‭3.1-3.

2:‬‭Antebellum‬‭America‬‭&‬‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭Teacher‬‭Notes‬

‭I.‬ ‭Antebellum‬‭America‬
‭A.‬ ‭Sectionalism‬
‭1.‬ ‭People‬‭saw‬‭themselves‬‭as…‬
‭a)‬ ‭Citizens‬‭of‬‭their‬‭STATE‬‭first‬
‭b)‬ ‭Citizens‬‭of‬‭their‬‭REGION‬‭second‬
‭c)‬ ‭Citizens‬‭of‬‭the‬‭US‬‭third‬
‭(1)‬ ‭This‬‭was‬‭known‬‭as‬‭“sectionalism”‬
‭2.‬ ‭Sectionalism‬‭Differences‬
‭a)‬ ‭Economy‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Northeast:‬‭business‬‭and‬‭manufacturing‬
‭(2)‬ ‭South:‬‭cotton-growing‬
‭(3)‬ ‭West:‬‭frontier‬‭and‬‭agriculture‬
‭b)‬ ‭Role‬‭of‬‭Government‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Northeast:‬‭wanted‬‭tariffs,‬‭backed‬‭internal‬‭improvements,‬‭wanted‬‭to‬‭end‬‭cheap‬
‭public‬‭land,‬‭increasingly‬‭nationalistic‬
‭(2)‬ ‭South:‬‭opposed‬‭government‬‭spending,‬‭increasingly‬‭supportive‬‭of‬‭states’‬‭rights‬
‭(3)‬ ‭West:‬‭frontier‬‭and‬‭agriculture,‬‭wanted‬‭federal‬‭government‬‭to‬‭sponsor‬‭internal‬
‭improvements‬‭and‬‭cheap‬‭labor‬
‭3.‬ ‭Factors‬‭Contributing‬‭to‬‭Sectionalism‬
‭a)‬ ‭different‬‭economic‬‭systems‬
‭b)‬ ‭States’‬‭Rights‬‭/‬‭Slavery‬
‭c)‬ ‭Tariffs‬‭of‬‭1828‬‭and‬‭1832‬
‭d)‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭e)‬ ‭Industrial‬‭Revolution‬
‭4.‬ ‭Sectionalism‬‭:‬‭placing‬‭the‬‭interests‬‭of‬‭your‬‭region‬‭ahead‬‭of‬‭the‬‭nation‬‭as‬‭a‬‭whole‬
‭a)‬ ‭West:‬‭constantly‬‭new‬‭settlers,‬‭mining,‬‭connected‬‭by‬‭rail‬‭and‬‭telegraph‬
‭b)‬ ‭South:‬‭economy‬‭based‬‭on‬‭slavery‬‭and‬‭plantations,‬‭King‬‭cotton‬‭exports‬‭brought‬‭wealth‬
‭c)‬ ‭North:‬‭large‬‭cities,‬‭many‬‭immigrants,‬‭industry‬‭and‬‭manufacturing‬
‭5.‬ ‭Sectionalism‬‭and‬‭Nationalism‬
‭a)‬ ‭Sectionalism‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Placing‬‭interests‬‭of‬‭one’s‬‭own‬‭region‬‭ahead‬‭of‬‭the‬‭nation’s‬‭as‬‭a‬‭whole‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Ignited‬‭by‬‭slavery‬‭issue‬‭which‬‭Northerners‬‭saw‬‭as‬‭immoral‬‭and‬‭Southerners‬
‭saw‬‭as‬‭essential‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Balance‬‭of‬‭free‬‭and‬‭slave‬‭states‬‭was‬‭also‬‭a‬‭concern‬
‭(4)‬ ‭South‬‭was‬‭mainly‬‭agrarian‬‭while‬‭North‬‭was‬‭industrial‬‭(increasing‬‭sectional‬
‭tension)‬
‭b)‬ ‭Nationalism‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Belief‬‭that‬‭national‬‭interested‬‭should‬‭be‬‭placed‬‭ahead‬‭of‬‭regional‬‭ones‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Writers‬‭created‬‭a‬‭unique‬‭American‬‭style‬‭different‬‭from‬‭European‬‭literature‬‭of‬
‭writing‬‭reflecting‬‭national‬‭prodigy.‬
 ‭(3)‬ ‭Noah‬‭Webster‬‭wrote‬‭the‬‭first‬‭truly‬‭“American”‬‭dictionary‬‭in‬‭1806,‬‭including‬
‭5,000‬‭uniquely‬‭American‬‭words‬‭not‬‭found‬‭in‬‭European‬‭writing.‬
‭c)‬ ‭The‬‭North‬‭&‬‭South‬
‭(1)‬ ‭North‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Slavery‬‭outlawed‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Favored‬‭a‬‭strong‬‭national‬‭government‬
‭(c)‬ ‭More‬‭nationalist‬
‭(d)‬ ‭More‬‭urban‬‭and‬‭industrial‬
‭(e)‬ ‭Favored‬‭tariffs‬‭on‬‭European‬‭goods‬‭to‬‭encourage‬‭consumption‬‭of‬
‭northern‬‭goods‬
‭(f)‬ ‭Stronger‬‭transportation‬‭network‬
‭(2)‬ ‭South‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Slave‬‭states‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Favored‬‭states’‬‭rights‬
‭(c)‬ ‭More‬‭sectionalist‬
‭(d)‬ ‭More‬‭rural‬‭and‬‭agricultural‬
‭(e)‬ ‭Opposed‬‭tariffs‬‭that‬‭raised‬‭prices‬‭on‬‭European‬‭goods‬‭they‬‭purchased‬
‭(f)‬ ‭Weaker‬‭transportation‬‭network‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Both‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Shared‬‭pride‬‭in‬‭nation’s‬‭success‬
‭(b)‬ ‭American‬‭culture‬
‭(c)‬ ‭English‬‭language‬
‭ .‬ ‭The‬‭Market‬‭Revolution‬
B
‭1.‬ ‭Prior‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Revolutionary‬‭War,‬‭most‬‭colonists‬‭were‬‭self-sufficient.‬
‭2.‬ ‭By‬‭the‬‭19th‬‭Century,‬‭a‬‭monumental‬‭shift‬‭occurred‬‭from‬‭subsistence‬‭living‬‭(supporting‬
‭oneself)‬‭to‬‭a‬‭market‬‭economy‬‭:‬‭individuals‬‭exchange‬‭their‬‭labor‬‭or‬‭goods‬‭for‬‭cash.‬
‭a)‬ ‭Gave‬‭rise‬‭to‬‭“big‬‭business”‬‭and‬‭powerful‬‭corporations.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Made‬‭possible‬‭by‬‭many‬‭revolutionary‬‭technological‬‭innovations:‬
‭a)‬ ‭Power‬‭Loom:‬‭led‬‭to‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭textile‬‭mills‬‭in‬‭America‬
‭b)‬ ‭Eli‬‭Whitney’s‬‭cotton‬‭gin‬‭:‬‭much‬‭more‬‭efficient‬‭than‬‭human‬‭labor,‬‭allowed‬‭for‬‭mass‬
‭production‬‭of‬‭cotton-based‬‭goods‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Greatly‬‭sped‬‭up‬‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭removing‬‭seeds‬‭from‬‭cotton‬‭fiber‬
‭(2)‬ ‭While‬‭it‬‭seemed‬‭like‬‭this‬‭machine‬‭would‬‭make‬‭slavery‬‭less‬‭important,‬‭the‬
‭invention‬‭actually‬‭had‬‭the‬‭opposite‬‭effect‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Since‬‭it‬‭was‬‭possible‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭more‬‭cotton‬‭cheaply,‬‭the‬‭demand‬‭for‬‭cotton‬
‭soared-‬‭producing‬‭the‬‭idea‬‭of‬‭“King‬‭Cotton”‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Everything‬‭revolved‬‭around‬‭cotton‬
‭c)‬ ‭Interchangeable‬‭Parts‬‭:‬‭allowed‬‭goods‬‭(like‬‭guns)‬‭to‬‭be‬‭manufactured‬‭much‬‭more‬
‭quickly‬‭and‬‭cheaply‬
‭d)‬ ‭National‬‭Transportation‬‭System:‬‭construction‬‭of‬‭national‬‭roads‬‭and‬‭conversion‬‭of‬
‭railroad‬‭to‬‭compatible‬‭systems‬‭enabled‬‭goods‬‭to‬‭travel‬‭much‬‭more‬‭quickly‬‭by‬‭land.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭National‬‭road‬‭built‬‭between‬‭1811‬‭and‬‭1834‬
‭(2)‬ ‭First‬‭federally‬‭funded‬‭road‬‭in‬‭US‬‭history‬
‭(3)‬ ‭George‬‭Washington‬‭and‬‭Thomas‬‭Jeffeson‬‭believed‬‭that‬‭a‬‭trans-Appalachian‬
‭road‬‭was‬‭necessary‬‭for‬‭unifying‬‭the‬‭young‬‭country‬
 ‭e)‬ T ‭ he‬‭invention‬‭of‬‭the‬‭steamship/locomotives‬‭(creates‬‭energy‬‭by‬‭burning‬‭fuel)‬‭and‬‭the‬
‭construction‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Erie‬‭Canal‬‭(built‬‭between‬‭Albany,‬‭NY‬‭&‬‭Buffalo,‬‭NY‬‭-‬‭created‬
‭easy‬‭transportation‬‭between‬‭Great‬‭Lakes‬‭and‬‭Atlantic‬‭Ocean‬‭via‬‭the‬‭Hudson‬‭River‬
‭allowing‬‭trade‬‭and‬‭transportation‬‭between‬‭Midwest‬‭and‬‭East‬‭Coast)‬‭enabled‬‭goods‬‭to‬
‭travel‬‭much‬‭more‬‭quickly‬‭by‬‭ship.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Opened‬‭the‬‭Northwest‬‭(Ohio,‬‭Indiana,‬‭Michigan)‬‭to‬‭trade‬‭with‬‭Nrotheast‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Henry‬‭Clay‬‭hopes‬‭this‬‭type‬‭of‬‭internal‬‭improvement‬‭would‬‭unite‬‭and‬
‭strengthen‬‭the‬‭republic‬
‭f)‬ ‭Telegraph‬‭:‬‭allows‬‭for‬‭almost‬‭immediate‬‭long-distance‬‭communication‬‭and‬‭greatly‬
‭facilitates‬‭the‬‭manufacturing‬‭and‬‭shipping‬‭process.‬
‭ .‬ ‭Factory‬‭System‬
4
‭a)‬ ‭Replaced‬‭the‬‭domestic‬‭system,‬‭using‬‭new‬‭technology‬‭and‬‭machinery‬‭to‬‭mass‬‭produce‬
‭goods‬‭in‬‭the‬‭U.S.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Introduction‬‭of‬‭interchangeable‬‭parts‬‭helped‬‭with‬‭efficiency‬‭and‬‭quality‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Work‬‭was‬‭organized‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Utilized‬‭power-driven‬‭machinery‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Produced‬‭goods‬‭on‬‭a‬‭large‬‭scale‬
‭b)‬ ‭Lowell‬‭Mills‬‭:‬‭named‬‭after‬‭the‬‭Massachusetts‬‭town‬‭in‬‭which‬‭they‬‭operated,‬‭were‬
‭designed‬‭to‬‭encourage‬‭women‬‭to‬‭work‬‭in‬‭the‬‭textile‬‭industry.‬
‭c)‬ ‭Although‬‭life‬‭in‬‭these‬‭mills‬‭were‬‭hard,‬‭these‬‭workers‬‭were‬‭offered‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Cash‬‭wages‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Housing‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Leisure‬‭hours‬‭for‬‭social‬‭and‬‭cultural‬‭events‬
‭d)‬ ‭This‬‭system‬‭marked‬‭the‬‭beginning‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Industrial‬‭Revolution‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Powered‬‭machinery‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Division‬‭of‬‭labor‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Unskilled‬‭workers‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Centralized‬‭workplace‬‭to‬‭mass-produce‬‭products‬
‭(5)‬ ‭Investors‬‭invested‬‭money‬‭in‬‭corporations,‬‭risking‬‭great‬‭loss‬‭or‬‭great‬‭fortune‬
‭(6)‬ ‭Cities‬‭boomed‬‭as‬‭workers‬‭migrated‬‭to‬‭factory‬‭jobs‬
‭(7)‬ ‭Southerners‬‭began‬‭purchasing‬‭manufactured‬‭products‬‭from‬‭Northern‬
‭companies‬
‭(8)‬ ‭Working‬‭conditions‬‭were‬‭often‬‭poor‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Worst‬‭jobs‬‭were‬‭often‬‭filled‬‭by‬‭immigrants‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Low‬‭wages‬‭and‬‭poor‬‭conditions‬
‭5.‬ ‭Shifts‬‭in‬‭Labor‬‭Market‬‭&‬‭Class‬‭Structure‬
‭a)‬ ‭Made‬‭factories‬‭central‬‭to‬‭the‬‭economy‬
‭b)‬ ‭Dramatic‬‭increase‬‭in‬‭jobs‬‭for‬‭working‬‭class‬
‭c)‬ ‭Loosened‬‭boundaries‬‭of‬‭traditional‬‭class‬‭system‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Chance‬‭for‬‭wealth‬‭and‬‭advancement‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Began‬‭to‬‭push‬‭women‬‭further‬‭for‬‭gender‬‭equality‬
‭d)‬ ‭Attitudes‬‭about‬‭proper‬‭male‬‭and‬‭female‬‭roles‬‭were‬‭difficult‬‭to‬‭overcome‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Despite‬‭greater‬‭opportunities‬‭for‬‭females‬‭in‬‭an‬‭industrialized‬‭society,‬‭there‬‭was‬
‭a‬‭backlash‬‭against‬‭women‬‭working‬‭outside‬‭of‬‭the‬‭home‬
 ‭(2)‬ ‭Certain‬‭beliefs‬‭“glorified”‬‭life‬‭for‬‭a‬‭female‬‭within‬‭the‬‭home‬‭and‬‭strongly‬
‭discouraged‬‭female‬‭education‬‭and‬‭personal‬‭autonomy.‬
‭e)‬ ‭Impact‬‭of‬‭Market‬‭Economy‬‭on‬‭Socioeconomic‬‭Structure‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Influx‬‭of‬‭working-class‬‭immigrants‬‭seeking‬‭low-paying‬‭jobs‬‭(primarily‬‭in‬
‭factories)‬‭occurs‬‭in‬‭major‬‭cities‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Most‬‭of‬‭these‬‭immigrants‬‭are‬‭known‬‭as‬‭“‬‭old‬‭immigrants‬‭”‬
‭(i)‬ ‭Drawn‬‭by‬‭push‬‭factors‬‭(economic‬‭reasons)‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Fleeing‬‭crop‬‭failure‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Land‬‭and‬‭job‬‭shortages‬
‭(c)‬ ‭Rising‬‭taxes‬
‭(d)‬ ‭famine‬
‭(ii)‬ ‭Primarily‬‭Western‬‭European,‬‭Irish,‬‭and‬‭German‬
‭(iii)‬ ‭Primarily‬‭Catholic‬
‭(b)‬ ‭US‬‭was‬‭becoming‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭“land‬‭of‬‭economic‬‭opportunity”‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Entrepreneurial‬‭opportunities‬‭for‬‭financial‬‭success‬‭create‬‭larger‬‭middle‬‭class‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Strong‬‭need‬‭for‬‭labor‬‭affords‬‭women‬‭jobs‬‭that‬‭would‬‭previously‬‭have‬‭been‬
‭given‬‭to‬‭men‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Need‬‭for‬‭slave‬‭labor‬‭in‬‭South‬‭dramatically‬‭increases,‬‭as‬‭the‬‭cotton‬‭gin‬‭and‬‭other‬
‭technological‬‭innovations‬‭make‬‭free‬‭labor‬‭very‬‭desirable‬
‭(5)‬ ‭A‬‭small‬‭elite‬‭ruling‬‭class‬‭of‬‭wealthy‬‭businessmen‬‭emerges‬‭(mostly‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭industrialized‬‭North)‬
f‭ )‬ ‭Nativism‬‭:‬‭the‬‭belief‬‭that‬‭native-born‬‭Americans‬‭are‬‭superior‬‭to‬‭foreigners‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Movement‬‭based‬‭on‬‭hostility‬‭toward‬‭immigrants‬‭(especially‬‭Irish‬‭and‬
‭Catholics)‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Grew‬‭stronger‬‭during‬‭this‬‭time‬‭of‬‭great‬‭immigration‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Nativists‬‭often‬‭identified‬‭as‬‭English/White‬‭settlers‬‭and‬‭their‬‭descendants‬
‭ .‬ ‭King‬‭Cotton‬
C
‭1.‬ ‭Phrase‬‭used‬‭by‬‭Southern‬‭politicians‬‭and‬‭authors‬‭prior‬‭to‬‭American‬‭Civil‬‭War‬
‭a)‬ ‭Used‬‭primarily‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1830s‬‭and‬‭1840s‬
‭b)‬ ‭Used‬‭to‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭plantation‬‭economy‬‭of‬‭the‬‭slave‬‭states‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Deep‬‭South‬
‭2.‬ ‭Indicating‬‭economic‬‭and‬‭political‬‭importance‬‭of‬‭cotton‬‭production‬
‭a)‬ ‭Invention‬‭of‬‭cotton‬‭gin‬‭(1793)‬‭made‬‭it‬‭the‬‭dominant‬‭cash‬‭crop‬‭(surpassing‬‭tobacco)‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭agricultural‬‭South‬
‭b)‬ ‭Comprised‬‭more‬‭than‬‭half‬‭the‬‭total‬‭of‬‭all‬‭US‬‭exports‬
‭3.‬ ‭Indicated‬‭the‬‭supremacy‬‭of‬‭this‬‭commodity‬‭at‬‭home‬‭and‬‭abroad‬
‭a)‬ ‭Southerners‬‭mistakenly‬‭believed‬‭that‬‭this‬‭crop‬‭would‬‭even‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭success‬‭if‬‭Civil‬‭War‬
‭were‬‭ever‬‭to‬‭break‬‭out.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Cotton‬‭was‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world’s‬‭first‬‭luxury‬‭commodities,‬‭after‬‭sugar‬‭and‬‭tobacco‬
‭D.‬ ‭Nat‬‭Turner‬‭Rebellion‬
‭1.‬ ‭Took‬‭place‬‭in‬‭1831,‬‭led‬‭by‬‭slave‬‭named‬‭Nat‬‭Turner‬
‭2.‬ ‭Led‬‭more‬‭than‬‭fifty‬‭followers‬‭in‬‭a‬‭bloody‬‭revolt‬‭in‬‭Virginia‬
‭a)‬ ‭Killed‬‭nearly‬‭60‬‭white‬‭people,‬‭mostly‬‭women‬‭and‬‭children‬
‭3.‬ ‭Local‬‭authorities‬‭stopped‬‭the‬‭uprising,‬‭capturing‬‭and‬‭killing‬‭most‬‭of‬‭the‬‭insurgents‬‭(including‬
‭Turner‬‭himself)‬
 ‭4.‬ S‭ ignificance‬‭of‬‭this‬‭event‬‭is‬‭not‬‭necessarily‬‭the‬‭event‬‭itself‬‭but‬‭rather,‬‭the‬‭panic‬‭that‬‭spread‬
‭across‬‭the‬‭South‬‭post-revolt.‬
‭a)‬ ‭Following‬‭the‬‭attack,‬‭over‬‭100‬ ‭slaves‬‭and‬‭suspected‬‭rebels‬‭were‬‭killed‬
‭5.‬ ‭Led‬‭to‬‭the‬‭passage‬‭of‬‭a‬‭series‬‭of‬‭new‬‭laws,‬‭imposing‬‭additional‬‭restrictions‬‭and‬‭harsher‬
‭penalties‬‭on‬‭activities‬‭of‬‭free‬‭and‬‭enslaved‬‭blacks‬
‭a)‬ ‭In‬‭many‬‭instances,‬‭blacks‬‭were‬‭no‬‭longer‬‭allowed‬‭to‬‭gather‬‭in‬‭groups,‬‭travel,‬‭preach,‬‭or‬
‭learn‬‭to‬‭read‬‭and‬‭write‬‭in‬‭the‬‭South‬‭post-rebellion.‬
‭ .‬ ‭Nationalism‬
E
‭1.‬ ‭The‬‭War‬‭of‬‭1812‬‭led‬‭to‬‭a‬‭rise‬‭in‬‭nationalism‬‭(pride‬‭citizens‬‭feel‬‭in‬‭their‬‭country)‬
‭a)‬ ‭Withstood‬‭British‬‭for‬‭a‬‭2nd‬‭time‬
‭b)‬ ‭Filled‬‭citizens‬‭with‬‭confidence‬‭in‬‭their‬‭military‬‭and‬‭government‬
‭c)‬ ‭US‬‭manufacturers‬‭proved‬‭capable‬‭of‬‭supplying‬‭country‬‭with‬‭goods‬‭when‬‭foreign‬‭trade‬
‭was‬‭limited‬
‭d)‬ ‭Boosted‬‭morale‬‭and‬‭economy‬
‭e)‬ ‭BEgan‬‭to‬‭view‬‭country‬‭as‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭greatest‬‭on‬‭earth‬
‭2.‬ ‭Reasons‬‭for‬‭Nationalism‬
‭a)‬ ‭Unity‬
‭b)‬ ‭Support‬
‭c)‬ ‭Love‬‭for‬‭Country‬
‭d)‬ ‭Pride‬
‭e)‬ ‭Country‬‭Before‬‭Others‬
‭f)‬ ‭Desire‬‭for‬‭Country‬‭Success‬
‭g)‬ ‭Pride‬
‭3.‬ ‭Factors‬‭Contributing‬‭to‬‭Nationalism‬
‭a)‬ ‭American‬‭System‬
‭b)‬ ‭Supreme‬‭Court‬‭under‬‭Marshall‬
‭c)‬ ‭J.Q.‬‭Adam’s‬‭foreign‬‭policy‬
‭d)‬ ‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬
‭e)‬ ‭Westward‬‭expansion‬
‭f)‬ ‭Indian‬‭Removal‬‭of‬‭1830‬
‭F.‬ ‭Clay’s‬‭American‬‭System‬
‭1.‬ ‭First‬‭half‬‭of‬‭1800s‬‭saw‬‭many‬‭political‬‭confrontations‬
‭a)‬ ‭Differences‬‭between‬‭regions‬‭became‬‭evident‬
‭2.‬ ‭Kentucky‬‭senator‬‭Henry‬‭Clay’s‬‭“American‬‭System”‬‭:‬‭designed‬‭to‬‭unite‬‭the‬‭nation‬‭and‬‭make‬
‭it‬‭more‬‭economically‬‭independent‬‭following‬‭War‬‭of‬‭1812‬
‭a)‬ ‭Many‬‭Northerners‬‭supported‬‭the‬‭plan‬
‭b)‬ ‭Southerners‬‭and‬‭those‬‭out‬‭West‬‭tended‬‭to‬‭oppose‬‭because‬‭they‬‭saw‬‭tariffs‬‭as‬
‭benefitting‬‭northern‬‭business‬‭at‬‭expense‬‭of‬‭southern‬‭farmers‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Also‬‭believed‬‭it‬‭gave‬‭far‬‭too‬‭much‬‭power‬‭to‬‭federal‬‭government‬
‭3.‬ ‭Regions‬‭were‬‭developing‬‭differently‬
‭4.‬ ‭Purpose‬‭of‬‭System:‬
‭a)‬ ‭needed‬‭a‬‭plan‬‭to‬‭unite‬‭sections‬
‭b)‬ ‭create‬‭a‬‭stable‬‭economy‬
‭c)‬ ‭help‬‭nation‬‭be‬‭self-sufficient‬
‭d)‬ ‭to‬‭be‬‭independent‬‭of‬‭G.‬‭B.‬‭/‬‭Europe‬‭(trade)‬
 ‭5.‬ ‭Three‬‭Points:‬
‭a)‬ ‭establish‬‭a‬‭protective‬‭tariff‬
‭b)‬ ‭charter‬‭the‬‭Second‬‭National‬‭Bank‬
‭c)‬ ‭sponsor‬‭development‬‭of‬‭transportation‬
‭d)‬ ‭system‬‭&‬‭internal‬‭improvements‬
‭G.‬ ‭The‬‭Marshall‬‭Court‬
‭1.‬ ‭Gibbons‬‭v.‬‭Ogden‬
‭a)‬ ‭-‬‭gave‬‭federal‬‭gov’t‬‭power‬‭to‬‭regulate‬‭interstate‬‭trade‬
‭2.‬ ‭McCulloch‬‭v.‬‭Maryland‬
‭a)‬ ‭gave‬‭federal‬‭gov’t‬‭control‬‭over‬ ‭economy‬
‭b)‬ ‭states‬‭could‬‭not‬‭overturn‬‭Fed‬‭laws‬
‭3.‬ ‭What‬‭did‬‭these‬‭2‬‭court‬‭cases‬‭strengthen?‬
‭a)‬ ‭Power‬‭of‬‭Federal‬‭Government‬
‭H.‬ ‭John‬‭Quincy‬‭Adams’‬‭Foreign‬‭Policy‬
‭1.‬ ‭Sec.‬‭of‬‭State‬‭under‬‭Monroe‬
‭2.‬ ‭Guided‬‭by‬‭Nationalism‬
‭3.‬ ‭National‬‭interest‬‭are‬‭placed‬‭above‬‭all‬‭other‬‭concerns‬
‭4.‬ ‭Territory‬‭issues‬
‭a)‬ ‭Rush‬‭–‬‭Bagot‬‭Treaty‬
‭b)‬ ‭Adams‬‭–‬‭Onis‬‭Treaty‬
‭c)‬ ‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬
‭5.‬ ‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬‭(1823)‬
‭a)‬ ‭“Era‬‭of‬‭Good‬‭Feelings”‬
‭(1)‬ ‭With‬‭the‬‭end‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Federalist‬‭Party,‬‭the‬‭nation‬‭entered‬‭a‬‭brief‬‭period‬‭in‬‭which‬
‭Democratic-Republicans‬‭were‬‭basically‬‭the‬‭only‬‭political‬‭party‬‭in‬‭the‬‭US.‬
‭(2)‬ ‭There‬‭was‬‭a‬‭lack‬‭of‬‭warring‬‭factions‬‭and‬‭when‬‭James‬‭Monroe‬‭ran‬‭for‬
‭President,‬‭there‬‭was‬‭no‬‭formidable‬‭opposition‬‭and‬‭he‬‭easily‬‭won.‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Despite‬‭the‬‭“good‬‭feelings”‬‭,‬‭sectionalism‬‭and‬‭economic‬‭instability‬‭were‬
‭actually‬‭increasing‬‭tensions.‬
‭(4)‬ ‭This‬‭period‬‭abruptly‬‭came‬‭to‬‭an‬‭end‬‭in‬‭1819‬‭when‬‭the‬‭National‬‭Bank‬‭called‬‭in‬
‭its‬‭loans‬
‭(a)‬ ‭The‬‭country‬‭was‬‭thrust‬‭into‬‭devastating‬‭financial‬‭turmoil‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Without‬‭opposition‬‭though,‬‭Monroe‬‭won‬‭reelection‬‭in‬‭1820‬‭by‬‭a‬
‭landslide‬
‭b)‬ ‭Highlights‬‭of‬‭Monroe‬‭Administration‬
‭(1)‬ ‭The‬‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬‭:‬‭effected‬‭a‬‭policy‬‭of‬‭mutual‬‭noninterference‬‭between‬
‭the‬‭U.S.‬‭and‬‭the‬‭nations‬‭of‬‭Europe‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Asserted‬‭US‬‭dominance‬‭over‬‭the‬‭Americas‬
‭(2)‬ ‭The‬‭Missouri‬‭Compromise‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Admitted‬‭Missouri‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Union‬‭as‬‭a‬‭slave‬‭state‬‭and‬‭Maine‬‭as‬‭a‬‭free‬
‭state‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Prohibited‬‭slavery‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Louisiana‬‭Territory‬‭north‬‭of‬‭the‬‭36°30‬‭parallel‬
‭(c)‬ ‭Served‬‭to‬‭postpone‬‭the‬‭Civil‬‭War‬‭by‬‭temporarily‬‭settling‬‭the‬‭issue‬‭of‬
‭slavery‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Western‬‭territories‬
‭c)‬ ‭The‬‭Panic‬‭of‬‭1819‬
 ‭(1)‬ ‭Largely‬ ‭the‬‭fault‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Bank‬‭of‬‭US,‬‭which‬‭had‬‭tightened‬‭credit‬‭in‬‭a‬‭belated‬
‭effort‬‭to‬‭control‬‭inflation.‬
‭(a)‬ ‭The‬‭depression‬‭was‬‭most‬‭severe‬‭in‬‭the‬‭West.‬
‭(b)‬ ‭Many‬‭state‬‭banks‬‭closed‬‭and‬‭unemployment,‬‭bankruptcies,‬‭and‬
‭imprisonment‬‭for‬‭debt‬‭sharply‬‭increased.‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Plunged‬‭the‬‭nation‬‭into‬‭a‬‭devastating‬‭economic‬‭depression‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Effectively‬‭ended‬‭the‬‭“era‬‭of‬‭good‬‭feelings”‬
‭6.‬ ‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬
‭a)‬ ‭With‬‭end‬‭of‬‭War‬‭of‬‭1812‬‭and‬‭Federalist‬‭Party,‬‭the‬‭US‬‭entered‬‭an‬‭“era‬‭of‬‭good‬
‭feelings”‬‭(period‬‭of‬‭national‬‭pride‬‭and‬‭unity)‬
‭b)‬ ‭President‬‭James‬‭Monroe‬‭issued‬‭the‬‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬‭(1823)‬
‭(1)‬ ‭US‬‭would‬‭not‬‭tolerate‬‭European‬‭intervention‬‭in‬‭affairs‬‭of‬‭any‬‭independent‬
‭nation‬‭in‬‭Americas‬
‭(2)‬ ‭American‬‭continents‬‭were‬‭no‬‭longer‬‭open‬‭to‬‭European‬‭colonization‬
‭(3)‬ ‭US‬‭would‬‭view‬‭future‬‭attempts‬‭to‬‭colonize‬‭as‬‭acts‬‭of‬‭aggression‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Especially‬‭concerned‬‭about‬‭Latin‬‭American‬‭nations‬‭recently‬‭achieving‬
‭independence‬‭from‬‭Spanish‬‭rule‬
‭(5)‬ ‭Did‬‭not‬‭want‬‭another‬‭European‬‭power‬‭taking‬‭control‬‭of‬‭these‬‭territories‬
‭c)‬ ‭Reality‬‭is‬‭that‬‭Monroe‬‭did‬‭not‬‭have‬‭power‬‭to‬‭enforce‬‭his‬‭proclamation‬
‭(1)‬ ‭US‬‭was‬‭still‬‭too‬‭young‬‭and‬‭lacked‬‭a‬‭strong‬‭military‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Benefitted‬‭the‬‭fact‬‭that‬‭GB‬‭wanted‬‭to‬‭trade‬‭with‬‭these‬‭nations‬‭and‬‭wanted‬
‭them‬‭to‬‭remain‬‭independent‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Power‬‭of‬‭British‬‭Navy‬‭(and‬‭the‬‭newly‬‭forming‬‭alliance‬‭between‬‭Britain‬‭and‬
‭US)‬‭prevented‬‭other‬‭European‬‭challenges.‬
‭d)‬ ‭Key‬‭Points‬‭of‬‭America’s‬‭First‬‭Foreign‬‭Policy‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Pres.‬‭Monroe‬‭warned:‬‭Europeans‬‭not‬‭to‬‭interfere‬‭with‬‭affairs‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Western‬
‭Hemisphere‬
‭(2)‬ ‭actions‬‭dangerous‬‭to‬‭our‬‭peace‬‭&‬‭safety‬
‭(3)‬ ‭U.S.‬‭would‬‭not‬‭interfere‬‭with‬‭existing‬‭colonies‬‭in‬‭the‬‭W.‬‭hemisphere‬
‭(4)‬ ‭U.S.‬‭had‬‭no‬‭military‬‭to‬‭back‬‭it‬ ‭(power‬‭play)‬
‭I.‬ ‭The‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Jackson‬
‭1.‬ ‭After‬‭War‬‭of‬‭1812‬‭Andrew‬‭Jackson‬‭had‬‭gained‬‭enormous‬‭popularity‬‭as‬‭a‬‭“war‬‭hero”‬
‭a)‬ ‭Was‬‭viewed‬‭as‬‭a‬‭“common‬‭man”‬
‭b)‬ ‭Not‬‭born‬‭into‬‭rich‬‭upper‬‭class‬
‭c)‬ ‭Achieved‬‭success‬‭despite‬‭growing‬‭up‬‭relatively‬‭poor‬‭and‬‭uneducated‬
‭d)‬ ‭Became‬‭very‬‭popular‬‭with‬‭western‬‭frontier‬‭settlers‬ ‭and‬‭southerners‬‭who‬‭viewed‬‭him‬‭as‬
‭“common‬‭folk”‬
‭2.‬ ‭Election‬‭of‬‭1824‬
‭a)‬ ‭Evidence‬‭of‬‭sectional‬‭differences‬‭in‬‭US‬
‭b)‬ ‭New‬‭England‬‭backed‬‭Secretary‬‭of‬‭State‬‭John‬‭Quincy‬‭Adams‬
‭c)‬ ‭Southerners‬‭eventually‬‭backed‬‭Georgia‬‭candidate‬‭William‬‭Crawford‬
‭d)‬ ‭Western‬‭candidates‬‭were‬‭Andrew‬‭Jackson‬‭and‬‭Henry‬‭Clay‬
‭e)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭wins‬‭popular‬‭vote‬ ‭not‬‭electoral‬‭vote‬
‭(1)‬ ‭In‬‭fact,‬‭election‬‭was‬‭so‬‭close‬‭that‬‭the‬‭House‬‭of‬‭Representatives‬‭had‬‭to‬‭decide‬
‭the‬‭winner.‬
 (‭ 2)‬ ‭Henry‬‭Clay‬‭supported‬‭Adams‬‭and‬‭that‬‭earned‬‭him‬‭the‬‭presidency‬
‭f)‬ ‭Eventually‬‭Jackson’s‬‭followers‬‭learned‬‭that‬‭Clay‬‭would‬‭be‬‭named‬‭secretary‬‭of‬‭state‬
‭under‬‭the‬‭Adams‬‭administration.‬
‭g)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭and‬‭his‬‭supporters‬‭called‬‭it‬‭a‬‭“corrupt‬‭bargain”‬‭and‬‭vowed‬‭he‬‭would‬‭be‬
‭elected‬‭in‬‭1828.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Election‬‭of‬‭1828‬
‭a)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭defeats‬‭John‬‭Quincy‬‭Adams‬
‭b)‬ ‭led‬‭to‬‭party‬‭split,‬‭became‬‭the‬‭Democrats‬
‭c)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭portrayed‬‭as‬‭common‬‭man‬‭(was‬‭a‬‭wealthy‬‭planter)‬
‭d)‬ ‭white‬‭males‬‭no‬‭longer‬‭had‬‭to‬‭own‬‭property‬‭to‬‭vote‬
‭e)‬ ‭Significance?‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Seen‬‭as‬‭a‬‭vote/victory‬‭for‬‭the‬‭common‬‭man‬‭and‬‭democracy‬
‭4.‬ ‭Jacksonian‬‭Democracy‬
‭a)‬ ‭Jackson’s‬‭brand‬‭of‬‭politics‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Believed‬‭strongly‬‭in‬‭western‬‭expansion‬‭and‬‭rights‬‭of‬‭white‬‭frontier‬‭settlers‬
‭(2)‬ ‭resented‬‭“white‬‭elites”‬‭and‬‭political‬‭leaders‬‭who‬‭seemed‬‭to‬‭favor‬‭upper‬‭class‬
‭b)‬ ‭Favored‬‭universal‬‭suffrage‬‭:‬‭all‬‭white‬‭men‬‭should‬‭be‬‭free‬‭to‬‭vote,‬‭not‬‭just‬‭those‬‭who‬
‭owned‬‭property‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Most‬‭states‬‭dropped‬‭land‬‭ownership‬‭requirements‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Allowed‬‭“simpler‬‭men”‬‭to‬‭win‬‭office,‬‭rather‬‭than‬‭simply‬‭those‬‭from‬‭upper‬
‭class‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Important‬‭to‬‭remember,‬‭even‬‭Jacksonian‬‭Democracy‬‭did‬‭not‬‭attempt‬‭to‬
‭extend‬‭the‬‭right‬‭to‬‭vote‬‭to‬‭women,‬‭blacks,‬‭or‬‭Native‬‭Americans.‬
‭c)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭vs.‬‭The‬‭Whig‬‭Party‬
‭d)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭Draws‬‭the‬‭Line‬‭of‬‭Nullification‬
‭5.‬ ‭Spoils‬‭System‬
‭a)‬ ‭Once‬‭in‬‭office,‬‭Jackson‬‭rewarded‬‭political‬‭supporters‬‭with‬‭government‬‭positions‬‭(‭s‬ poil‬
‭system‬‭)‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Set‬‭a‬‭precedent‬‭for‬‭rewarding‬‭faithful‬‭supporters‬‭with‬‭government‬‭jobs‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭believed‬‭it‬‭would‬‭encourage‬‭common‬‭people‬‭to‬‭become‬‭politically‬
‭involved‬
‭(3)‬ ‭It‬‭had‬‭the‬‭opposite‬‭effect,‬‭led‬‭to‬‭corruption‬‭and‬‭a‬‭call‬‭for‬‭reform‬‭in‬‭later‬
‭administrations‬
‭b)‬ ‭fired‬‭10%‬‭of‬‭federal‬‭employees‬
‭c)‬ ‭“‬‭To‬‭the‬‭victor‬‭belongs‬‭the‬‭spoils‬‭of‬‭the‬‭enemy”‬
‭d)‬ ‭Pres.‬‭can‬‭appoint‬‭federal‬‭positions‬
‭6.‬ ‭Laissez-Faire‬‭Economics‬
‭a)‬ ‭Did‬‭not‬‭think‬‭the‬‭government‬‭should‬‭regulate‬‭business‬‭or‬‭pass‬‭policies‬‭to‬‭help‬‭US‬
‭businessmen‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Although‬‭Jackson‬‭did‬‭occasionally‬‭support‬‭tariffs‬‭(as‬‭long‬‭as‬‭they‬‭didn’t‬‭hurt‬
‭small‬‭farmers)‬
‭(2)‬ ‭At‬‭the‬‭same‬‭time,‬‭he‬‭did‬‭not‬‭want‬‭to‬‭hurt‬‭large‬‭US‬‭businesses‬‭and‬‭landowners‬
‭(a)‬ ‭While‬‭giving‬‭smaller‬‭merchants‬‭and‬‭landowners‬‭the‬‭chance‬‭to‬‭succeed‬
‭b)‬ ‭Also‬‭had‬‭a‬‭strict‬‭interpretation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Constitution‬
 ‭(1)‬ ‭Although‬‭he‬‭pushed‬‭the‬‭boundaries‬‭of‬‭presidential‬‭power‬‭(believed‬‭the‬
‭President‬‭should‬‭have‬‭more‬‭power‬‭than‬‭Congress)‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Even‬‭accused‬‭by‬‭his‬‭enemies‬‭of‬‭acting‬‭more‬‭like‬‭a‬‭king‬‭than‬‭a‬‭president‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Believed‬‭the‬‭federal‬‭government‬‭should‬‭be‬‭restricted‬‭to‬‭only‬‭those‬‭powers‬‭the‬
‭Constitution‬‭specifically‬‭gave‬‭it.‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Opposed‬‭policies‬‭he‬‭viewed‬‭as‬‭giving‬‭big‬‭business‬‭or‬‭upper‬‭class‬‭an‬‭unfair‬
‭advantage‬
‭(5)‬ ‭Led‬‭to‬‭a‬‭huge‬‭battle‬‭between‬‭Jackson‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Second‬‭National‬‭Bank‬‭in‬‭1832‬
‭7.‬ ‭Jackson’s‬‭Bank‬‭War‬‭(Bank‬‭of‬‭U.S.)‬
‭a)‬ ‭viewed‬‭as‬‭a‬‭privileged‬‭institution‬‭and‬‭a‬‭violation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Constitution‬
‭b)‬ ‭vetoed‬‭bill‬‭to‬‭recharter‬‭the‬‭B.U.S.‬‭(checks‬‭and‬‭balances)‬
‭c)‬ ‭Jackson’s‬‭opponents‬‭thought‬‭that‬‭applying‬‭for‬‭the‬‭re-charter‬‭of‬‭BUS‬‭would‬‭make‬
‭Jackson‬‭lose‬‭the‬‭president‬‭election‬‭(they‬‭were‬‭wrong)‬
‭d)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭succeeded‬‭in‬‭convincing‬‭people‬‭the‬‭bank‬‭was‬‭an‬‭example‬‭of‬‭the‬‭national‬
‭government‬‭favoring‬‭big‬‭business‬‭over‬‭poorer‬‭Americans.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭B.U.S.‬‭benefited‬‭rich‬
‭(2)‬ ‭B.U.S‬‭funds‬‭were‬‭moved‬‭to‬‭PET(state)‬‭banks‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Foreclosure‬‭of‬‭banks‬‭meant‬‭that‬‭federal‬‭money‬‭was‬‭placed‬‭in‬‭state‬‭banks‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Pet‬‭banks‬‭were‬‭loyal‬‭to‬‭Democratic‬‭party‬
‭(5)‬ ‭pet‬‭(wildcat)‬‭banks‬‭printed‬‭to‬‭much‬‭money‬
‭(6)‬ ‭paper‬‭$$‬ ‭becomes‬‭worthless‬
‭e)‬ ‭This‬‭new‬‭system‬‭worked‬‭poorly‬‭and‬‭created‬‭a‬‭national‬‭economic‬‭crisis.‬
‭8.‬ ‭States’‬‭Rights‬‭Issue‬
‭a)‬ ‭Tariff‬‭of‬‭Abomination‬‭1828‬
‭(1)‬ ‭forced‬‭South‬‭to‬‭buy‬‭expensive‬‭Northern‬ ‭goods‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Southern‬‭states‬‭losing‬‭$$‬
‭(3)‬ ‭SC,‬‭John‬‭C.‬‭Calhoun‬‭was‬‭against‬‭(VP‬‭to‬‭Jackson)‬
‭b)‬ ‭shows‬‭conflict‬‭between‬‭states’‬‭rights‬‭&‬ ‭federal‬‭gov’t‬‭control‬
‭c)‬ ‭Calhoun‬‭writes‬‭the‬‭Doctrine‬‭of‬‭Nullification‬
‭(1)‬ ‭13‬‭sovereign‬‭states‬‭accepted‬‭constitution,‬‭they‬ ‭can‬‭nullify‬‭a‬‭federal‬‭law‬‭in‬
‭conflict‬ ‭(not‬‭in‬‭best‬‭interest‬‭of‬‭state)‬
‭9.‬ ‭Return‬‭of‬‭Two-Party‬‭System‬
‭a)‬ ‭Sharp‬‭differences‬‭between‬‭Jackson‬‭and‬‭other‬‭politicians‬‭like‬‭Clay,‬‭Webster,‬‭and‬‭John‬
‭C.‬‭Calhoun‬‭led‬‭to‬‭a‬‭break‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Democratic-Republican‬‭Party.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Jackson’s‬‭wing‬‭took‬‭the‬‭name‬‭“Democrats”‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Opponents‬‭became‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭“Republicans”‬
‭b)‬ ‭National‬‭Republicans‬‭eventually‬‭formed‬‭a‬‭new‬‭party‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Whigs‬‭.‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Name‬‭of‬‭the‬‭British‬‭party‬‭that‬‭opposed‬‭King‬‭George‬‭III‬‭during‬‭Revolutionary‬
‭War‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Accused‬‭Jackson‬‭of‬‭acting‬‭like‬‭“King‬‭Andrew”‬‭and‬‭adopted‬‭this‬‭name‬‭to‬‭show‬
‭their‬‭dislike‬‭for‬‭the‬‭president.‬
‭c)‬ ‭After‬‭“era‬‭of‬‭good‬‭feelings”‬‭the‬‭country‬‭returned‬‭to‬‭a‬‭two-party‬‭system‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭left‬‭office‬‭after‬‭his‬‭2nd‬‭term,‬‭allowing‬‭his‬‭VIce‬‭President‬‭and‬‭fellow‬
‭Democrat‬‭Martin‬‭Van‬‭Buren‬‭to‬‭win‬‭the‬‭presidential‬‭election‬‭of‬‭1836.‬
‭10.‬ ‭Native‬‭Americans‬
 ‭a)‬ ‭Jackson‬‭tried‬‭to‬ ‭assimilate‬‭the‬‭Indians‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Indians‬‭would‬‭not‬‭give‬‭up‬‭their‬‭culture‬
‭(2)‬ ‭differences‬‭could‬‭not‬‭be‬‭resolved‬
‭(3)‬ ‭believed‬‭only‬‭solution‬‭was‬‭to‬‭move‬‭them‬
‭b)‬ ‭Indian‬‭Removal‬‭Act‬‭(1830)‬
‭(1)‬ ‭signed‬‭a‬‭treaty‬
‭(2)‬ ‭federal‬‭funds‬‭provided‬‭to‬‭negotiate‬
‭(3)‬ ‭forced‬‭west‬‭of‬‭the‬‭MS‬‭River‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Cherokee‬‭Nation‬‭filed‬‭court‬‭action‬
‭(5)‬ ‭This‬‭caused‬‭a‬‭major‬‭rift‬‭between‬‭the‬‭executive‬‭and‬‭judicial‬‭branches‬
‭c)‬ ‭Trail‬‭of‬‭Tears‬
‭(1)‬ ‭1838‬‭still‬‭20,000‬‭Cherokees‬‭in‬‭the‬‭east‬
‭(2)‬ ‭ordered‬‭removal‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Indians‬‭forced‬‭to‬‭leave‬‭their‬‭land‬
‭(4)‬ ‭long‬‭journey‬‭west‬
‭(5)‬ ‭800‬‭mile‬‭trip‬
‭(6)‬ ‭1/4‬‭of‬‭them‬‭died‬‭along‬‭the‬‭way‬
‭(7)‬ ‭land‬‭they‬‭received‬‭was‬‭inferior‬
‭(8)‬ ‭Fulfilled‬‭the‬‭American‬‭westward‬‭expansion‬‭concept‬‭of‬‭“Manifest‬‭Destiny”‬
‭II.‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭A.‬ ‭As‬‭the‬‭United‬‭States‬‭approached‬‭the‬‭middle‬‭of‬‭the‬‭19th‬‭century,‬‭a‬‭great‬‭sense‬‭of‬‭nationalism‬‭inspired‬
‭many‬‭to‬‭want‬‭to‬‭add‬‭U.S.‬‭territory.‬
‭1.‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny:‬ ‭the‬‭country’s‬‭“destiny”‬‭to‬‭expand‬‭and‬‭possess‬‭territory‬‭all‬‭the‬‭way‬‭to‬
‭Pacific‬‭Ocean‬
‭2.‬ ‭Inspired‬‭many‬‭to‬‭see‬‭western‬‭settlement‬‭as‬‭a‬‭sacred‬‭duty‬
‭B.‬ ‭Louisiana‬‭Purchase‬
‭1.‬ ‭US‬‭acquisition‬‭from‬‭France‬‭in‬‭1803‬‭($15‬‭million)‬
‭2.‬ ‭Marked‬‭the‬‭first‬‭time‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭US‬‭had‬‭acquired‬‭territory‬‭by‬‭treaty‬‭with‬‭another‬‭nation‬
‭3.‬ ‭doubled‬‭the‬‭size‬
‭4.‬ ‭more‬‭land‬‭for‬‭settlement‬
‭5.‬ ‭Secured‬‭American‬‭control‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Mississippi‬‭River‬
‭C.‬ ‭Main‬‭Reasons‬‭For‬‭Moving‬‭West‬
‭1.‬ ‭Motivation‬‭and‬‭Opportunity‬
‭a)‬ ‭Escape‬‭law‬
‭b)‬ ‭Economic‬‭gain‬‭(land)‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Homestead‬‭Act‬‭1862‬‭:‬‭federal‬‭law‬‭promoting‬‭westward‬‭expansion‬‭by‬
‭allotting‬‭160‬‭acres‬‭of‬‭free‬‭public‬‭land‬‭to‬‭settlers‬‭who‬‭agreed‬‭to‬‭farm‬‭the‬‭land‬
‭c)‬ ‭Easily‬‭change‬‭occupations‬
‭d)‬ ‭More‬‭opportunities‬
‭2.‬ ‭New‬‭Markets‬
‭a)‬ ‭Different‬‭soil,‬‭climate‬
‭b)‬ ‭Natural‬‭resources‬
‭c)‬ ‭Fur‬‭trading‬
‭d)‬ ‭Livestock,‬‭ranching‬
‭e)‬ ‭Merchants‬‭followed‬‭farmers‬
‭3.‬ ‭Religion‬
‭a)‬ ‭Mormons‬‭move‬‭west‬
‭b)‬ ‭Religious‬‭freedom‬
‭c)‬ ‭1846‬
‭4.‬ ‭Inventions‬
‭a)‬ ‭Western‬‭states‬‭would‬‭become‬‭more‬‭integrated‬
‭b)‬ ‭Help‬‭connect‬‭the‬‭sections‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Transcontinental‬‭Telegraph‬‭messages‬‭transmitted‬‭faster‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Line‬‭from‬‭Omaha,‬‭NB‬‭to‬‭Carson‬‭City,‬‭NV‬
‭c)‬ ‭Farm‬‭equipment‬
‭d)‬ ‭Railroad‬‭structure‬‭and‬‭trains‬
‭5.‬ ‭Transportation‬
‭a)‬ ‭domestic‬‭trade‬‭&‬‭industry‬‭developing‬
‭b)‬ ‭revealing‬‭poor‬‭transportation‬
‭c)‬ ‭would‬‭help‬‭business‬‭for‬‭economy‬‭to‬‭grow‬
‭d)‬ ‭could‬‭transport‬‭goods‬‭cheaper‬‭&‬‭easy‬
‭e)‬ ‭National‬‭Road‬‭(‬‭in‬ ‭1811)‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Cumberland‬‭road‬‭would‬‭stretch‬‭MD‬‭to‬‭IL‬
‭f)‬ ‭Canals‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Erie‬‭Canal‬ ‭linked‬‭Lake‬‭Erie‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Hudson‬‭River‬
‭(2)‬ ‭later‬‭the‬‭Atlantic‬‭Ocean‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Great‬‭Lakes)‬
‭g)‬ ‭Railroads‬
‭(1)‬ ‭mainly‬‭in‬‭the‬‭east‬
‭(2)‬ ‭westward‬‭expansion‬‭developed‬‭a‬‭need‬
‭(3)‬ ‭for‬‭RR‬‭construction‬‭in‬‭the‬‭west‬
‭(4)‬ ‭added‬‭to‬‭growing‬‭tension‬‭between‬
‭(5)‬ ‭the‬‭North‬‭&‬‭South‬
‭(6)‬ ‭South‬‭does‬‭not‬‭like‬‭$$‬‭being‬‭spend‬‭on‬‭RR‬
‭6.‬ ‭Panic‬‭of‬‭1837‬
‭a)‬ ‭paper‬‭$$‬ ‭becomes‬‭worthless‬
‭b)‬ ‭banks‬‭stopped‬‭accepting‬‭paper‬ ‭$$‬
‭c)‬ ‭due‬‭to‬‭pet‬‭/‬‭wildcat‬‭bank‬‭failures‬
‭d)‬ ‭people‬‭lost‬‭their‬‭savings‬
‭(1)‬ ‭People‬‭moved‬‭WEST‬‭for‬‭a‬‭fresh‬‭start‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Helps‬‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭7.‬ ‭Trails‬‭West‬
‭a)‬ ‭Oregon‬‭Trail‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Missouri‬‭to‬‭Pacific‬‭Northwest‬
‭(2)‬ ‭100‬‭pioneers‬‭on‬‭first‬‭wagon‬‭train‬
‭(3)‬ ‭4,000‬‭American‬‭settlers‬‭lived‬‭in‬‭Oregon‬‭Territory‬‭by‬‭1847‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Fur‬‭trappers,‬‭explorers‬‭and‬‭missionaries‬‭had‬‭long‬‭used‬‭the‬‭route‬
‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Oregon‬‭Trail,‬‭which‬‭led‬‭from‬‭Missouri‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Pacific‬
‭Northwest.‬
 ‭(b)‬ ‭Parts‬‭of‬‭it‬‭were‬‭first‬‭traveled‬‭by‬‭the‬‭Lewis‬‭and‬‭Clark‬‭expedition.‬‭During‬
‭the‬‭1840s,‬‭the‬‭trail‬‭became‬‭a‬‭major‬‭thoroughfare‬‭for‬‭wagon‬‭trains,‬
‭carrying‬‭families‬‭to‬‭permanently‬‭settle‬‭the‬‭Oregon‬‭Country.‬
‭(c)‬ ‭The‬‭first‬‭wagon‬‭train,‬‭carrying‬‭100‬‭pioneers‬‭made‬‭the‬‭trip,‬‭in‬‭1842.‬
‭(d)‬ ‭A‬‭larger‬‭train,‬‭bringing‬‭around‬‭1,000‬‭settlers,‬‭arrived‬‭the‬‭following‬
‭year.‬‭By‬‭1847,‬‭4,000‬‭American‬‭settlers‬‭lived‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Oregon‬‭Territory.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Groups‬‭Going‬‭West‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Criminals‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Farmers‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Immigrants‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Minorities‬
‭(5)‬ ‭Women‬
‭(6)‬ ‭Merchants‬
‭(7)‬ ‭People‬‭who‬‭lost‬‭money‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭(8)‬ ‭Panic‬‭of‬‭1837‬
‭ .‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬‭Summary‬
D
‭1.‬ ‭Ordained‬‭by‬‭God‬
‭2.‬ ‭Attitude‬‭that‬‭America‬‭was‬‭destined‬‭to‬‭expand‬‭from‬‭coast‬‭to‬‭coast‬
‭3.‬ ‭Abundance‬‭of‬‭land‬‭was‬‭greatest‬‭attraction‬
‭4.‬ ‭Americans‬‭eagerly‬‭pushed‬‭west‬‭mainly‬‭into‬‭Mexican‬‭Territory‬‭(NM,‬‭TX,‬‭CA)‬
‭E.‬ ‭Expansion‬‭Into‬‭Texas‬
‭1.‬ ‭Meanwhile,‬‭early‬‭Americans‬‭weren’t‬‭the‬‭only‬‭colonists‬‭in‬‭the‬‭New‬‭World‬‭who‬‭sought‬
‭independence‬‭from‬‭their‬‭European‬‭leaders.‬
‭2.‬ ‭The‬‭inhabitants‬‭of‬‭Mexico‬‭grew‬‭dissatisfied‬‭with‬‭Spanish‬‭rule‬‭and‬‭gained‬‭their‬‭independence‬
‭from‬‭Spain‬‭in‬‭1821.‬
‭a)‬ ‭This‬‭newly‬‭formed‬‭nation‬‭caused‬‭American‬‭settlers‬‭to‬‭move‬‭into‬‭the‬‭sparsely‬
‭populated‬‭northeastern‬‭region‬‭known‬‭as‬‭Texas.‬
‭b)‬ ‭By‬‭1830,‬‭30,000‬‭Anglo-Americans‬‭were‬‭living‬‭in‬‭Texas.‬
‭3.‬ ‭1821,‬‭Mexico‬‭gains‬‭independence‬‭from‬‭Spain‬
‭4.‬ ‭30,000‬‭Americans‬‭living‬‭in‬‭Texas‬‭/‬‭MX.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Austin‬‭dream‬‭of‬‭colonizing‬‭TX‬
‭a)‬ ‭Trade‬‭was‬‭increasing‬
‭b)‬ ‭settlers‬‭moved‬‭for‬‭land‬
‭c)‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭6.‬ ‭Given‬‭land‬‭grants‬‭in‬‭exchange‬‭for…‬
‭a)‬ ‭Following‬‭Mexican‬‭law‬
‭b)‬ ‭Practicing‬‭Catholicism‬
‭(1)‬ ‭This‬‭backfired‬‭on‬‭Mexico‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Hard‬‭to‬‭inspire‬‭loyalty‬
‭F.‬ ‭Texas‬‭Revolution‬
‭1.‬ ‭in‬‭1830,‬‭MX‬‭stopped‬‭immigration‬‭into‬‭TX‬
‭2.‬ ‭MX‬‭taxed‬‭American‬‭goods‬
‭3.‬ ‭Americans‬‭continued‬‭to‬‭pour‬‭into‬‭TX‬
‭4.‬ ‭INDEPENDENT‬‭nation‬‭/‬‭Republic‬‭of‬ ‭Texas‬
‭a)‬ ‭1845‬
 ‭ )‬ ‭Sam‬‭Houston,‬‭1st‬‭President‬‭of‬‭TX‬
b
‭5.‬ ‭Texas‬‭joins‬‭the‬‭Union‬
‭a)‬ ‭Annexed‬‭by‬‭US‬ ‭(in‬‭1848)‬
‭G.‬ ‭Mexican-American‬‭War‬‭(1845)‬
‭1.‬ ‭Mexico‬‭was‬‭not‬‭happy‬‭about‬‭the‬‭annexation‬‭decision.‬
‭2.‬ ‭The‬‭Mexican‬‭government‬‭still‬‭did‬‭not‬‭recognize‬‭Texas‬‭as‬‭independent‬‭of‬‭Mexico‬‭and‬‭certainly‬
‭wasn’t‬‭going‬‭to‬‭recognize‬‭it‬‭as‬‭a‬‭U.S.‬‭state.‬
‭a)‬ ‭Mexico‬‭broke‬‭off‬‭diplomatic‬‭relations‬‭with‬‭the‬‭United‬‭States‬‭over‬‭this‬‭decision.‬‭People‬
‭in‬‭both‬‭countries‬‭began‬‭to‬‭prepare‬‭for‬‭war.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Mexico‬‭Displeased‬
‭4.‬ ‭Upset‬‭by‬‭Texas‬‭Revolution‬‭&‬‭annexation‬
‭5.‬ ‭Did‬‭not‬‭accept‬‭expansion‬‭to‬‭Rio‬‭Grande‬
‭6.‬ ‭Breaks‬‭off‬‭relations‬‭with‬‭U.S.‬
‭7.‬ ‭Their‬‭pride‬‭wounded‬‭from‬‭the‬‭loss‬‭of‬‭Texas,‬‭Mexico‬‭was‬‭on‬‭the‬‭brink‬‭of‬‭declaring‬‭war.‬
‭President‬‭Polk‬‭saw‬‭this‬‭as‬‭his‬‭opportunity.‬
‭a)‬ ‭He‬‭sent‬‭forces‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Rio‬‭Grande‬‭River‬‭at‬‭the‬‭Texas‬‭border‬‭to‬‭help‬‭protect‬‭the‬‭state‬
‭from‬‭Mexican‬‭invasion.‬
‭b)‬ ‭The‬‭several‬‭small‬‭attacks‬‭that‬‭resulted‬‭from‬‭this‬‭action‬‭helped‬‭President‬‭Polk‬‭justify‬‭the‬
‭decision‬‭to‬‭declare‬‭war‬‭on‬‭Mexico‬‭on‬‭May‬‭13,‬‭1846.‬
‭8.‬ ‭Causes‬
‭a)‬ ‭Desire‬‭for‬‭more‬‭land‬
‭b)‬ ‭Texas‬‭Independence‬
‭c)‬ ‭Border‬‭dispute‬
‭(1)‬ ‭President‬‭Polk‬‭sends‬‭forces‬‭to‬‭Rio‬‭Grande‬
‭9.‬ ‭Effects‬
‭a)‬ ‭Polk‬‭defended‬‭the‬‭Texas‬‭border,‬‭but‬‭he‬‭didn’t‬‭stop‬‭there.‬‭Before‬‭the‬‭war‬‭with‬‭Mexico‬
‭came‬‭to‬‭a‬‭close‬‭in‬‭1848,‬‭the‬‭U.S.‬‭had‬‭seized‬‭California,‬‭the‬‭present-day‬‭states‬‭of‬
‭Arizona,‬‭New‬‭Mexico,‬‭and‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭Colorado,‬‭Nevada,‬‭and‬‭Utah.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Mexico‬‭relinquished‬‭all‬‭claims‬‭to‬‭Texas.‬‭By‬‭the‬‭war’s‬‭end,‬‭Mexico‬‭was‬‭reduced‬‭to‬‭half‬
‭of‬‭its‬‭original‬‭size.‬
‭c)‬ ‭The‬‭United‬‭States‬‭had‬‭gained‬‭not‬‭only‬‭Texas‬‭and‬‭California‬‭(President‬‭Polk’s‬‭top‬
‭priorities)‬‭but‬‭all‬‭the‬‭land‬‭in‬‭between‬‭them‬‭as‬‭well.‬
‭d)‬ ‭Land‬‭acquired‬
‭e)‬ ‭Mexico‬‭reduced‬‭to‬‭half‬‭its‬‭original‬‭size‬
‭f)‬ ‭Treaty‬‭of‬‭Guadalupe‬‭Hidalgo‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Gave‬‭U.S.‬‭land‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Agreed‬‭on‬‭Rio‬‭Grande‬‭border‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Ceded‬‭New‬‭Mexico‬‭and‬‭California‬‭to‬‭the‬‭U.S.‬
‭(4)‬ ‭Paid‬‭for‬‭Mexican‬‭cession‬‭(formal‬‭giving‬‭up‬‭of‬‭rights,‬‭property,‬‭or‬‭territory)‬
‭(5)‬ ‭Gadsden‬‭Purchase‬‭(1853)‬
‭(a)‬ ‭Created‬‭border‬‭of‬‭lower‬‭48‬
‭H.‬ ‭California‬‭Gold‬‭Rush‬
‭1.‬ ‭big‬‭prize‬‭from‬‭the‬‭MX‬‭war‬‭-‬‭LAND‬
‭2.‬ ‭Easterners‬‭attracted‬‭to‬‭CA‬
‭3.‬ ‭shiny‬‭yellow‬‭metal‬‭(GOLD)‬
 4‭ .‬ J‭ an.‬‭1848‬
‭5.‬ ‭80,000‬‭people‬‭came‬‭to‬‭CA‬‭between‬‭48’-49’‬
‭a)‬ ‭gold‬‭fever‬‭of‬‭'49‬ ‭(thus‬‭the‬‭49ers)‬
‭b)‬ ‭1849,‬‭CA's‬‭population‬‭exceeded‬‭100,000,‬
‭c)‬ ‭constitution‬‭was‬‭written‬‭(outlawing‬‭slavery),‬ ‭applied‬‭for‬‭statehood‬
‭I.‬ ‭Foreign‬‭Relations‬‭Issues‬‭That‬‭Remained‬
‭1.‬ ‭Monroe‬‭Doctrine‬‭(1823)‬
‭2.‬ ‭Expansion‬‭into‬‭Texas‬‭(MX‬‭territory)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Mexican‬‭War‬
‭a)‬ ‭Why‬‭are‬‭these‬‭important‬‭to‬‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬
‭(1)‬ ‭Acquire‬‭land‬
‭(2)‬ ‭Expand‬‭from‬‭coast‬‭to‬‭coast‬

‭Sources:‬
‭Crash‬‭Course‬‭U.S.‬‭History‬‭by‬‭John‬‭Green‬
‭Fast‬‭Track:‬‭U.S.‬‭History‬‭by‬‭The‬‭Princeton‬‭Review‬
‭Crash‬‭Course‬‭AP‬‭U.S.‬‭History‬‭by‬‭Larry‬‭Krieger‬
‭AP‬‭U.S.‬‭History‬‭Premium‬‭Prep‬‭by‬‭The‬‭Princeton‬‭Review‬