“GIMNAZIJA“ NOVI PAZAR

NOVI PAZAR

MATURSKI RAD IZ ENGLESKOG NA TEMU

Jonathan Swift – Gullivers travels

Mentor: Učenik:

Prof Mehmed Kurtsgic. Hadzera Bihorac

___________________

Novi Pazar, juna 2023. Godine

 The Content

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………4

1.1 Brief overview of Jonathan Swift and his work

1.2 Significance and objectives of the research

2. Biographical Information on Jonathan Swift……………………………………………..5

2.1 Early life and education

2.2 Literary career and influences

2.3 Swift's political and social views

3. Overview of "Gulliver's Travels"…………………………………………………………...7

3.1 Summary of the novel's plot

3.2 Analysis of the satirical elements and themes

3.3 Swift's intentions and messages conveyed in the novel

4. Satire in "Gulliver's Travels"………………………………………………………………9

4.1 Swift's use of satire as a literary device

4.2 Satirical targets and criticisms in the novel

4.3 Impact of satire on the readers and society

5. Social and Political Commentary in the Novel……………………………………………11

5.1 Exploration of different societies in Gulliver's travels

5.2 Critique of human nature, government, and society

5.3 Relevance of Swift's social and political commentary today

6. Literary Techniques and Style in "Gulliver's Travels"…………………………………….13

6.1 Use of irony, parody, and exaggeration

6.2 Language and narrative techniques employed by Swift

6.3 Swift's unique writing style and its impact on the novel

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7 .Reception and Influence of "Gulliver's Travels"………………………………………15

7.1 Contemporary reception of the novel

7.2 Literary and cultural influence over time

7.3 Critical interpretations and scholarly analysis

8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………17

9. Literature………………………………………………………………………………..18

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 1. Introduction

1.1 Brief overview of Jonathan Swift and his work:

Jonathan Swift was an Anglo-Irish writer and satirist born in 1667. He is best known for his
novel "Gulliver's Travels," a satirical work that explores various aspects of human nature,
society, and politics. Swift's writing style is characterized by wit, irony, and social
commentary. He was also a prolific essayist, poet, and pamphleteer, addressing a wide range
of topics including religious and political issues of his time.

1.2 Significance and objectives of the research:

The research on Jonathan Swift and his work holds significant importance due to his lasting
impact on English literature and his influence on subsequent generations of writers. The
objectives of this research may vary depending on the specific focus and scope, but they
generally aim to:

 Analyze the literary techniques employed by Swift in his works, such as satire, irony,
and allegory, and explore their effectiveness in conveying his messages.

 Examine the socio-political and cultural context of Swift's writings, including his
criticisms of the establishment, social inequalities, and the prevailing ideologies of his
time.

 Investigate the thematic depth and philosophical underpinnings of Swift's work,

exploring the recurring themes of human nature, morality, and the flaws of society.

 Assess the reception and impact of Swift's works during his time and their subsequent
influence on literature and society.

 Provide a comprehensive understanding of Swift's contribution to English literature

and his relevance in the modern literary canon.

By delving into these aspects of Swift's life and work, researchers can gain valuable insights
into the literary and intellectual landscape of the 18th century and explore the enduring
relevance of his ideas and critiques in contemporary society.

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 2.1 Early life and education:

Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667, in Dublin, Ireland. His father, Jonathan
Swift Sr., was an Englishman who had settled in Ireland. Swift's mother, Abigail Erick, was
the daughter of an English clergyman. Unfortunately, Swift's father passed away before he
was born, and he was raised by his mother in Dublin.

Swift received his early education at Kilkenny Grammar School and later attended Trinity
College in Dublin, where he studied from 1682 to 1688. During his time at Trinity College,
Swift developed a keen interest in literature and languages, and he became fluent in Latin,
Greek, and French. He also studied rhetoric and philosophy, which laid the foundation for his
future writing career.

2.2 Literary career and influences:

After completing his education, Swift moved to England and began working as a secretary
for Sir William Temple, a prominent diplomat and writer. It was during this time that Swift
was exposed to influential literary figures and intellectuals of the time, such as John Dryden
and Alexander Pope. Temple's extensive library also provided Swift with access to a wide
range of literature, which greatly influenced his own writing style.

Swift published his first major work, "A Tale of a Tub," in 1704. This satirical work, which
humorously criticizes religious extremism and intellectual pretensions, established Swift as a
talented and provocative writer. His subsequent works, including "Gulliver's Travels" (1726)
and "A Modest Proposal" (1729), further solidified his reputation as a master satirist.

2.3 Swift's political and social views:

Swift's writings were often fueled by his strong political and social views. He was deeply
involved in the political landscape of his time and used his writings as a platform to express
his opinions and criticisms.

Swift had a complex relationship with both English and Irish politics. He initially aligned
himself with the Whig party but later became disillusioned with their policies. Swift's
experiences in Ireland and witnessing the poverty and mistreatment of the Irish population

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influenced his passionate advocacy for Irish rights and his scathing criticisms of English
policies towards Ireland.

In terms of his social views, Swift was a staunch critic of social inequalities and hypocrisy.
His works often exposed the flaws and vices of society, using satire and irony to highlight the
injustices and moral decay he observed. Swift's famous essay, "A Modest Proposal,"
sarcastically suggests that the impoverished Irish people should sell their children as food to
the wealthy, aiming to shock readers into recognizing the dire conditions faced by the Irish
under English rule.

Overall, Swift's political and social views were characterized by a desire for reform, a
concern for the marginalized and oppressed, and a sharp wit that allowed him to effectively
critique the power structures of his time.

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 3. Overview of "Gulliver's Travels":

3.1 Summary of the novel's plot:

"Gulliver's Travels," written by Jonathan Swift and published in 1726, is a satirical novel that
follows the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon who embarks on four remarkable
journeys to different fictional lands.

In the first voyage, Gulliver finds himself shipwrecked on the island of Lilliput, inhabited by
tiny people only six inches tall. Gulliver becomes a giant among them and is initially treated
as a curiosity and a potential weapon in their political conflicts. However, he eventually falls
out of favor with the Lilliputian court due to his refusal to help them conquer their rivals.

In the second voyage, Gulliver arrives in Brobdingnag, a land of giants. Here, he is the
miniature one, facing various dangers and discomforts as he interacts with the towering
inhabitants. Gulliver's observations highlight the flaws of humanity, contrasting the virtues of
the giants with the pettiness and ugliness he finds among ordinary-sized people.

The third voyage takes Gulliver to the floating island of Laputa, where he encounters a
society of intellectuals absorbed in abstract theories and impractical scientific experiments.
Swift satirizes the obsession with knowledge detached from reality, mocking the intellectuals'
inability to solve practical problems and their neglect of human concerns.

In the final voyage, Gulliver arrives in the land of the Houyhnhnms, a race of intelligent
horses, and the Yahoos, savage humanoid creatures. Gulliver is repulsed by the Yahoos and
becomes enchanted with the rational and virtuous Houyhnhnms. Through this encounter,
Swift criticizes human nature, suggesting that humans, with their vices and follies, are closer
to the Yahoos than the noble Houyhnhnms.

3.2 Analysis of the satirical elements and themes:

"Gulliver's Travels" is renowned for its satirical elements and serves as a scathing critique of
various aspects of society and human nature. Swift uses the fictional lands Gulliver visits to

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create exaggerated and absurd situations that allow him to satirize politics, science,
intellectualism, and human behavior.

One of the key satirical elements in the novel is the use of contrasts and inversions. Gulliver's
changes in size in Lilliput and Brobdingnag highlight the absurdity of human pride and the
arbitrary nature of social hierarchies. The floating island of Laputa satirizes the detachment of
intellectuals from practical concerns, emphasizing their impracticality and inability to
contribute meaningfully to society.

Themes of power, corruption, and social criticism are prevalent throughout the novel. Swift
criticizes the abuses of power, political intrigues, and petty disputes in Lilliput, highlighting
the absurdity of human vanity and the destructive consequences of unchecked ambition. In
Brobdingnag, he contrasts the noble qualities of the giants with the flaws of human nature,
exposing the ugliness and moral decay that often accompany power and privilege.

3.3 Swift's intentions and messages conveyed in the novel:

Swift's intentions in "Gulliver's Travels" were multifold. Through satire, he aimed to expose
the follies, vices, and hypocrisies of his contemporary society. By presenting these flaws in
exaggerated and absurd forms, he sought to shock and provoke readers into reflecting on their
own behavior and the flaws of the societies in which they lived.

One of the central messages of the novel is the inherent corruption and moral decay that Swift
believed existed within humanity. Through the contrasting lands and races Gulliver
encounters, Swift suggests that humans are deeply flawed creatures driven by selfishness,
greed, and irrationality. By depicting the Yahoos as savage creatures and the Houyhnhnms as
virtuous beings, he questions the supposed superiority of humans and challenges readers to
confront their own flaws.

Additionally, "Gulliver's Travels" serves as a critique of intellectualism divorced from

practicality and the dangers of unchecked power. Swift warns against the dangers of
excessive pride, the abuses of authority, and the consequences of valuing theoretical
knowledge over practical wisdom.

Ultimately, Swift's intentions in "Gulliver's Travels" were to expose and criticize the
shortcomings of society, human nature, and prevailing ideologies of his time, inviting readers
to question their own beliefs and behaviors.

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 4. Satire in "Gulliver's Travels":

4.1 Swift's use of satire as a literary device:

Jonathan Swift masterfully employs satire as a literary device in "Gulliver's Travels" to

criticize and ridicule various aspects of society, institutions, and human nature. Satire is a
form of social commentary that uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to expose and condemn
human flaws, vices, and follies. Through his satirical approach, Swift aims to provoke
thought, challenge societal norms, and prompt readers to reflect on their own behavior and
the state of the world.

4.2 Satirical targets and criticisms in the novel:

In "Gulliver's Travels," Swift directs his satire towards a wide range of targets, including
politics, government, science, intellectualism, religion, and human nature itself. Some of the
key satirical criticisms in the novel include:

 Political systems and corruption: Swift satirizes the political systems of his time,
particularly the British government, through his depiction of the petty and absurd
conflicts in Lilliput. The constant power struggles, manipulation, and abuses of
authority highlight the flaws and self-serving nature of political institutions.

 Human pride and vanity: Swift criticizes the inherent human tendency towards pride,
arrogance, and the desire for power. This is evident in Gulliver's experiences in
Lilliput and his interactions with the Brobdingnagian giants. The contrasting sizes and
the absurdity of Gulliver's pride expose the pettiness and irrationality of human
vanity.

 Intellectualism and abstract knowledge: Through the depiction of the Laputians, Swift
mocks the obsession with abstract knowledge and intellectual pursuits detached from
practicality. The Laputians are so absorbed in theoretical ideas and scientific
experiments that they neglect the real needs and concerns of society.

 Religion and religious conflicts: Swift critiques religious conflicts and the hypocrisy
of religious institutions. This is seen in the satirical portrayal of the differences

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 between the Lilliputians' religious beliefs and the absurdity of their conflicts over
trivial matters.

 Human nature and moral decay: Swift presents the Yahoos as a representation of the
base and savage aspects of human nature. By contrasting them with the rational and
virtuous Houyhnhnms, he highlights the moral decay and inherent flaws of humanity,
questioning notions of human superiority and challenging readers to confront their
own behavior.

4.3 Impact of satire on the readers and society:

Satire in "Gulliver's Travels" had a significant impact on both readers and society. The
novel's satirical elements served as a powerful critique of the political, social, and intellectual
climate of Swift's time. By using humor and exaggeration, Swift engaged readers in a
thought-provoking manner, inviting them to reflect on their own society and human nature.

The impact of the satire in "Gulliver's Travels" was multi-faceted. It prompted readers to
question the flaws and follies of their own society, challenging prevailing beliefs and
institutions. The novel's critical stance towards politics, intellectualism, and human behavior
encouraged readers to engage in introspection and sparked debates on important societal
issues.

Furthermore, "Gulliver's Travels" had a lasting influence on the genre of satire itself. Swift's
skillful use of satire in the novel set a high standard and inspired future satirists to employ the
genre as a means of social criticism.

In summary, the satire in "Gulliver's Travels" served as a potent tool for Swift to expose and
criticize various aspects of society and human nature. It prompted readers to question
prevailing norms and institutions, encouraging introspection and sparking discussions on
important societal issues. The impact of the novel's satire extended beyond its initial
publication, shaping the genre and inspiring future writers.

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 5. Social and Political Commentary in the Novel:

5.1 Exploration of different societies in Gulliver's Travels:

In "Gulliver's Travels," Swift takes the reader on a journey through various fictional societies,
each representing a different aspect of human nature, government, and society. Through
Gulliver's encounters with the Lilliputians, the Brobdingnagians, the Laputians, and the
Houyhnhnms, Swift provides a platform for social and political commentary.

Lilliput represents a satirical view of politics and power struggles, with its tiny inhabitants
engaging in absurd conflicts over trivial matters. Brobdingnag serves as a critique of human
nature and vanity, as Gulliver, a giant among the diminutive inhabitants, experiences
firsthand the flaws and shortcomings of humanity. Laputa represents the folly of
intellectualism, where scholars are so engrossed in abstract ideas that they become
disconnected from reality. Lastly, the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos explore the contrasting
aspects of rationality and savagery within human nature.

5.2 Critique of human nature, government, and society:

Swift's social and political commentary in "Gulliver's Travels" is multi-dimensional. He

criticizes the flaws and vices of human nature, highlighting aspects such as pride, greed, and
irrationality. Through his portrayal of governments and societies, Swift exposes the
corruption, abuses of power, and absurdities present in the political systems of his time.

By presenting exaggerated and satirical versions of these societies, Swift aims to draw
attention to the shortcomings and follies of human beings, governments, and institutions. He
questions the foundations on which societies are built, challenges prevailing norms and
values, and suggests that a critical examination of these aspects is necessary for progress and
improvement.

5.3 Relevance of Swift's social and political commentary today:

Swift's social and political commentary in "Gulliver's Travels" remains relevant today, as
many of the issues he addresses are universal and timeless. The novel invites readers to
reflect not only on the society of Swift's time but also on their own contemporary societies.

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The critique of human nature and the flaws of governments and institutions are topics that
continue to resonate in modern times. Swift's exploration of power struggles, corruption, and
the dehumanizing effects of excessive pride and vanity can be seen as reflections of ongoing
social and political challenges.

Furthermore, Swift's questioning of intellectualism and the detachment of scholars from

practical realities still holds significance in today's world. The novel prompts readers to
consider the impact of knowledge and its application in society, emphasizing the importance
of balance and a grounded understanding of real-world problems.

The enduring relevance of Swift's social and political commentary lies in its ability to
provoke critical thinking and encourage readers to question the status quo. By shining a light
on the flaws and vices of human nature, government, and society, "Gulliver's Travels"
prompts us to evaluate our own behaviors, values, and systems, fostering a continuous
dialogue about societal progress and improvement.

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 6. Literary Techniques and Style in "Gulliver's Travels"

6.1 Use of irony, parody, and exaggeration:

Swift employs various literary techniques in "Gulliver's Travels" to enhance the satirical
nature of the novel. Irony plays a significant role throughout the narrative, with Swift using it
to create a contrast between appearance and reality. For example, in Lilliput, where the
inhabitants are physically small, their self-importance and power struggles are portrayed
ironically, highlighting the pettiness of human behavior.

Parody is another technique Swift utilizes to satirize different aspects of society. By imitating
and exaggerating particular literary forms or styles, he mocks political speeches, travel
narratives, and scientific treatises of his time. This parody serves to expose the absurdities
and shortcomings of these genres and the ideas they convey.

Exaggeration is also prevalent in the novel, amplifying certain characteristics or situations for
satirical effect. By presenting extreme scenarios and exaggerating certain traits, Swift
criticizes the flaws and vices of human nature, politics, and society.

6.2 Language and narrative techniques employed by Swift:

Swift's use of language and narrative techniques contributes to the satirical tone of the novel.
He often adopts a serious and authoritative tone, mimicking the style of academic or
scientific writing. This creates a contrast with the absurdity and ridiculousness of the events
and ideas being presented, heightening the satirical effect.

The narrative techniques used in "Gulliver's Travels" include vivid and detailed descriptions
that immerse the reader in the fantastical worlds Gulliver encounters. Swift uses precise
language to portray the peculiarities of each society, highlighting their flaws and satirical
elements.

Additionally, Swift employs a framing device in the novel, presenting Gulliver as the narrator
and positioning the reader as an audience for his travel accounts. This technique allows Swift
to comment on the reader's own society indirectly, as Gulliver serves as a lens through which
the flaws and follies of humanity are examined.

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6.3 Swift's unique writing style and its impact on the novel:

Swift's writing style in "Gulliver's Travels" is characterized by its clarity, precision, and
attention to detail. His prose is straightforward and concise, allowing the satirical elements to
shine through without unnecessary embellishments.

The impact of Swift's writing style lies in its ability to engage the reader and provoke
thought. His directness and clarity make the satirical critiques more accessible, while the
vivid descriptions and imaginative settings captivate the reader's imagination.

Moreover, Swift's style contributes to the overall effectiveness of his social and political
commentary. By presenting the flaws and absurdities of human nature and society in a
straightforward and unadorned manner, he forces readers to confront uncomfortable truths
and challenges their preconceived notions.

Swift's unique writing style, combined with his effective use of irony, parody, and
exaggeration, make "Gulliver's Travels" a compelling and thought-provoking work of
literature. His ability to blend satire with engaging storytelling and precise language ensures
that the novel continues to captivate readers and remain relevant across different eras.

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 7. Reception and Influence of "Gulliver's Travels":

7.1 Contemporary reception of the novel:

"Gulliver's Travels" was initially published in 1726 and received mixed reactions from
contemporary readers. Some appreciated the imaginative and entertaining aspects of the
novel, while others found it controversial and offensive due to its satirical criticisms of
politics, religion, and human nature. The novel was widely discussed and debated, gaining
both praise and criticism for its audacious and bold content.

7.2 Literary and cultural influence over time:

Over time, "Gulliver's Travels" has had a significant impact on literature and popular culture.
The novel has inspired numerous adaptations, including stage plays, films, and cartoons,
which have helped to introduce the story to new generations of readers and viewers. It has
become a cultural touchstone, with phrases and concepts from the novel entering the
collective consciousness.

The influence of "Gulliver's Travels" extends beyond its adaptations. The novel's satirical
approach and exploration of social and political issues have influenced subsequent authors
and works of literature. Swift's use of allegory and satire has been emulated by writers such
as George Orwell and Aldous Huxley, who incorporated similar techniques in their own
dystopian novels.

7.3 Critical interpretations and scholarly analysis:

"Gulliver's Travels" has been the subject of extensive critical analysis and interpretation by
scholars and literary critics. The novel has been examined from various perspectives,
including its satirical elements, political commentary, and exploration of human nature.

Scholars have analyzed the allegorical nature of the novel, identifying the different societies
Gulliver encounters as satirical representations of contemporary England and Europe. The
Lilliputians, for example, are seen as a critique of political and religious conflicts, while the
Houyhnhnms and Yahoos represent rationality and its degradation, respectively.

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Additionally, "Gulliver's Travels" has been studied for its commentary on power,
colonialism, and the limitations of human understanding. Scholars have also explored Swift's
personal and political motivations behind the novel, delving into his own beliefs and
experiences that shaped its content.

The critical interpretations of "Gulliver's Travels" have evolved over time, reflecting
changing societal and academic perspectives. The novel continues to be analyzed and
appreciated for its complex themes, literary techniques, and enduring relevance to social and
political discourse.

Overall, the reception and influence of "Gulliver's Travels" have been significant, with the
novel leaving an indelible mark on literature, popular culture, and scholarly discourse. Its
enduring legacy is a testament to Jonathan Swift's skill as a satirist and his ability to provoke
thought and reflection through his imaginative and thought-provoking work.

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift is a remarkable novel that combines

adventure, satire, and social commentary to create a thought-provoking and enduring work of
literature. Swift's use of satire as a literary device, his exploration of different societies, and
his critique of human nature, government, and society contribute to the novel's enduring
relevance and impact.

Through the journeys of Lemuel Gulliver, the novel offers a scathing critique of various
aspects of society, including politics, religion, science, and human behavior. Swift's
intentions and messages are conveyed through the satirical elements and themes present
throughout the novel. He exposes the flaws and follies of his contemporaries and challenges
readers to reflect on their own society and its shortcomings.

The social and political commentary in "Gulliver's Travels" remains relevant today, as many
of the issues and vices Swift satirizes continue to persist in different forms. The novel
encourages readers to question and analyze the nature of power, the complexities of
government, and the flaws inherent in human society.

Swift's unique writing style, characterized by irony, parody, exaggeration, and a keen sense
of observation, contributes to the effectiveness of the novel's satire. His skillful use of
language and narrative techniques further enhances the reader's engagement with the story
and its underlying messages.

Since its publication, "Gulliver's Travels" has garnered both praise and criticism, and its
influence has extended beyond the realm of literature. The novel has inspired adaptations in
various media and has served as a source of inspiration for other authors. It continues to be a
subject of scholarly analysis and critical interpretation, offering new insights and perspectives
with each generation.

In summary, "Gulliver's Travels" stands as a masterpiece of satire and social commentary.

Jonathan Swift's ability to blend entertainment with insightful critique has solidified the
novel's place in literary history. Its enduring relevance and influence attest to its status as a
significant work of literature that continues to captivate readers and spark discussions on the
complexities of human nature and society.

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 Literature

1. "Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World" by Leo Damrosch

 This biography provides a comprehensive understanding of Jonathan Swift's

life, including his literary career and the social and political context in which
he wrote "Gulliver's Travels."

2. "The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift" edited by Christopher Fox

 This collection of essays offers a range of critical perspectives on Swift's

works, including "Gulliver's Travels." It covers various aspects such as satire,
politics, religion, and style.

3. "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift (Norton Critical Edition)

 This edition of the novel includes the complete text of "Gulliver's Travels"
along with a selection of critical essays by scholars, providing valuable
insights into the themes, satire, and social commentary within the book.

4. "Jonathan Swift and the Age of Compromise" by Kathleen Williams

 This book explores Swift's political and social views, shedding light on his
satirical works, including "Gulliver's Travels," and their relevance in the
context of the political climate of the time.

5. "Swift's Angers" by Joseph McMinn

 Focusing on Swift's use of anger as a driving force in his writings, this book
discusses "Gulliver's Travels" as a prime example of Swift's satirical and
critical approach, delving into its impact on readers and society

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