4A GRAMMAR BANK obligation and prohibition: have to, must, should have to / must + infinitive 1. You have to switch off your phone during take-off and landing. ‘You must be on time tomorraw because there's atest 2 love the Louvre! You have to go when you're in Paris ‘You must see this film ~ it's amazing! 3 Thad to wear a uniform at my primary school. hate having to get up early. My interview is at 900. Do you have to work on Saturdays? Must lswiteh my phone off now? Ora 1 have to.and must are normally used to talk about obligation, for something that itis necessary to do. ‘+ have to and must have a very similar meaning and you can usually use either form. have to is more common for general, external obligations, for example, rules and laws. mustis ‘more common for specific (Le. on one occasion) or personal obligations. Compare: have to wear a shirt and tie at work. ‘compary) I must buy a new shirt ~ this one is too old now. ‘own decision) 2 We can also use have to or must for strong recommendations. (= it’s the rule in this it's my 3 have tois anormal verb and it exists in all tenses and forms, 4. also as a gerund or infinitive. ‘must is a modal verb. It only bbe used with a future meaning, don’t have to {ts in the present, but it can You don't have to pay this museum is fre. You don't have to go to the party ifyou don't want to Os clethe correct form. Tick (7) if both are possible. You don't have to /Guatmuse your phone in quict 1 Do you think we should / ought to text Dad to tell him welll be late? 2 You don't have to / mustn't send text messages when you ave driving 3 Apilot has to/ must wear a uniform when he's at work 4 You should / must go to the Uffizi when you're in Florence. 5 | have to/ must speak to my phone company, My last bill was wrong 6 We don't have to / mustn't hury. We have plenty of time, 7 When | was at school we had to/ must wear a horrible uniform, 8 You shouldh't/ don't have to walk on the grass. They've just planted flowers there. mustn't ‘You mustn't park here. ‘You musth O16 sat that cake it's forthe party ‘+ We use don’t have to when there is no obligation to do. something and mustn't when something is prohibited. ‘+ don't have to and mustn't are completely different. ‘Compare: You don’t have to drive - we can get a train (= you can drive if you want to, but it isn’t necessary / obligatory) You mustr’t drive along this street. (= it's prohibited, against the law) NOT ‘+ We can often use can’t or not allowed to instead of mustn't. You mustn't / can’t ‘re not allowed to park here. should / shouldn't + infinitive 1 You should take warm clothes with youte Dublin. @A7 lemight be cold at sight. You shouldn't drink s0 much coffe. Iter't good for you 2 think the government should do something about unemployment 1 We use should to give advice or an opinion. should is not as strong as must / have to. += should is a modal verb, The only forms a shouldn't. ‘+ We can use ought to / ought not to instead of should / shouldn't. You ought to take warm clothes with you to Dublin. You ought not to drink so much coffee. 2 We use should to give an opinion —to say if we think something is the right or wrong thing to do. should / b Complete with the correct form of the verb in brackets. I the line's engaged, you!l have to call back later. (have to) 1 do a lot of homework when you were at school? (you / have to) 2 take my tablet out of my bag at Security? (17 must) 3. Mysister is @ nurse, so some weeks work nights. (she / have to) 4 ever (you7have to} 5 Saturdays are the best day of the week. | love get up early. (not have to) 6 I don't think house. (we / should) 7 The exhibition was free, so | pay. (not have to) have an operation? wear boots inside their4B GRAMMAR BANK ability and possibility: can, could, be able to can / could ‘Our daughter could play the violin when she was thre. | ean speak thee languages fluently Oa13 denny can't come tonight. She's il ‘Cur dng oul ley Wrens ties Hae a eS They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry ‘+ canis a modal verb. tt only has a present form (which can be used with future meaning) and a past or conditional form (could). ++ Forall other tenses and forms, we use be able to + infinitive. be able to + infinitive 1 Luke has been able to swimsince 4a he was three Idlike to be able to ski Love being able to stay in bed late on ‘Sunday morning. You'll be able to practise your English in London. 2 Fortunately, | am able to accept your invitation My colleagues weren't able to come to yesterday's meeting 1 We use be able to + infinitive for ability and possibility, especially where there is no form g. present perfect, infinitive, gerund, future, ete. 2 We sometimes use be able to in the present and ppast (instead of can / could), usually if we want to be more formal. a Girclalthe correct form. Tick (/) if both are possible. I've always wanted to can /(Ge able 3 dance salsa. 1 Mylittle boy couldn't wasnt able to speak until he was nearly two years old. 2 She's much better after her operation. Shell can / be able to walk again soon. 3 He hasn't could / been able to mend my bike yet. He'll do it tomorrow. 4 It's the weekend at last! | love can / being able to go out with my friends. 5 When we lived on the coast, we used to ccan/ be able to go to the beach every day. 6 | an't/ ‘m not able to send any emails at ites ener My sccpber in? eethig 7 I could / was able to read before I started school 8 We won't can / be able to go on holiday this year because we need a new car 9 Linda's pleased because she's finally could 1 been able to find a parttime job. 10 Alex can /is able to speak Portuguese fluently after living in Lisbon for ten years. b Complete with the correct form of be able to (1 [=} or 7). Live never been able to scuba dive. 1 Her mobile has been switched off all morning, so | talk toher yet 2 I don't like noisy bars. | like conversation without shouting 31 leave home when | geta job. 4 We're having a party next Saturday. you come? 5 You need swim before you can go in a canoe. 6 | can speak five languages. | hate ‘communicate with people in their own language. 7 Fortunately, firefighters rescue everybody from the burning house. 8 Iimvery sorry, but we next month. Weill be on holiday 9 You're looking worse you the doctor yet? 10 The manager in a meeting havea come to your wedding contact see you right now because she'srd SA GRAMMAR BANK past tenses: simple, continuous, perfect past simple: worked, stopped, went, had, etc. They were in Mexico in 2016 sn A South African won the race. The plane didn’t arrive on time. What time did you get up this morning? When | lived in Pats, | often went to watch Paris St-Germain, "+ We use the past simple for finished actions in the past (when we say, ask, or know when they happened). * We can also use it for repeated actions in the past. “= Romember Irregular verbs p.165. past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing 1 What were you doing at sixo‘clock last right? Os:2 2 was drwving along the motorway when i started snowing. 3 While was doing the housework, the children were playing in the gorden, 4 Itwas.acoldnightand it was raining, Iwas watching TV in thelving room. 1 We use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress at a specific time in the past. ‘+ Remember, we don't use the past continuous with non-action verbs. NOT We stopped ato garage becouse we-were-needing petrol, 2 We often use the past continuous to describe a past action in progress which was interrupted by another action (expressed in the past simple) The two actions are usually linked by when or as. 3 We often use the past continuous with while for two actions happening at the same time. 4 We often use the past continuous to describe what's happening at the boginning of a story or anecdote a Eirclathe correct form. When the teacher collected the exam papers he saw that Robbie cheated / Gad cheatech 1 They didn’t play well in the match although they were training / had trained every evening, 1 2 Mike hed an euchleniies fre opcled? wae epsting ti work 2 3 left work early because | wanted / was wanting to watch the match, 3 4 There was a lot of traffic, and when we arrived, the match already started / had already started. 4 5 The captain didn't score / hadn't scored any goals when the referee sent him off. 6 Myson got injured while he played / was playing 5 basketball last Saturday. 7 When the snowstorm started, we stopped / had 6 stopped skiing and went back to the hotel. 8 England didn’t lose / hadn't lost any of their previous 7 games when they played in the quarter-finals. 9 The referee suspended the match because it was 8 raining / rained so hard. past perfect: had + past participle When they turned onthe TV, the match @)5.13 had already finished. ‘As soon as| shut the door, | realized that I'd left my keys on the table. We couldn't get a table in the restaurant because we hadn't booked, * We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we want to talk about an ‘earlier past action. Compare: When John arrived, they went out: (= first John arrived and then they went out) When John arrived, they had gone out. = they went out before John arrived) using narrative tenses together It was a cold night and it was raining. | was watching TV inthe living room. Suddenly | heard a knock at the door. | got up and opened the door. But there was nobody there. The person who had knocked on the door had disappeared, + We use the past continuous (was raining, was watching) to set the scene, + We use the past simple (heard, got up, etc) to say what happened, + We use the past perfect (had knocked, had disappeared) to say what happened before the previous past action. b Complete with the past simple, past continuous, or past perfect. The marathon runner was sweating when she crossed the finish line. (sweat, cross) The accident when they home. (heppen, drive) The crowd when the referee the final whistle. (cheer, blow) t Jane at first because she 0 much. (not recognize, change) The police my sister on the motorway because she a seat belt (stop, not wear) Some of the players while the coach to them. (nt listen, talk) We Use the ski slope because it, enough. (not can, not snow) They play tennis because they ‘a court. (not able to, not book) ‘The player a yellow card because he his shirt after scoring a goal. (get, take off) °5B GRAMMAR BANK past and present habits and states 1 lused to teach English when was living abroad. — @5.16 He didn’t use to do any exercise, but now he runs marathons {never used to like football, but | watchit every week now. We used tobe close frends, but we dont talk to each other any more, That hotel used to have a swimming pool, but they closed t Did they use to live in the city contra? Didn't you use to have long hei? L usually meet my fiends at weekends {don't normally go out during the week English houses usually have gardens. Do you normally walk to work? For past habits and states, we use used to/ didn't use to + infinitive. ssed to does not exist in the present tense. NOT tseto getup s-8.00-during the week: We use used to for things that were true over a period of time in the past. used to often refers to something which is not true now. Ilused to da a lat of sport: (= I did a lot of sport for @ period Cf time in the past, but now | don’t) We often use never used toinstead of didn't use to, Used to/ didn’t use to can be used with action verbs (e.g, -ge, do) and non-action verbs (e.g. be, have). We can also use the past simple to describe past habits (often with an adverb of frequency). We (often) went to France for our holidays when I was a child. Are the highlighted verb forms right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct the wrong ones. When I was a teenager | use to have very 2 For present habits, we use a verb in the present simple, often with an adverb of frequency, e.g. usually or normally. PD used toor past simple? We can use used to or the past simple (often with an adver cof frequency) for repeated actions or states and the meaning is the same. used to lve in Leeds sa cid. | ived in Leeds as a child We used to go to the cinema on Saturdays. We often went to the cinema on Saturdays. But we have to use the past simple if = wo mention exact dates or number of times. = the action happened only once. We went tothe cinema on Saturday. ‘any more and any longer We often use not... any more/ any longer (= not now) with the] present simple to contrast with used to, used to go to the gym, but I don’t (go) any more / any longer| bbe used toand get used to Don't confuse used to / did't use to (do sth) with be used to fr get used to (doing sth 11am used to getting up early every day (= | am accustomed t0 itl always doit, soit is nat a problem for me) Lola can't get used to living in the UK. (= She can't get accustomed to it it's problem for her) b Complete with used to + infinitive or usually + present simple (1 El or 7) and a verb from the list. Ee argue be eat eatout geton go have 1 I didn’t used to like my maths teacher when, play spel watch ‘werk | was at school My brother dict use to-eat vegetables, but now he loves them. 2 Do you usually tell close friends about your 1 We a lot in common, but now we're problems? completely clferent 3. Mysister never didn’t use to want children, 2We to bed carly during the week because we butnow she's got four! 4. How used you to keep in touch in the days 3 before the internet? 4 5 They used to go on holiday together every winter because they all love skiing, 5 That couple have three kids, so they don't usually go out at night. 7. Did your parents use to meet each other at 7 university? a 8 My husband use to work for a bank, but now he’s unemployed. e We lve the theatre. Nowadays, we use to goto a play at least once a month. 0 have to get up at 6.00 a.m 1 TV on my phone, but now| often do. you football on Sunday mornings? Could Ijin you next weekend? They love sushi so they Where. your husband jab in the bank? My sister has lost alot of weight. She never soslim. you 2 lot with your parents when you were a teenager? Laura really well with her flatmates, but they ‘occasionally argue about housework My exboyfriend to me, but now he calls me quite often in Japanese restaurants. before he got the 141142 6A GRAMMAR BANK Passive (all tenses) 41. Alot of films are shot on location. When is our car being repaired? ‘Andy's bike has been stolen, The director died when the film was being made, You'll be picked up atthe airport by one of our staff This bill must be paid tomorrow. Hove being given 2 massage, 2 Thenew concert hall wll be opened by the Queen, Gladiator was di Oe: a Eirclétthe correct form, active or passive. The college built /®as builbin the 16th century. 1 The costumes for the show are making / are being made by hand, 2 The story inspired / was inspired him to make a film. 3 This castle hasn't inhabited / hasn't been inhabited for nearly a century 4 His latest film set/ is set in France in the 1960s. 5 The film will shoot / will be shot in the autumn, 6 The actors aren't recording / aren’ being recorded the dialogue until next week 7 The house wasn't using / wasn't being used by the owners during the winter. The make-up arst has wansformed/ has been transformed the actor into @ monster. 9 They hadn't owned / hadn't been owned the company for very long before they went bankrupt 10 The photo took / was taken by my husband on the baleony of our hotel. 1 We often use the passive (be + past participle) when it isn't said, known, or important who does an action. ‘Andy's bike has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen Andy's bike, but we don't know whe). In passive sentences, the object of the verb becomes the new subject. 2 If we want to say who did the action, we use by ‘+ We can often say things in two ways, in the active. passive. Compare: Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott. (= we want to focus more on the film) Ridley Scott directed Gladiator. (= we want to focus more on the director) ‘+ We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences. ‘Some films aren't shot on location. Is your car being repaired today? ++ We often use the passive to talk about processes, for ‘example, scientific processes, and in formal language, such as news reports. Then the water is heated to 100 degrees. Many buildings in te city have been damaged by the earthquake. inthe b Complete with the passive so that the meaning is the same. Only use byif necessary. People don't use this room very often. This room 1 They subtitle alot of foreign films. Alot of foreign films 2. Garcia Marquez wrote Love in the Time of Cholera in 1985. Love in the Time of Cholera in 1985 3 Someone is repairing my laptop at the moment My laptop at the moment. 4. They haven't released the DVD of the flm yet ‘The DVD of the film 5 They won't finish the film until the spring, The film until the spring. 6 ‘You have to collect the tickets from the box office. The tickets from the box office. 7. They hadn't told the actor about the changes in the script. The actor about the changes in the script. 8 Damien Chazelle directed La La Land, La La Land. 9 They/ve slready recorded the soundtrack ‘The soundtrack 10 They were interviewing the director about the fin, The director about the fm Ops6B GRAMMAR BANK modals of deduction: might, can’t, must might (when you think something is possibly true) ‘+ We often use might, can't, or must to say how sure or certain 2s a cee we are about something (based on the information we have) Tony's phone is switched off, He might be onthe @El1._—_-« In this context, the opposite of must is can't. Compare: plane now, or just boarding, The neighbours must be out. There aren't any lights on in the Laura might not like that skit: It’s not really her syle. Howe The neighbours can't be out. Al the lights are on inthe can’t (when you are sure something is impossible / house, NOT Theneighbours mustn'tbe out not true) + We can use may instead of might and we can use could in positive sentences. Nigel can'tean muchmoney nib. He sti ving ez ‘Jack could (or may) be at the party — I'm not sure. with his parents. + We don’t use can in may. NOT He-cor-be That woman ean't be Jack's wife, Jack’ wife has dark hai ee ee pena eels IAN + We often use be + gerund after might/ must / cant must (when you are sure something is true) They must be having party ~the musi's very loud. ‘The neighbours must be out. There aren't any lights on 6.13 inthe house. Your sister must have a lot of money if she drives a Porsche. Gee There aren't any ights on in the Pret ts lights are on in the house. a Match the sentences. b Complete with must, might (not), or can’t. He might be American > ‘A What does Pete's new grtriend do? 1 He can't be a university student. B I'm not sure, but she might be a doctor. | think she works at 2 Hemustbe cold the hospital 3. He might be going tothe gym. 1A Doyou know anyone who dive a Ferrari? 4: Hasoild be kek B Yes my nephew dortknow hs sly. bt he 5 He must be married. har nan See 2. A Why don't you buy this dress for your mum? Oram os B I'mnot sure. She like i's abit short forher. aeons. ior a 3. AMy sister works as an interpreter for the EU. B Hamay nokbere ai B She speak 2 lot of languages to work there 59! Hernan lesaibaelneserary 44 A Did you know that Andy's parents have split up? A He's carrying a sports bag, B Poor Andy. He ibe very happy about that Bi Flecarrshyyectarvera ae niga book 5 A Are your neighbours away? All the curtains are closed Hefookinggata map. B I'mnot sure. | suppose they be on holiday 1S Falcwwedng tiouscbalivars & A Where's your colleague today? E Hat looting atjob advert: ivthe B she el Se cled a say tat she was going to ieesooes he doctors " FF Lares Ponce sho 7 A I'm looking forward to seeing Janel haven't seen her or yeas. ner ce ene B You “recognize her~ she's lost a lt of weight a 8 A My daughter has faledallher exams again i ates eee 2 She eave yi o's wearing school uniform ot eae 10 A Where does your boss ive? B | don't know, but he lve near the office because he commutes every day by