Cloud computing:

In Simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs
on remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or
local server. Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing. Cloud
Computing Architecture: Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and
sub-components required for cloud computing. These components typically refer to:
1. Front end(fat client, thin client)
2. Back-end platforms(servers, storage)
3. Cloud-based delivery and a network(Internet, Intranet, Intercloud).
Hosting a cloud: There are three layers in cloud computing. Companies use these
layers based on the service they provide.
• Infrastructure
• Platform
• Application
At the bottom is the foundation, the Infrastructure where the people start and begin to
build. This is the layer where the cloud hosting lives. Now, let’s have a look at
hosting: Let’s say you have a company and a website and the website has a lot of
communications that are exchanged between members. You start with a few members
talking with each other and then gradually the number of members increases. As the time
passes, as the number of members increases, there would be more traffic on the network
and your server will get slow down. This would cause a problem. A few years ago, the
websites are put on the server somewhere, in this way you have to run around or buy
and set the number of servers. It costs a lot of money and takes a lot of time. You pay for
these servers when you are using them and as well as when you are not using them.
This is called hosting. This problem is overcome by cloud hosting. With Cloud
Computing, you have access to computing power when you needed. Now, your website
is put in the cloud server as you put it on a dedicated server. People start visiting your
website and if you suddenly need more computing power, you would scale up according
to the need
Benefits of Cloud Hosting:
Scalability: With Cloud hosting, it is easy to grow and shrink the number and size of
servers based on the need. This is done by either increasing or decreasing the resources
in the cloud. This ability to alter plans due to fluctuation in business size and needs is a
superb benefit of cloud computing, especially when experiencing a sudden growth in
demand.
Instant: Whatever you want is instantly available in the cloud.
Save Money: An advantage of cloud computing is the reduction in hardware costs.
Instead of purchasing in-house equipment, hardware needs are left to the vendor. For
companies that are growing rapidly, new hardware can be large, expensive, and
inconvenient. Cloud computing alleviates these issues because resources can be
acquired quickly and easily. Even better, the cost of repairing or replacing equipment is
passed to the vendors. Along with purchase costs, off-site hardware cuts internal power
costs and saves space. Large data centers can take up precious office space and
produce a large amount of heat. Moving to cloud applications or storage can help
maximize space and significantly cut energy expenditures.
Reliability: Rather than being hosted on one single instance of a physical server,
hosting is delivered on a virtual partition that draws its resource, such as disk space, from
an extensive network of underlying physical servers. If one server goes offline it will have
no effect on availability, as the virtual servers will continue to pull resources from the
remaining network of servers.
Physical Security: The underlying physical servers are still housed within data
centers and so benefit from the security measures that those facilities implement to
prevent people from accessing or disrupting them on-site.
Outsource Management: When you are managing the business, Someone else
manages your computing infrastructure. You do not need to worry about management as
well as upgradation.
To more clarification about how cloud computing has changed the commercial
deployment of the system. Consider above the three examples:
Amazon Web Services(AWS): One of the most successful cloud-based businesses
is Amazon Web Services(AWS), which is an Infrastructure as a Service(Iaas) offering
that pays rent for virtual computers on Amazon’s infrastructure.
Microsoft Azure Platform: Microsoft is creating the Azure platform which enables
the .NET Framework Application to run over the internet as an alternative platform for
Microsoft developers. This is the classic Platform as a Service(PaaS).
Google: Google has built a worldwide network of datacenters to service its search
engine. From this service, Google has captured the world’s advertising revenue. By using
that revenue, Google offers free software to users based on infrastructure. This is called
Software as a Service(SaaS).

DATA CENTRE:

What is a Data Center?

A data center - also known as a data center or data center - is a facility made up of networked
computers, storage systems, and computing infrastructure that businesses and other organizations
use to organize, process, store large amounts of data. And to broadcast. A business typically relies
heavily on applications, services, and data within a data center, making it a focal point and critical
asset for everyday operations.

Enterprise data centers increasingly incorporate cloud computing resources and facilities to secure
and protect in-house, onsite resources. As enterprises increasingly turn to cloud computing, the
boundaries between cloud providers' data centers and enterprise data centers become less clear.

How do Data Centers work?

A data center facility enables an organization to assemble its resources and infrastructure for data
processing, storage, and communication, including:

o systems for storing, sharing, accessing, and processing data across the organization;
o physical infrastructure to support data processing and data communication; And
o Utilities such as cooling, electricity, network access, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
Datacenter Architecture and Design
Although almost any suitable location can serve as a data center, a data center's deliberate design
and implementation require careful consideration. Beyond the basic issues of cost and taxes, sites
are selected based on several criteria: geographic location, seismic and meteorological stability,
access to roads and airports, availability of energy and telecommunications, and even the prevailing
political environment.

Once the site is secured, the data center architecture can be designed to focus on the structure and
layout of mechanical and electrical infrastructure and IT equipment. These issues are guided by the
availability and efficiency goals of the desired data center tier.

Types of Data Center:

Businesses use different types of data centers, including:

o Telecom Data Center: It is a type of data center operated by telecommunications or service

providers. It requires high-speed connectivity to work.
o Enterprise data center: This is a type of data center built and owned by a company that may
or may not be onsite.
o Colocation Data Center: This type of data center consists of a single data center owner's
location, providing cooling to multiple enterprises and hyper-scale their customers.
o Hyper-Scale Data Center: This is a type of data center owned and operated by the company
itself.

Interconnection network:
An interconnection network in a parallel machine transfers information from any source node to
any desired destination node. This task should be completed with as small latency as possible. It
should allow a large number of such transfers to take place concurrently. Moreover, it should be
inexpensive as compared to the cost of the rest of the machine.
The network is composed of links and switches, which helps to send the information from the
source node to the destination node. A network is specified by its topology, routing algorithm,
switching strategy, and flow control mechanism.

Organizational Structure
Interconnection networks are composed of following three basic components −
Links − A link is a cable of one or more optical fibers or electrical wires with a connector at
each end attached to a switch or network interface port. Through this, an analog signal is
transmitted from one end, received at the other to obtain the original digital information stream.
Switches − A switch is composed of a set of input and output ports, an internal “cross-bar”
connecting all input to all output, internal buffering, and control logic to effect the input-output
connection at each point in time. Generally, the number of input ports is equal to the number of
output ports.
 Network Interfaces − The network interface behaves quite differently than switch nodes
and may be connected via special links. The network interface formats the packets and constructs
the routing and control information. It may have input and output buffering, compared to a switch.
It may perform end-to-end error checking and flow control. Hence, its cost is influenced by its
processing complexity, storage capacity, and number of ports.

Interconnection Network
Interconnection networks are composed of switching elements. Topology is the pattern to connect
the individual switches to other elements, like processors, memories and other switches. A network
allows exchange of data between processors in the parallel system.
Direct connection networks − Direct networks have point-to-point connections between
neighboring nodes. These networks are static, which means that the point-to-point connections
are fixed. Some examples of direct networks are rings, meshes and cubes.
Indirect connection networks − Indirect networks have no fixed neighbors. The
communication topology can be changed dynamically based on the application demands. Indirect
networks can be subdivided into three parts: bus networks, multistage networks and crossbar
switches.

What is Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a digital storage solution which utilizes multiple servers to store data in
logical pools. The organizations buy the storage capacity from the providers to store user,
organization, or application data. In past few years, the cloud storage has grown in
popularity and has become a direct challenger to local storage, mainly due to the benefits
it provides:

• Security: The backups are located across multiple servers and are better
protected from data loss or hacking.
• Accessibility: The data stored is accessible online regardless of location.
There are two major providers in the field of cloud storage namely:

• Amazon S3: It enables file storage to multiple servers and offers file encryption
wherein we can share the data publicly.
• Google Cloud: It offers unlimited storage space. It also has the ability to
resume the file transfer after a failure.

Cloud Storage Architecture

Cloud storage is based on virtualized infrastructure and is like cloud computing in terms
of accessible interfaces, scalability and metered resources. A cloud-storage service is
utilized from an off-premises service (Amazon S3).

It refers to a hosted object storage service, but the term has broadened to include other
types of data storage that are now available as a service, like block storage.
Object storage services like Amazon S3, Oracle Cloud-Storage and Microsoft Azure
Storage, Object Storage Software like Open Stack Swift are all examples of storage that
can be hosted and deployed with cloud-storage characteristics.

Types of Cloud Storage

There are four types of Cloud-Storage as detailed below:

Personal Cloud Storage

It is a subset of public cloud-storage that stores individual’s data in the cloud and
provides the individual with access to the data from anywhere. It also provides data
syncing and data sharing across multiple devices. An example of personal cloud-storage
is Apple iCloud.

Public Cloud Storage

It is where the enterprise and storage service provider are separate and there aren’t any cloud resources
stored in the enterprise’s data center. The cloud-storage provider fully manages enterprise’s public cloud
storage.
Private Cloud Storage
The enterprise and cloud-storage provider are integrated in the enterprise’s data center.
Private cloud storage helps in resolving the potential for security and performance
concerns while still offering the advantages of cloud-storage.

Hybrid Cloud Storage

It is a combination of public and private cloud-storage where critical data are stored in
enterprise’s private cloud while other data is stored in public cloud.

Public cloud platforms:

Today, there are three main public cloud providers: AWS, Microsoft and Google. These
providers deliver their services over the internet or through dedicated connections, and
they use a fundamental pay-per-use approach. Each provider offers a range of
products oriented toward different workloads and enterprise needs.

• AWS is the leading public cloud vendor with the largest customer base, and it
was one of the earliest companies to provide scalable, pay-as-you-go cloud
services. The company initially launched its cloud services platform to support
the resource demands of Amazon's retail business. It has since expanded to
provide cloud services to users worldwide. AWS offers more than 200
products for compute, databases and infrastructure management, as well as
more advanced application development services for machine learning, AI and
IoT.

• Microsoft Azure is the second largest public cloud provider and offers the
same types of computing services as its main competitor, AWS. Azure has a
well-established PaaS portfolio that attracts many of its users. The platform's
suite of PaaS offerings are grouped in the Azure App Service.

• Google Cloud Platform (GCP) has a less extensive list of cloud offerings than
the two other industry leaders, but it has a growing user base and continues to
add services.
Cloud resource management:

In cloud computing, resource management comprises of provisioning, allocation, and

monitoring. Cloud resources consist of the servers, memory, storage, network, CPU,
application servers, and cybernetic systems otherwise called virtual machines. These
machines are the processing units in cloud.
Cloud resource management (CRM) policies :

1. Admission control  prevent the system from accepting workload in violation of high-level system
policies.
2. Capacity allocation  allocate resources for individual activations of a service.
3. Load balancing  distribute the workload evenly among the servers.
4. Energy optimization  minimization of energy consumption.

Security In Cloud Computing :

Cloud computing which is one of the most demanding technology of the current time,
starting from small to large organizations have started using cloud computing services.
Where there are different types of cloud deployment models are available and cloud
services are provided as per requirement like that internally and externally security is
maintained to keep the cloud system safe. Cloud computing security or cloud security is
an important concern which refers to the act of protecting cloud environments, data,
information and applications against unauthorized access, DDOS attacks, malwares,
hackers and other similar attacks. Community Cloud : These allow to a limited set of
organizations or employees to access a shared cloud computing service environment.
Planning of security in Cloud Computing :
As security is a major concern in cloud implementation, so an organization have to plan
for security based on some factors like below represents the three main factors on which
planning of cloud security depends.
•Resources that can be moved to the cloud and test its sensitivity risk are picked.
•The type of cloud is to be considered.
• The risk in the deployment of the cloud depends on the types of cloud and
service models.
Types of Cloud Computing Security Controls :
There are 4 types of cloud computing security controls i.e.
1. Deterrent Controls : Deterrent controls are designed to block nefarious attacks
on a cloud system. These come in handy when there are insider attackers.
2. Preventive Controls : Preventive controls make the system resilient to attacks
by eliminating vulnerabilities in it.
3. Detective Controls : It identifies and reacts to security threats and control.
Some examples of detective control software are Intrusion detection software
and network security monitoring tools.
4. Corrective Controls : In the event of a security attack these controls are
activated. They limit the damage caused by the attack.
Benefits of cloud computing:
1. Centralized security
2. Reduced costs
3. Reduced Administration
4. Reliability