show protective property in drought conditions
and there prevailed no drought condition in study
area. Steroids were present in water and ethanol ex-
tracted leaves and stem-bark but not in methanol ex-
tracted leaves and stem-bark from both locations.
Water and ethanol extracted seeds contained steroids
but methanol extracted did not. Terpenoids were to-
tally absent. The statistical analysis for determining
association between the edaphic factors and Phyto-
chemicals production by plant parts revealed that

7791
© by PSP Volume 31– No. 08/2022 pages 7788-7795 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin


there was no such association; however the slight
differences in results of two localities could be at-
tributed to genetic and environmental factors. The
results have indicated that phyto-chemical present in
one Part of the plant was also found in other parts at
both locations. The phyto-chemicals extracted from
plant of two different localities were same hence
there was no relation found between the edaphic
properties and nature of BVOCs. Finally, the metha-
nol extracted samples showed a wider range of sec-
ondary metabolites followed by ethanol extract and
the aqueous extracted samples. The graphical repre-
sentation of different phytochemicals from both sites
and in various extractions is depicted in Fig. 2,3,4,5.

>

,

+ 
*

) 
 




FIGURE 2
Methanol extracted leaves samples yielded phyto-chemicals at site I and II
(vertical axis shows number of samples)

>

,

+ 

) 
 




FIGURE 3
Methanol extracted stem/bark samples yielded phyto-chemicals at site I and II
(vertical axis shows number of samples)

7792
© by PSP Volume 31– No. 08/2022 pages 7788-7795 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin


>

,

+ 
*

) 
 




FIGURE 4
Ethanol extracted leaves samples yielded phyto-chemicals at site I and II
(vertical axis shows number of samples)

>

,

+ 

) 
 




FIGURE 5
Ethanol extracted stem/bark samples yielded phyto-chemicals at site I and II
(vertical axis shows number of samples)

DISCUSSION plants might indeed be potential source of new anti-

The increase of antibiotic resistance of micro-
organism to traditional drugs has necessitated the
search for new efficient and cost effective ways for
the control of infectious diseases. The result of dif-
ferent studies provides evidence that some medicinal
microbial agents. Different plant parts are known to
yield different phytochemicals with different ex-
tracting agents/solvents under different edaphic or
environmental conditions. The present preliminary
study was conducted to analyse the possibility and
prefer-ability of EC as commercial source of organic
plant based drug based on qualitative profiling of
phytochemicals. The phytochemical screening of the

7793
© by PSP Volume 31– No. 08/2022 pages 7788-7795
plant EC shows that the leaves, stem-barks, and
seeds were rich in tannins in aqueous, methanol and
ethanol extracts in Daphar I.P while tannins were ab-
sent in aqueous extract of samples of Mitha Tiwana
I.P. Saponins were present in leaves, stem-barks, and
seeds in ethanol and methanol extract in Daphar I.P
and Mitha Tiwana I.P. while in aqueous extract these
were absent on both sites. Alkaloids in ethanol and
methanol extract shown presence in leaves, stem-
barks and seeds and absence in aqueous extract at
Daphar I.P. whereas alkaloids were completely ab-
sent in all extracts on site Mitha Tiwana I.P. all the
plant section were absent. Flavonoids were totally
absent in all parts in all extracts on both sites. Phe-
nols and terpenoids were also completely absent.
The results obtained are in line with the earlier re-
ported results [18, 19, 20, 21]. The statistically insig-
nificant differences exhibited by different plant parts
and different solvents regarding presence and ab-
sence of phytochemicals is attributable to character-
istics of plant like metabolic state, stress conditions,
aging and evolutionary traits etc [22, 23, 24]. The
statistical analysis for determining association be-
tween the edaphic factors and Phytochemicals pro-
duction by plant parts revealed that there was no
such association; however the slight differences in
results of two localities could be attributed to genetic
and environmental factors [25, 26].
CONCLUSION
Results showed that secondary metabolites like
tannins, Saponins and steroids were present in all the
parts of plant while alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids
and terpenoids varied from part to part with total ab-
sence of phenols in all parts. The phyto-chemicals
known to be present at site I were also found to be
present at site II and statistical analysis revealed that
there was no association between the soil character-
istics and type of phyto-chemical produced by the
plant. Among the extracting agents methanol
showed the wider range of Phytochemicals in all
parts followed by ethanol and at last water. It is rec-
ommended that further studies or investigations on
the activities of EC against wide range of microor-
ganisms and commercial use of the bioactive ingre-
dients as medicine should be carried out.
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