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2018/11/14 15:53:39
 Chapter 1 REVISION OF MATTER
AND CLASSIFICATION

THE MATERIALS THAT MATTER IS MADE UP OF

F
AN OVERVIEW OF MATTER
All objects in the world around us consists of matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
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with other substances.
7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVKRZPDWWHULVFODVVL¿HG JURXSHG DFFRUGLQJWRVHYHUDOGL໤HUHQWSURSHUWLHV

Matter

pure substance mixtures

(sugar, salt, copper, sulphur, silicon) (saltwater, sand and water)

elements compounds heterogeneous homogeneous

(copper, sulphur, silicon) (sugar, salt) mixtures mixtures
(sand and water) (saltwater)
metals metalloids non-metals
(copper) (semi-metals) (sulphur)
(silicon)
7KHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIPDWWHU

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Materials are substances composed out of matter. Everything we see around us is made of a type of material.
'L໤HUHQWREMHFWVDUHPDGHRIGL໤HUHQWPDWHULDOV)RUH[DPSOHDZRRGHQFXSERDUG DQREMHFW LVPDGHRIZRRG
nails and hinges (materials). In a sand dune, the material that the sand dune consists of is sand. The properties
RIWKHPDWHULDOZLOOD໤HFWWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHREMHFW,QWKHH[DPSOHRIWKHZRRGHQFXSERDUGWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKH
wood and metal will strengthen the cupboard and make it durable. Similarly, the raincoat you wear in rainy weather
is made of material that is water resistant. The electrical wires in your home are made of metal, because metal is
made of a sort of material that is able to conduct electricity. It is important to understand the properties of matter,
so that we can use it in our home, industries and other applications.

The properties that we can detect when a material is studied on its own, are called the physical properties of
the material. The physical properties of a material are the macroscopic properties, i.e. properties that we can
H[SHULHQFHZLWKRXU¿YHVHQVHV

Some physical properties of materials are given in the table below:

Physical Property Meaning

If it can support a heavy load without breaking, tearing or changing form. Cement and
Strength steel are examples of strong material while paper and fabric are examples of weak ma-
terials.

If it conducts heat or not. Metals conduct heat and are thermal (heat) conductors.
Thermal Non-metals like porcelain (a type of ceramic) and plastic do not conduct heat well. They
Conductivity are known as thermal insulators. Cooking pots and frying pans are usually made of metals
because metals are good conductors of heat.

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 1

 Whether it conducts electricity or not. A material that can conduct electricity is called an
Electrical electrical conductor. Metals are good electrical conductors. Material that cannot conduct
conductivity an electrical current is called an electrical insulator. Insulators are used to protect us
DJDLQVWWKHGDQJHURXVH໤HFWVRIHOHFWULFLW\WKDWÀRZVWKURXJKFRQGXFWRUV

How easily it breaks (shatters). Brittle materials break easily when bumped hard. Pottery
Brittleness
and cast iron are examples of brittle materials.

+RZHDVLO\LWFDQEHKDPPHUHGRUUROOHGLQWRGL໤HUHQWIRUPV$OXPLQLXPFDQEHKDP-
Malleable
mered into aluminium foil.

Elasticity How easily it can be stretched into thin wire. Copper is used to make copper wire.

,ILWKDVDPDJQHWLF¿HOGRUQRWDQGZKHWKHULWDWWUDFWVFHUWDLQPHWDOVRUQRW0DJQHWLF
Magnetic or non-
PDWHULDOVKDYHDPDJQHWLF¿HOGDQGFDQDWWUDFWPHWDOVOLNHLURQ0DWHULDOVWKDWDUHQRW
magnetic
DWWUDFWHGE\DPDJQHWLF¿HOGDUHQRQPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOV

Is the mass per unit volume of an object. An example of a dense material is concrete.
Density
Metals (e.g. copper, lead, silver) have a higher density than non-metals.

The melting point of a material is the temperature whereby it changes from a solid into a
OLTXLG'L໤HUHQWPDWHULDOVKDYHGL໤HUHQWPHOWLQJSRLQWV)RUH[DPSOHWKHPHOWLQJSRLQWRI
Melting point and
water is 0 °C. Gold melts at 1 063 °C while oxygen melts at - 218 °C. The boiling point of
boiling point
DPDWHULDOLVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZKHUHLWFKDQJHVIURPDOLTXLGWRDJDV)RUH[DPSOH7KH
boiling point of water is 100 °C, iron boils at 2 750 °C and oxygen at - 183 °C.

Chemical characteristics has got to do with how the material reacts with other material. Will it burn? Will it rust?
Will it react with water or react with acid? These questions are very important especially if the material must last long.

Activity 1 THE MATERIALS THAT MATTER IS MADE OF

+HUHLVDOLVWRIVRPHRIWKHLQJUHGLHQWVRIWKUHHGLႇHUHQWSURGXFWV

Headache powders Cool drink Chocolate

aspirin water, sugar, sugar, milk powder,
paracetamol caramel, caffeine, vegetable fat, co-
caffeine phosphoric acid FRDVDOWÁDYRXUDQWV

1.1 Which of the ingredients occur naturally and which are preservatives?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

1.2 Why do manufacturers list the ingredients on containers?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2 TOPIC 1
 1.3 Why does medicine always have an information pamphlet? Why do you think it is important?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

1.4 Do some research in the library or on the internet about the safety aspect of unnatural ingredients. Find out
what the purpose of these unnatural ingredients are and how safe they are for your health. For example,
 VRPHSHRSOHDUHDOOHUJLFWRFHUWDLQÀDYRXULQJVDQGWKHUHIRUHPXVWDYRLGLWZKLOHSHRSOHZLWKKLJKEORRG 
pressure and heart problems must reduce their salt intake.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

+RZZHUHVXEVWDQFHVSUHYLRXVO\SUHVHUYHGZKHQWKHUHZHUHQRDUWL¿FLDOSUHVHUYDWLYHVDYDLODEOH"

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

2. 2.1 Study the labels of four products, e.g. on food containers and medicine bottles, then complete the following
table.

Product Ingredients

2.2 What can we deduce from the list of ingredients of a product on a container or its packaging?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.3 What is a preservative?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.4 What is an additive?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.5 In the food product(s) that you listed, what preservatives and additives are used?

______________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 3

 2.6 Are these additives and preservatives good for you? Are there natural alternatives? (Natural alternatives are
usually used by people of indigenous groups)

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Here are some words that explain some physical properties:

electrical conductor, thermal conductor, high melting point, transparent, brittle, dense, hard, malleable, high boil-
LQJSRLQWÀH[LEOHÀDPPDEOH

 8VHDGLFWLRQDU\WH[WERRNRUWKHLQWHUQHWWR¿QGWKHPHDQLQJRIHDFKZRUG

electrical conductor:______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

thermal conductor:_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

high melting point: _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

transparent: ____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

brittle: ________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

dense: ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

hard: _________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

malleable: _____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

high boiling point: _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

ÀH[LEOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

______________________________________________________________________________________

ÀDPPDEOHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

______________________________________________________________________________________

4 TOPIC 1
 &RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHRIWKHSURSHUWLHVRIGLႇHUHQWPDWHULDOV

Metals Non-metals
Metals e.g.: Ceramic e.g.: Plastic e.g.: Fibre e.g.:
Physical
• copper • porcelain • polythene • silk
Properties
• gold • brick • bakelite • cotton

Appearance

Malleable
Ductile

Density

Melting and boil-

ing points
Electrical- and
thermal conduc-
tivity
Hardness,
VWUHQJWKÀH[LELOLW\

4. Two substances, X and Y, have the physical properties as shown in the table below.

Sub- Density Boiling point Melting point Electrical Thermal

stance (kg.m-3) (°C) (°C) Conductivity Conductivity

X 1,4 -183 -214 Low Low

Y 4200 2270 232 High High

4.1 Which substance, X or Y, is a metal? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

4.2 Write down three other physical properties that the metal has other than those listed in the table.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

5. Name the materials used to manufacture each of the marked areas of the body
car as shown here. Explain why these materials are used. windscreen
tyres
_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 5

 MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS
S
MIXTURES
Mixtures are everywhere - there is a mixture of meat and vegetables
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FR໤HHSRZGHUWKHDLUWKDWZHEUHDWKLVDPL[WXUHRIGL໤HUHQWJDVHV

A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances,

that are not bonded together (or bound). Each substance in the
mixture keeps its own special properties.
&R௺HHDQGDIRRGPL[WXUH

The particles of each substance are physically mixed, but not chemically bonded to each other. The air that we
breath is for example a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. Liquids that we drink contain solids and
gases.
Many of the materials that we use daily, are mixtures. A mixture has the following properties:
• The substances in a mixture can be mixed in any relationship.
Suppose you have a 250 cm3 volume water. It doesn’t matter if you add 20g, 40g of 100g or any other
mass of sand to the water; it will still be called a mixture of sand and water.
• The substances in a mixture keep their separate properties.
In the example that we used of sand and water, neither one of the two substances changed in any way
when they were mixed. Although the sand is in the water it still keeps the same properties that it had when
it was outside the water.
• 6XEVWDQFHVLQDPL[WXUHFDQEHVHSDUDWHGWKURXJKPHFKDQLFDOVHSDUDWLQJPHWKRGV OLNH¿OWUDWLRQHYDSRUDWLRQ
distillation and hand sorting).
To separate something through “mechanical methods” means that there are no chemical processes involved.
,QRXUVDQGDQGZDWHUH[DPSOHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRVHSDUDWHWKHPL[WXUHE\SRXULQJWKHZDWHUWKURXJKD¿OWHU
Something physical is done with the mixture rather than something happening chemically.
We can divide mixtures into two main types namely homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures

A homogeneous mixture is one that has a A heterogeneous mixture does not have a
uniform composition (same throughout) and uniform composition (not the same through-
the various components of the mixture can- out) and the various components of the mix-
x
not be seen. ture can be seen.

In a homogeneous mixture, the substances occur to-
gether in one phase and can not be easily distinguished.
$LULVDKRPRJHQHRXVPL[WXUHRIGL໤HUHQWJDVHVVLQFH
we cannot distinguish the gases in the mixture.
Saltwater is also a homogeneous mixture since we can-
not see the salt in the water. Steel, a mixture of iron
and carbon is also a homogeneous mixture of two sub-
stances.
In a heterogeneous mixture the substances are found in
more than one phase and can be easily distinguished.
A mixture of sand and water is heterogeneous, because
we can see the water as well as the sand in the mixture.
Other examples of heterogeneous mixture are peanuts
and raisins, chicken-noodle soup, salad dressing and
dust in the air.

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 VDOWDQGZDWHU  LURQDQGFDUERQ  VDQGDQGZDWHU  RLOYLQHJDUZDWHUDQGKHUEV

6 TOPIC 1
 Activity 2 MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS
1. What is a mixture?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Name the three properties of a mixture. Each time using your own example to explain the property.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which of the following substances are PL[WXUHV?

tap water, brass (alloy of copper and tin), cement, aluminium, Coca cola, distilled water

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Distinguish between a KRPRJHQHRXV and a heterogeneous mixture.

Homogeneous mixture: ______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Heterogeneous mixture: _____________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Make a mixture of the following substances and complete the table:

• sand in water • potassium dichromate crystals (K2Cr2O7) in water
• iodine in ethanol • iodine in water
• oil in water • salt in water

Homogenous or
Mixture Are the particles visible?
Heterogeneous
Sand and water

Potassium dichromate in water

Iodine in ethanol

Iodine in water

Oil in water

Salt in water

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 7

6. Classify each of the items in the following table as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. Give a reason for
your choice every time.

Homogeneous- or
Item Reason
Heterogeneous mixture
6.1 Milk
6.2 Tap water

6.3 Stainless steel

6.4 Air

6.5 Blood

6.6 Brick
6.7 Vegetable soup

6.8 Tea & Milk

6.9 Wood

6.10 8 Carat earring

6.11 &RႇHHDQG
sugar (dry)
6.12 Platinum ore

7. Classify each of the following items as a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture.

7.1 Dish washing liquid 7.2 Coca-cola cool drink 7.3 Ice water &RUQÀDNHV

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

7.5 Honey 7.6 Salt solution 7.7 Pewter mug (tin) 7.8 Mixed salad

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

7.9 Sterling (pure) silver 7.10 Tomato sauce 7.11 Clean air 7.12 Bleach

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

8 TOPIC 1
 PURE SUBSTANCES: ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
PURE SUBSTANCES
Matter can be divided into two categories: mixtures and pure substances. Any material that is not a mixture
is called a pure substance. Pure substances include elements and compounds.,WLVGL໥FXOWWRGLYLGHDSXUH
substance into smaller units and complex chemical methods are needed to do it.

Matter

Pure substances Mixtures

(sugar, salt, copper, carbon, silicon)

elements compounds
(copper, carbon, silicon) (sugar, salt)

A pure substance is a single substance that is not mixed with anything else. White sugar is a pure substance. The
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mond is another example of a pure substance, it consists of carbon only.
There are very few pure substances found in nature, most are impure and occur in the form of mixtures. The air
that we breathe is not pure. Air is the mixture of gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and water vapour.
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be sold. Impurities can be damaging and poisonous. In the electronics industry the microchips must be made from
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1. Recognition of pure substances

A way to determine whether a substance is pure, is to look at its melting- and boiling points or to use chroma-
to-graphy.
1.1 Melting- and boiling points as proof of purity
A pure substance has a ¿[HGPHOWLQJDQGERLOLQJSRLQW. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at
which it changes from a solid to a liquid. The boiling point for a substance is the temperature at which a liquid
changes into a gas.
The melting- and boiling points of pure substances are unique, no other substance have these values. Any presence
of impurities lowers the melting point of a solid, causing it to melt over a range of temperatures. An example is when
salt is thrown on snow. Pure ice melts at exactly 0 °C (at atmospheric pressure). When salt is added, it lowers the
melting point of the ice to values between - 5 °C to - 25 °C depending on the quality of the salt. This behavior of
a salt mixture is the reason why salt is thrown on the roads in countries with high snowfall, to melt the ice. Solids
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melting point.
Any presence of impurities increases the boiling point of a liquid which causes the substance to boil over a tem-
perature range. Pure water boils at 100 °C (at atmospheric pressure). But when salt is added it increases the boiling
point.
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1.2 Chromatography as proof of purity
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types of chromatography techniques, like paper chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and
column chromatography. Chromatography can be used to determine if a substance is pure or not, for example to
separate a mixture of colourants of coloured substances found in food and medicine.
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various colours.

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 9

• A solution of the food colouring (or black soluble
ink) is placed on a pencil line close to the bottom
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• The chromatography paper is placed in a contain-
er containing a solution (e.g. ethanol or water)
with the solution level below the dot.
• The solution is siphoned by the paper and moves
upwards. The colourants of the colouring on the
pencil line dissolve in the solution and move up
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• The colourant that is not very soluble in the solu-
tion will not move very far up in the paper. A
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colourant that is very soluble in the solution will FRORXUDQWVRULQN
move up further in the paper.
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colour components, is called a chromatograph.
• If there is only one patch on the chromatograph, it means that the colouring is pure and contains only one colour.

ELEMENTS
1. What is an element?
Elements are the most basic substances from which all matter is built up and are the building blocks of the universe.

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atom.
1.2 Chemical symbols of elements
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formulas and to understand the properties of elements. This table is called the Periodic Table of Elements, where
every element is represented with a chemical symbol. A complete set of all the chemicals is given in the Periodic
Table in the front of the book.
The symbol for an element is often just one letter of the English name, if there is more than one element that starts
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one a small letter. Look at the examples in the table on the left hand side.

Element Symbol Element Latin name Symbol

Carbon C Copper cuprum Cu
Calcium Ca Iron ferrum Fe
Sulphur S Lead plumbum Pb
Silicon Si Gold aurum Au

Some elements have unexpected symbols. It is because these elements, known over many years, have Latin names
given to them a very long time ago and the symbols are derived from these names. The table on the right hand
side above shows a few examples.
COMPOUNDS
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ERQGHGLQWRDVLQJOHVXEVWDQFH

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ygen in water is 2:1. A combination of chemical symbols represent a compound like water (H2O), table salt (NaCl ),
sugar (C12H22O11) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
A compound can sometimes be broken up into elements that it consists of, by heating up the compound or to send
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10 TOPIC 1
MICROSCOPIC PRESENTATION OF ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND MIXTURES
It is not always possible to look at a substance and decide if it is a pure substance, a homogeneous
mixture, an element or compound. To make a decision it is important to know what kind of atoms the
compound consist of and how they are bonded together. Atoms and molecules determine the microscopic
structure of a substance. Microscopic structure does not mean that we can see the atoms through a
microscope, but that we can make a mental picture of what the atom or molecular structure should look like.
The only elements that can exist as a single atom are the elements of Group 8 (Group VIII) helium, argon, krypton,
xenon, and radon. These elements are called the noble gases. A diagram of a microscopic presentation of a noble
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(except where they are under pressure).

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Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and the Group 7 (Group VII) elements consists of diatomic molecules where two of the
same atoms are bonded together: H2, O2, N2)2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. All these elements are gases at room temperature,
except for bromine, which is a brown liquid and iodine, which is a purple solid. A microscopic presentation of the
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are bonded together to form a diatomic molecule, like HCl or HBr.
Microscopic presentations of gaseous mixtures of (a) elements, (b) compounds, and (c) an element and a com-
SRXQGLVVKRZQEHORZLQ)LJXUH  

D (OHPHQWV E &RPSRXQGV F (OHPHQWVDQG&RPSRXQGV


)LJXUH*DVHRXVPL[WXUHVRI D HOHPHQWV E FRPSRXQGVDQG F HOHPHQWVDQGFRPSRXQGV

Activity 3 PURE SUBSTANCES: ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

1. What is a pure substance?
_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Classify the following substances as a mixture or a pure substance.

Substance 0L[WXUHRUVXEVWDQFH Substance 0L[WXUHRUVXEVWDQFH

2.1 sugar 2.8 salt dissolved in water
2.2 milk 2.9 dishwater
2.3 tea with milk 2.10 wood
2.4 glass 2.11 soda water
2.5 multi-vitamin tablet 2.12 air
2.6 aluminium foil 2.13 diamond
2.7 stainless steel 2.14 vegetable soup

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 11

 Substance 0L[WXUH RU VXEVWDQFH Substance 0L[WXUH RU VXEVWDQFH
2.15 cement 2.20 gold ore
2.16 blood 2.21 colourants
2.17 tap water 2.22 copper wire
2.18 polystyrene 2.23 VHOIUDLVLQJÀRXU
2.19 wine 2.24 brass

3. Name the two criteria that are used to determine if a substance is pure or not.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Distinguish between the melting point and boiling point of a substance.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

5. “The melting- and boiling points of pure substances are unique” Comment on the validity of this statement.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

:KDWHႇHFWGRHVLPSXULWLHVKDYHRQWKHPHOWLQJDQGERLOLQJSRLQWVRIDSXUHVXEVWDQFH",OOXVWUDWH\RXUDQVZHU
with an example.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

7. During a discussion about the use of salt, two learners indicated the following: “Ice melts quicker when
crushed ice salt is
crushed
g ice
y with salt
added”.
To test their prediction they did the following experiment:
Step 1. Two funnels are set up with crushed ice.
2. Table salt is poured on the ice in one of the funnels.
3. Water of the melted ice is gathered.
4. The volume water was noted every minute.
7.1 Name one precaution that needs to be taken in Step 1 to make
it a fair test.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

7LPH 9ROXPHZDWHU Use the information and draw a graph of volume in cm3. (the de-
PLQXWHV JDWKHUHG FP3 pendant variable on the y-axis) versus the time in minutes (the
independent variable on the x-axis) to show the amount of water
1 2 gathered. Name it line A.
2 4
3 7
4 9
5 11
6 14

7.2 The volume water that was gathered from the ice without the added salt is given in the following table.

12 TOPIC 1
 7.3 The volume water gathered in the second container is proof that the learners predictions were correct. Draw
another graph (on the same set of axis) to show this predicted result. Name it line B.
7.4 Why does the ice melt a lot faster when salt is poured on it?

______________________________________________________________________________________

7.5 Name ONE disadvantage of using salt on icy roads.

______________________________________________________________________________________

8. Do your own paper chromatography.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

  *HWWKHIROORZLQJWRJHWKHU%HDNHUSHQFLOFRQWDLQHUZLWKZDWHU¿OWHUSDSHUZDWHUVROXEOHFRORXUSHQV  
(transparency pens) Smarties or M&M’s.
  'UDZDOLQHZLWKDSHQFLORQRQHSLHFHRI¿OWHUSDSHU DERXWFPIRUPWKHERWWRP 
(3) Make a dot with a colour pen on the pencil line, or wet a Smartie (M&M) and make a dot on the pencil line.
(4) Pour a small amount of water in the beaker. Check that the water level is low enough so that the spot on
the paper is above the water level.
  &DUHIXOO\SODFHWKH¿OWHUSDSHULQWKHZDWHUDQGFKHFNWKDWLWLVYHUWLFDO$WWDFKWKHWRSRIWKH¿OWHUSDSHURQWRD
pencil or glass rod that rests on the jug.
  /HDYHWKH¿OWHUSDSHUIRUDIHZKRXUVDQGREVHUYHZKDWKDSSHQV
  5HSHDWZLWKGLႇHUHQWFRORXUSHQV 6PDUWLHVRU0 0¶V 

)RUDVSHFL¿FFRORXUSHQ HJEODFN RU6PDUWLH0 0 HJEURZQ KRZPDQ\FRORXUVDUHVHSDUDWHG"

Name the colours.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

8.2 What serves as the solvent for the ink (colouring)?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

 :K\GLGVRPHRIWKHLQNSHQ¶VLQNVHSDUDWH FRORXULQJRI6PDUWLHV0 0¶V "

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 13

 8.4 Why did some colours move a greater distance?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

8.5 Make a conclusion.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

9. A young child develops a rash every time he eats a

SDFNHW RI VZHHWV RI D VSHFL¿F EUDQG WKDW LV KLJKO\ FR-
loured. The local food inspector decides to use paper
chromatography to test the sweets for the presence of
prohibited food colourants. She uses ethanol as a sol-
vent.
The chromatograph she obtained is shown.

pencil line

red yellow blue green red yellow green orange red yellow blue
sweet sweet sweet sweet
allowable food colourants extracted prohibited food
colourants from sweets colourants

9.1 Explain why a pencil rather than any other writing instrument is used to draw the starting line?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

9.2 Which sweet(s) contains only a single colour pigment in its colouring (is a pure substance)?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

9.3 9.3.1 How are the colours for the green sweets obtained?

________________________________________________________________________________

9.3.2 Do the green sweets contain allowed or prohibited colourants?

_______________________________________________________________________________

9.4 What decision must the food inspector make regarding the selling of these sweets?

Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

10. The food label of a concentrated fruit juice is shown here.

10.1 Is the juice a pure substance or a mixture? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

14 TOPIC 1
 10.2 As a food technologist you want to test the purity of a cool drink. Suggest a suitable method.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

10.3 Describe how you will know if the colourant is pure or not.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

10.4 Name one advantage of the use of the method mentioned in 10.2 to identify the unknown components in a
mixture.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

11 11.1 Explain the term element.

____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

 :ULWHGRZQWKHV\PERODQGQDPHRIWKH¿UVWHOHPHQWVRQWKH3HULRGLF7DEOH

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

_____ ________________________________ _____ ________________________________________

12. Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin with an important role in the normal function of the brain and
nervous system and the formation of blood.
12.1 Write down the symbols and names of the elements that are found in Vitamin B12.

______ _______________________________

______ _______________________________

______ _______________________________

______ _______________________________

______ _______________________________

12.2 Is Vitamin B12 an element or a compound? Explain.

________________________________________________
C 62H 87N14O14PCo
________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 15

13. What is a compound?

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Classify each of the following as homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures, elements or compounds.
0L[WXUHV 3XUHVXEVWDQFH
Substance
KRPRJHQHRXVKHWHURJHQHRXV HOHPHQWFRPSRXQG
14.1 Carbon dioxide (dry ice)
14.2 Soil
14.3 Bath oil
14.4 Milk
14.5 Salt water
14.6 Peanuts and raisins
14.7 Tap water
14.8 Petrol
14.9 Steel
14.10 Copper wire
14.11 Apple pie
14.12 Baking soda
14.13 Vegetable soup
14.14 Sugar
14.15 Distilled water
14.16 Ink
14.17 Popcorn
14.18 Pizza
14.19 7LQZLWKGLႇHUHQWFRRNLHV
14.20 Magnesium ribbon

&KRRVHIURPIROORZLQJOLVWWKHGHVFULSWLRQWKDW¿WVZLWKHDFKRIWKHSLFWXUHVEHORZDQGZULWHLWXQGHUQHDWKWKH
picture. (OHPHQW0L[WXUHRIFRPSRXQGV
&RPSRXQG0L[WXUHRIHOHPHQWVDQGFRPSRXQGV
0L[WXUHRIHOHPHQWV
(DFKFLUFOHUHSUHVHQWVDQDWRP(DFKGLႇHUHQWFRORXUUHSUHVHQWVDGLႇHUHQWNLQGRIDWRP:KHQWZRDWRPV 
touch they are bonded together.

15.1 ________________________ 15.2 _________________________ 15.3 __________________________

15.4 ________________________ 15.5 _________________________ 15.6 __________________________

16 TOPIC 1
 15.7 _________________________ 15.8 __________________________ 15.9 __________________________

15.10 _________________________ 15.11 _________________________ 15.12 __________________________

15.13 _________________________ 15.14 __________________________ 15.15 __________________________

16. When sugar is heated to a very high temperature, it breaks down into water and carbon. The chemical formula for
sugar is C12H22O11.

16.1 What is an atom?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

16.2 How many atoms are there all together in one sugar molecule?

____________________________________________________________________________________

16.3 Name the elements of the atoms that are present in sugar.

____________________________________________________________________________________

16.4 Is sugar a compound or a mixture?

____________________________________________________________________________________

16.5 Give two reasons for your answer in Question 16.4.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

16.6 Name THREE physical properties of sugar.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 17

 NAMES AND FORMULAE OF SUBSTANCES
:HDOUHDG\NQRZWKDWSXUHVXEVWDQFHVFDQEHFODVVL¿HGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUFRPSRVLWLRQDVHOHPHQWVRUFRPSRXQGV
Because compounds are a combination of two or more elements, compounds are represented by the symbols of
the elements that are involved in its composition. This is called a chemical formula.
The formula of a compound indicates:
- the elements that the compound is made of.
WKHUDWLRLQZKLFKWKHDWRPVRIGL໤HUHQWHOHPHQWVKDYHERQGHGWRIRUPDFRPSRXQG
• H2O is the formula for water. It consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded in the ratio 2:1.

O formula is H2O
H H
2 hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom
water
• CO2 is the formula for carbon dioxide. It consists of carbon- and oxygen atoms bonded in the ratio 1:2.

formula is CO2
O C O
1 carbon atom 2 oxygen atoms
carbon dioxide
• NH3 is the formula for ammonia. It consists of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms bonded in ratio 1:3.

N formula is NH3
H
H
H 1 nitrogen atom 3 hydrogen atoms

ammonia
• CaO is the formula for calcium oxide with one 1 calcium atom and 1 oxygen atom.
• CaSO4 is the formula of calcium sulphate with one calcium atom, 1 sulphur atom and 4 oxygen atoms.
• Ca(OH)2 is the formula for calcium hydroxide with one calcium atom, 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms.
(The two multiplies everything in between the brackets. Thus there are 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms)
• NH4NO3 is the formula for ammonium nitrate with 2 nitrogen atoms, 4 hydrogen atoms and 3 oxygen atoms.

There are a few common rules that we use to name compounds.

(1) Many substances that have been known over many years, (6) Metals of the transition elements can form ions with
like water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3) have traditional GLIIHUHQWSRVLWLYHFKDUJHV7KHSRVLWLYHFKDUJHLVLQGLFDWHG
names (common names). with a Roman numeral between brackets directly after the
(2) When there are only two elements in the formula, the name of the metal.
name ends with -ide. ([DPSOH &RSSHU ,, FKORULGH &X&O2  DQG FRSSHU ,,,
(3) The element on the left side of Periodic Table is (usually chloride (CuCl3).
WKHPHWDO QDPHGÀUVWZKHQWKHFRPSRXQGLVQDPHG  $FLGVXVXDOO\KDYHK\GURJHQ + DVWKHÀUVWSDUWRIWKHLU
([DPSOH In sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium (Na) is on the left chemical formulae.
side in the table, while chlorine (Cl) is on the right. There ([DPSOH Hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) and
are only two symbols in the formula of NaCl, the name, VXOSKXULFDFLG +2SO4).
sodium chloride, ends with -ide. (8) The hydroxides have a hydroxide (-OH) at the end.
 3UHÀ[HV ZRUGVWKDWFRPHLQIURQWRIWKHHOHPHQWVQDPH   ([DPSOH 6RGLXP K\GUR[LGH 1D2+  DQG SRWDVVLXP
are used to indicate the ratio in which the elements are hydroxide (KOH)
LQ WKH FRPSRXQG  ([DPSOH ,Q QLWURJHQ dioxide (NO2)
WKH UDWLR RI WKH QLWURJHQ WR R[\JHQ LV  )RU QLWURJHQ 3UHÀ[ Meaning
monoxide (NO) there is one nitrogen atom for every Mono- One
oxygen atom.
 $FRPSRXQGFDQKDYHpolyatomic ions or multi atomic Di- Two
ions)RUSRO\DWRPLFLRQVZKHQDPHWDOLVERQGHGZLWKDQ Tri- Three
oxygen to form a negative ion, the name will end with -ate Tetra- )RXU
or -ite. The ion with more oxygen atoms ends with -ate. Penta- )LYH
([DPSOH0DJQHVLXPVXOSKate (MgSO4) and magnesium 3UHÀ[HV
VXOSKite (MgSO3).

18 TOPIC 1
The name and formulae of monoatomic (single atomic) and polyatomic (multi atomic) ions are given in the following
tables. Ion is the term given to an atom or groups of atoms with a charge. Atoms or groups of atoms that give
R໤HOHFWURQVIRUPpositive ions (cations). Atoms or groups of atoms that take up electrons from negative ions
(anions).
POSITIVE IONS (cations) NEGATIVE IONS (anions)
Ion charge 1+ Ion charge 2+ Ion charge 1- Ion charge 2-
H+ hydrogen Be2+ beryllium )- ÀXRULGH O 2- oxide
+ 2+
Li lithium Mg magnesium Cl - chloride O- peroxide
Na+ sodium Ca2+ calcium Br- bromide CO3 2-
carbonate
K+ potassium Ba2+ barium I- iodide S2- sulphide
Ag+ silver(I) Ti2+ Sn2+
OH - hydroxide SO3 2-
sulphite
Hg+ mercury(I) Pb2+ lead(II)
NO - 2 nitrite SO4 2-
sulphate
Cu+ copper(I) Cr2+ chromium(II)
NO - 3 nitrate S2O3 2-
thiosulphate
NH4+ ammonium Mn2+ manganese(II)
HCO - hydrogen carbonate
3 CrO4 2-
chromate
H3O+ hydronium )H2+ iron(II)
-
HSO3 K\GURJHQVXO¿WH Cr2O7 2-
dichromate
Ion charge 3+ Co2+ cobalt(II)
HSO - hydrogen sulphite MnO4 2-
manganate
Al3+ aluminium Ni2+ nickel(II) 4
2-
Cr3+ chromium(III) Cu2+ copper(II) H2PO3- dihydrogen phosphite (COO)2 oxalate

)H3+ iron(III) Zn2+ zinc(II) ClO - hypochlorite C 2O 4 2-

Co3+ cobalt(III) ClO - 3 chlorate HPO42- hydrogen

phosphate

Ion charge 6+ Ion charge 7+ MnO - permanganate

4
6+ 7+ -
CH3COO acetate (ethanoate) Ion charge 3-
Cr chromium(VI) Mn manganese(VII)
3-
List of positive and negative ions N nitride
3-
P phosphide
3-
PO4 phosphate
Examples for determining the formulae of an ionic compound.
Compounds Ions present Balance the ions (charges) Formula
1 Sodium chloride Na+ and Cl- 1Na+ and 1Cl- NaCl
2 Magnesium hydroxide Mg 2+ and OH- 1Mg2+ and 2OH- Mg(OH)2
3 Chromium(III)sulphate Cr 3+
and SO 2-
4
2Cr3+ and 3SO42- Cr2(SO4)3
2-
4 Ammonium nitrate NH4+ and SO4 2NH4+ and 1SO42- (NH4)2SO4

1 2

Na +
Cl - Na+ Cl -
OH - OH -
Mg 2+ Mg2+
3
OH -
2-
OH -
SO4
SO42 -
3+
Cr3+ Cr
4

SO42 - SO42 - NH4+

NH4+
2-
SO4 SO42 -
NH4+
Cr3+ NH4+
2-
Cr3+ SO4
SO42 -

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 19

 Some compounds have user names or common names. Here is a list with the formulae, chemical and user names
of a few compounds.
Formula Chemical name User name
H2O Hydrogen oxide Water
NH3 Hydrogen nitride Ammonia
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid (pool acid), cleaning of cement
HNO3 Hydrogen nitrate Nitric acid
H2SO4 Hydrogen sulfate Sulphuric acid (battery acid), withdraw metals from ore
NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate Baking soda
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate Washing soda
NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate Smelling salts, treatment of patients who faint
NaOH Sodium hydroxide Caustic Soda
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate Chile saltpetre
KOH Potassium hydroxide Bite potash
KNO3 Potassium nitrate Saltpetre
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Slaked lime
CaSO4 Calcium sulphate Plaster of Paris, cast of limbs
CaO Calcium oxide Quicklime
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate Marble
CO2 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide
MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate Epsom salt, cathartic
CuSO4 Copper Sulphate Blue vitriol, controls growth of algae
CH3COOH Ethanoic acid Acetic acid
&KHPLFDOFRPSRXQGVWKHLUFKHPLFDODQGFRPPRQQDPHV

Activity 4 NAMES AND FORMULAE OF SUBSTANCES

1. How many atoms are in each of the following substances? (E.g. H2O; 2 H-atoms and 1 O-atom)

1.1 NH3 ______________________________________________________________________

1.2 B2H6 _____________________________________________________________________

1.3 NaOH ___________________________________________________________________

1.4 P4O10 _____________________________________________________________________

1.5 CH3CH2O ______________________________________________________________________

1.6 H2SO4 ______________________________________________________________________

2. Give the names of the atoms (elements) that occur in each of the compounds in Question 1.1
(e.g. H2O; H = hydrogen and O = oxygen)

2.1 NH3 ______________________________________________________________________

2.2 B2H6 _____________________________________________________________________

2.3 NaOH ___________________________________________________________________

2.4 P4O10 _____________________________________________________________________

2.5 CH3CH2O ______________________________________________________________________

2.6 H2SO4 ______________________________________________________________________

20 TOPIC 1
3. Use the table on page 20 and write down the names of the following compounds .

3.1 Na2CO3 ____________________________ 3.2 ZnSO4 ______________________________

3.3 CuCO3 ____________________________ 3.4 MgO _________________________________

3.5 KClO3 ____________________________ 3.6 Pb(NO3)2 _________________________________

3.7 NH4NO3 ____________________________ 3.8 CrCl3 _______________________________

3.9 Ca3(PO4)2 ____________________________ 3.10 K 2Cr2O7 ________________________________

4. Complete the following table by writing down the correct formulae.

Br- NO3- O2- SO42 - CO32 - PO43 -

H+

K+

Na+

NH4+

Li+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Zn2+

Ca2+

Al3+

5. Write down the name of each of the following acids.

5.1 HCl ____________________________ 5.2 HNO3 ____________________________

5.3 H2SO4 ____________________________ 5.4 H2CO3 ______________________________

5.5 H3PO4 ____________________________ 5.6 CH3COOH _____________________________

6. HCl and H2SO4 are strong acids and must be handled with care. What dangers do these acids hold for us and
nature? What precautions can be taken to handle these acids with care? (Your teacher will help you with this
answer or you will need to do research)

HCl : _________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

H2SO4 : _______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 21

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Write down the formula of each of the following compounds

7.1 sodium sulphite ______________________ 7.2 mercury(II)oxide ______________________

7.3 sodium sulphate ______________________ 7.4 sodium sulphide ______________________

7.5 iron(III)sulphate ______________________ 7.6 potassium nitrite ______________________

7.7 potassium nitrate ______________________ 7.8 nickel chloride _______________________

8. Write down the chemical formulae and names for:

8.1 Bicarbonate of soda _____________________________________________________________________

8.2 Acetic acid _________________________________________________________________________

8.3 Plaster of Paris _______________________________________________________________________

8.4 Bite potash _________________________________________________________________________

8.5 Slaked lime ____________________________________________________________________

8.6 Quicklime _______________________________________________________________________

8.7 Blue vitriol _____________________________________________________________________

8.8 Epsom salt _______________________________________________________________________

22 TOPIC 1
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
METALS, METALLOIDS AND NON-METALS
The Periodic Table is a table where elements with similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together.
The elements are divided into three groups namely: metals, non-metals and metalloids (half metals). About
RIWKHHOHPHQWVDUHPHWDOV7KXVWKHUHDUHPRUHPHWDOVWKDQQRQPHWDOV1RWHWKDWWKH¿UVWHOHPHQWK\GUR-
gen, in spite of its position with the metals on the left side of the Periodic Table is a non-metal.
Look at the step line that separates the metals 0HWDOOLRGV
from the non-metals. H He

Metals are on the left and middle of the periodic Li Be B C N Ca F Ne

121
THE PERIODIC TABLE
table (left of the stairs). Na Mg $Ɛ Si P 0(7$/6
S &Ɛ Ar
Non-metals are on the right side of the Periodic K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Table (right of stairs).
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Metalloid (half metals) are found on the Periodic 0(7$/6
Table as indicated by the coloured blocks, some Cs Ba 7Ɛ Pb Bi Po At Rn
with the metals and some with the non-metals. Fr Ra

3K\VLFDO'L໤HUHQFHV%HWZHHQ0HWDOV$QG1RQ0HWDOV
Metals Non-metals

• Clean surface is glossy (shiny)
• Good conductors of electricity
• Good conductors of heat
• Opaque
• Ductile and malleable - can be hammered into a
thin sheet of foil and can be stretched into thin
wire without breaking
• All are solids at room temperature except for
mercury (with a melting point of 37 °C)
• High melting- and boiling points
• No gloss (dull - except graphite and diamond)
• Poor conductors (insulators) of electricity (except
graphite)
• Poor conductors of heat
• Some solids are transparent. Gases are trans-
parent
• In the solid phase they are in general brittle and
break easily
• Can be gases, liquids or solids at room temperature.
• Low melting- and boiling points

Metalloids (semi-metals or semi-conductors)

There are seven elements found between the metals and non-metals on the Periodic Table that are called metal-
loids or half metals. Their main properties are that of metals, but they have some properties of non-metals.
They are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and astatine (At). Silicon
is the most common metalloid and appears shiny, but is not ductile and malleable. The electrical conductivity of
metalloids increases as the temperature increases. This is the opposite of metals where a rise in temperature
decreases conductivity.
Silicon and germanium as metalloids have unique characteristics that make
them useful in the manufacturing of microchips that are used in electronic
devices like computers, televisions, CD-players and cell phones. Our whole
electronic revolution can be ascribed to the unique properties of metalloids.
A few physical properties of metalloids:
• Can be shiny or matt.
• Conduct electricity and heat better than non-metals but not as good 6LOLFRQPLFURFKLSV 6L LQVLGHDQG
as metals. HOHFWURQLFFRPSRQHQWRIHJ&'
• When they are heated, their conductivity increases. SOD\HUDQGFRPSXWHU
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, SEMI-CONDUCTORS, AND INSULATORS
An electrical conductor is a substance that allows an electrical current to pass through it. Metals are good
conductors of an electrical current and electricity moves easily through them. Overhead power lines transport
electricity from power stations to sub stations and eventually into our homes. These conducting wires, as well
as the various electrical devices we use in the home, are usually made from copper. Copper is one of the best
conductors of electricity. Silver is a better conductor of electricity, but is very expensive.
Metalloids are poor conductors of electricity and are called semi-conductors. Their electrical conductivity is
between a conductor and an insulator. They do not conduct electricity when it is cold, but their conductive ability
increases with an increase in temperature. This is a characteristic of semi-conductors that distinguish them from
metals.

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 23

The conductivity of metals decrease with increasing tempera-
ture. Silicon is used in transistors, integrated circuits, solar
cells, calculators and computers.
Non-metals are very poor conductors of electricity and
are known as electrical insulators. Rubber and plastic
insulators are usually wrapped around electrical cables.
Consequently, we can touch the electrical appliances without
being injured or killed.
To test the conductivity of materials, we need to connect them
$FLUFXLWIRUWKHPHDVXULQJRIWKHDELOLW\RIDPDWHULDO
to a simple series circuit. If the lamp shines, the material is a WRFRQGXFWHOHFWULFLW\
conductor, if not, the material is an insulator.

THERMAL (HEAT) CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

A thermal conductor is a material that allows energy - in the form of heat - to move easily through the material.
$WHDVSRRQLQDFXSRIKRWFR໤HHJHWVKRWTXLFNO\7KHKHDWRIWKHFR໤HHLVFRQGXFWHGWKURXJKWKHWHDVSRRQ&RQ-
GXFWLRQLVWKHÀRZRIKHDWIURPDSODFHRIKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHWRDSODFHRIORZWHPSHUDWXUH3RWVDQGSDQVDUHPDGH
from metal in order for the heat to be conducted to the food. Radiators of cars must conduct the heat of the water
to the outside to ensure that the car does not overheat.
Non-metals and substances like wood, glass and plastic are thermal insulators and do not conduct heat. The han-
dles for pots and pans are usually made of wood or plastic to prevent the heat from being conducted to your hand.
$LULVDSRRUFRQGXFWRU7KDWLVZK\LWKDVLQVXODWLQJSURSHUWLHV7KHDLUEHWZHHQZRRO¿EUHVDUHLQVXODWRUV$OO
PDWHULDOVWKDWWUDSDLU OLNHZRRGIHDWKHUV¿EUHJODVVDQGSRO\VW\UHQH DUHSRRUFRQGXFWRUVRIKHDW0DQ\RIWKHVH
PDWHULDOVDUHXVHGIRUZDWHUSLSHVRYHQVUHIULJHUDWRUVZDOODQGURRILQVXODWLRQ:RROIXUDQGRWKHUÀHHFHPDWHUL-
als are used to make winter clothes with. Wet suits are used by divers to keep them warm. The diving suit gets wet
and a layer of water collects between the body and the suit. The body heats the water and the insulating properties
of the wet suit, that is made from synthetic rubber, keeps the heat inside.

MAGNETIC AND NON MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Materials that are strongly attracted by magnets, are called ferromagnetic substances. The only ferromagnetic
HOHPHQWVDUHLURQ )H QLFNHO 1L DQGFREDOW &R DQGDOLJQWKHPVHOYHVZLWKWKHPDJQHWLF¿HOGRIWKHHDUWK&RSSHU
(Cu), manganese (Mn) and tin (Sn) are non magnetic, and are not attracted by magnets.
)HUURPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOVDUHVRPHWLPHVPL[HGZLWKRWKHUQRQPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOVWRREWDLQPDJQHWLFVXEVWDQFHV
DQGDUHFDOOHGPDJQHWLFDOOR\V$PDJQHWLFDOOR\LVDFRPELQDWLRQRIGL໤HUHQWPHWDOVWKDWKDYHDWOHDVWRQHRIWKH
WKUHHPDLQPDJQHWLFHOHPHQWVLURQ )H QLFNHO 1L DQGFREDOW &R IRUH[DPSOH
• ceramics - mixture of iron and metal oxides, e.g. fridge magnets
• alnico - mixture of aluminium, nickel, and cobalt, e.g. in speakers
• steel - mixture of iron and carbon, e.g. in compasses
)HUURPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRJURXSVQDPHO\

)HUURPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOV

Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic materials

Materials that can be magnetised Materials that take long to mag-

(easily changed into a magnet) netise but reserves magnatism
e.g. Iron e.g. Steel

Use as temporary magnets like electro- Use for permanent mag-

magnets used at scrap yards, in speakers nets and in compasses
and in telephones

Uses Of Magnetic Materials

‡ $FRPSDVVLVDPDJQHWLFQHHGOHWKDWLVIUHHWRPRYHLWDQGDOLJQVZLWKWKHPDJQHWLF¿HOGRIWKHHDUWKDQG 
points toward the magnetic north.
• Credit, debit and ATM cards have a magnetic strip on the one side. This strip contains all the information of the
account holder.
• Loudspeakers use magnets to convert electrical signals to sounds that we can hear.
• Hospitals use Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) to identify problems in a persons organs without having to
operate.

24 TOPIC 1
 Activity 5 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

METALS, NON-METALS AND METALLOIDS

1. Give the symbols and names of six elements out of each of the following groups:
1.1 Metals

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

1.2 Non-metals

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

1.3 Metalloids

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

_______ _________________________________ _______ _________________________________

2. Compare the number of metal elements in the Periodic Table with that of the non-metals.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why are some elements metalloids?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Complete the following table on the physical properties of metals, non-metals and metalloids.
Physical Property Metals 1RQPHWDOV Metalloids

Lustre

Condition at room
temperature

Hardness, malleable
and ductility

Heat- and electrical

conductivity

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 25

 $OWKRXJKDOOHOHPHQWVRQWKH3HULRGLF7DEOHEHQH¿WPDQVRPHDUH
even more special. These elements are listed below.
Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow:
• Hydrogen - most abundant element in the universe.
• Magnesium - Epsom salts - magnesium sulphate.
Flammable metal.
Structural support element in the chlorophyll molecule in plants
• Calcium - essential for healthy bones and teeth.
• Barium - X-rays of the digestive tract.
• Iron - main structural support element in the hemoglobin mole-
cule in the blood - red bloodcells.
• Gold - most ductile and malleable substance - 28 gram can be
stretched for a distance of 128 km and a hammered to a surface of
28 m2
• Silver - best conductor of electricity.
• Aluminium - most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.

5.1 To which group of elements does hydrogen belong? Choose

METAL or NON-METAL.

__________________________________________________

  ,VEORRGFODVVL¿HGDVDKRPRJHQHRXVRUKHWHURJHQHRXV
mixture? Give a reason for your answer.

__________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

5.3 Give the Number of the group on the Periodic Table that each of the following metals belong to.

5.3.1 Calcium : _______________________________ 5.3.2 Iron : ___________________________________

5.4 Name any TWO elements out of the extract that belong to the same group on the Periodic Table.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

• There are seven elements that are found between the metals and non-metals 13
(IIIA)
on the Periodic Table.
5
5.5 What are these seven elements called? B

______________________________________________________________________ metals 14
nie-metale
non-metals
Si
5.6 Give THREE physical properties of these elements. 32 33
Ge As
______________________________________________________________________ 51 52
Sb Te
______________________________________________________________________ 85
At
_____________________________________________________________________________________

5.7 Write down the chemical formula for:

5.7.1 Magnesium sulphate: ______________________ 5.7.2 Calcium sulphate:_______________________

5.7.3 Aluminium oxide: ______________________ 5.7.4 Hydrogen chloride :_______________________

5.8 Give the common names and uses of the following compounds:

5.8.1 Magnesium sulphate : _________________________________________________________________________

5.8.2 Calcium sulphate : ____________________________________________________________________________

5.8.3 Hydrogen chloride: ____________________________________________________________________________

26 TOPIC 1
 5.9 Name any other TWO properties of metals not stated in the extract.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Four classes of materials are shown below:

ceramic
Choose the class from the list shown above that each of the following materials belong to:

6.1 ALVÀH[LEOHHDVLO\PHOWHGDQGVKDSHGDQGGRHVQRFRQGXFWHOHFWULFLW\  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

6.2 B is strong, hard, can be bent and is a good conductor of both heat and electricity. _________________

6.3 C is hard, strong when compressed, but weak when stretched. It is brittle. _________________

7. A student wants to determine which of a wooden ruler,

a strip of aluminium foil or a strip polystyrene will
conduct electricity. The student is given the following
apparatus: Two 1,5 V-cells, a bulb, connecting wires
with at least two alligator clamps.

7.1 Write an experimental plan that the learner can

follow to carry out the investigation. Include the
following steps in the experimental plan:

Investigative question:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Hypothesis:____________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Method (Steps that the learner can follow to carry out the investigation):

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 27

 Circuit (include a circuit that supports the method):

Results (Include a table in which the learner can record the results):

Conclusion (How the results can be used to draw a conclusion):

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.2 The learner also receives the following materials to use in the investigation:
Substance Lit bulb? &RQGXFWRULQVXODWRUVHPLFRQGXFWRU 0HWDOQRQPHWDO
iron nail
piece of zinc
copper foil
rubber eraser
plastic ruler
lead of a pencil
warm piece silicon

7.3 Which non-metal is a conductor if its temperature is increased? ________________________________

7.4 What other term is used for this substance, that is a non-metal? ________________________________

THERMAL (HEAT) CONDUCTOR OR INSULATOR

8. Distinguish between a thermal conductor and an insulator.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 %ULHÀ\GHVFULEHKRZ\RXZLOOSHUIRUPDVLPSOHH[SHULPHQWWRVKRZWKDWLURQLVDEHWWHUWKHUPDOFRQGXFWRUWKDQ
plastic.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

28 TOPIC 1
$FDPSHUZDQWVWR¿QGDVXLWDEOHLQVXODWRUWRSODFHXQGHUKLVPDWWUHVVLQKLVWHQW+HKDVWKHFKRLFHRIWKUHH 
materials: newspaper, plastic and a towel. To determine which material to take with he investigates the insula-
ting properties of samples of these materials. He uses the apparatus, as illustrated below, to test the decrease
 RIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHZDWHURYHUD¿[HGWLPHLQWHUYDO
Answer the following questions with regards to the investigations:
10.1 Write a possible research question.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
Water
____________________________________________________________ Smaler container
Material
____________________________________________________________ Lager container

10.2 Write down a possible hypothesis.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.3 Name TWO other apparatus needed to carry out this investigation.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.4 Name the independent variable in this investigation.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.5 Name at least ONE variable that needs to be checked during the investigation.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 /RRNDWWKLVODEHOHGGLDJUDPRIDWKHUPDOÀDVN([SODLQZK\DWKHUPDOÀDVNFDQEHXVHGWRNHHSOLTXLGVKRW RU

cold).

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ plastic plug

_________________________________________________________________________ vacuum

_________________________________________________________________________ glass wall

_________________________________________________________________________ silver
surface
_________________________________________________________________________ ouside
metal casing
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

12. 7KHJDWKHULQJRI¿UHZRRGKDVOHGWRVHYHUHGHIRUHVWDWLRQLQPDQ\SDUWVRI
South Africa. A solar cooking dish can be used to heat our food with the light
of the sun. It will work best with a concave mirror, like in Figure 1, but they
are expensive. Reasonable results can be obtained using a thin layer of shiny
metal placed in a box as shown in Figure 2.

12.1 Where will you have to place the cooker?

)LJXUH
____________________________________________________________________

MATTER AND MATERIALS (PART 1) 29

 12.2 The metal suface needs to be reasonably big. Explain why.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

12.3 Name two other things that must be done to make sure that the tempera-
ture inside stays high. )LJXUH

________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

  *LYHWZRUHDVRQVZK\LWLVGLႈFXOWIRUSHRSOHWRXVHWKHVHVRODUFRRNHUV

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MAGNETIC AND NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS

13. What is a IHUURPDJQHWLF substance?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Which substances are ferromagnetic substances?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

15. What is a PDJQHWLFDOOR\?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Consider the following uses of magnets.

16.1 What is an DOQLFRPDJQHW? Choose an example of an alnico magnet above.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

16.2 What is ‘n FHUDPLFPDJQHW? Name one application of a ceramic magnet.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

16.3 Which kind of magnets are used in the manufacturing of compasses? _________________________________

16.4 Name at least THREE more appliances that contain magnets (apart from the ones shown above) .

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

30 TOPIC 1