Empirical Software Engineering

Research Question

Topic – Gender and Age Detection Model

Vishisht Maroria(2K21/SE/194)
Shashwat Aggarwal(2K21/SE/165)
Vashu Saini(2K21/SE/190)
Sahil(2K21/SE/153)
Sarthak Manocha(2K21/SE/161)
 Research Paper 1
Title: AGE AND GENDER RECOGNITION USING DEEP LEARNING

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RQ1: What are the key applications of automatic age and gender prediction from face photos?

Answer: The applications include a wide range of facial investigations, with the ability to determine a person's
age and gender from a single glimpse captured by a camera, image, or video.

RQ2: How does the research paper propose to achieve gender classification and age detection using
convolutional neural networks (CNN) and deep learning algorithms?

Answer: The paper outlines the methodologies and algorithms involving CNN and deep learning for gender
classification and age detection. It emphasizes the use of deep learning o develop a gender and age detector
capable of predicting these attributes from a human face image.

RQ3: What role do image processing, feature extraction, and classification steps play in gender detection and
age prediction?

Answer: Image processing, feature extraction, and classification steps are commonly used in gender detection
and age prediction. These steps may vary based on the study's objectives and the features considered, and
they involve processing face images through various approaches.

RQ4: How does the research address the limitations of previous systems and leverage deep learning techniques
for gender and age estimation from facial captures?

Answer: Unlike previous systems that relied on traditional machine learning algorithms, this research utilizes
deep learning techniques to enhance classification skills, providing reliable estimates of gender and age from
single facial captures.

RQ5: In what ways can gender detection from facial images provide valuable information for different
industries, such as recruitment, security, and entertainment?

Answer: Gender detection can offer valuable information to industries like recruitment, security, and
entertainment. For example, it can assist recruitment teams, aid in ID card verification, and contribute to
human facial image analysis for security purposes.
 Research Paper 2
Title: Gender Classification and Age Detection Based on Human Facial Features Using Multi- Class SVM

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RQ1: How did early research in the 1990s, as exemplified by Golomb et al. [1], contribute to gender
classification using neural networks, and what were the key challenges faced?

Answer: Early research, such as Golomb et al. [1], employed multi-layer neural networks for gender
classification. Challenges included manual alignment of facial images, with a reported error rate of 8.1%. The
study utilized around 900 unit images, highlighting the initial difficulties in achieving accurate gender
classification.

RQ2: How did En-Sheng Chu et al. [2] approach gender classification differently, considering unaligned face
images, and what role did Canonical Correlation (DCC) play in their methodology?

Answer: En-Sheng Chu et al. [2] experimented with unaligned face images, using a method based on
Discriminant Analysis of Canonical Correlation (DCC). They created subspaces from image sets, and correlation
coefficients were used to measure similarity. FERET and MORPH face databases were utilized in the
experiment.

RQ3: What role did Interlaced Derivative Pattern (IDP) play in gender classification, as proposed by
Shobeirinejad and Gao [3], and how did it contribute to facial feature extraction?

Answer: Shobeirinejad and Gao [3] proposed IDP for facial feature extraction, creating a four-channel derivative
image representing four directions (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°). This method enhanced gender face recognition by
providing more important information about facial features.

RQ4: How did LU et al. [4] address gender classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on different facial
regions, and what was the significance of their approach based on the fusion of multiple facial regions?

Answer: LU et al. [4] employed SVM on facial images using CAS-PEAL database. They detected different facial
regions and proposed a method based on the significance of these regions. The fusion of multiple facial regions
compensated for facial expressions, leading to improved overall performance.

RQ5: In what ways did 3D face models contribute to gender classification, as demonstrated by Han X. et al. [6],
and what were the challenges faced in achieving accurate gender predictions using non-linear support vector
machines (SVMs)?

Answer: Han X. et al. [6] used 3D face models from GavabDB, applying non-linear SVMs for gender
classification. The study faced an experimental error rate of approximately 17.44%, highlighting challenges in
accurately predicting gender using 3D facial features.
 Research Paper 3
Title: Gender Recognition and Age Approximation using Deep Learning Techniques
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RQ1: How does edge detection contribute to gender classification, and what role does it play in improving
system performance?

Answer: Edge detection is a technique used to find discontinuities in gray levels, helping to identify boundaries
between regions in an image. It can be employed for gender classification by highlighting facial features. The
effectiveness of edge detection lies in its ability to enhance important features, contributing to improved
system performance.

RQ2: What is the significance of Haar-like features in rapid object detection, particularly in the context of
gender classification?

Answer: Haar-like features, proposed by Viola and Jones, play a crucial role in rapid object detection and are
applied using Adaboost classifier and integral images in cascade classifiers. In gender classification, these
features contribute to efficient and accurate detection, especially in applications like face detection due to their
easy calculation.

RQ3: How does the detector using Haar-Like features work in the context of face detection, and what patterns
does it look for in images to indicate the presence of a face?

Answer: In face detection, the image is scanned for patterns indicating the presence of a face using Haar-like
features. These features involve adjacent rectangles with different contrast values, efficiently calculated by
Adaboost classifier and integral images. The patterns created by Haar-like features aid in identifying facial
structures.

RQ4: What is the role of texture features, particularly using the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) algorithm, in gender
classification, and how does it contribute to effective feature extraction?

Answer: Texture features, proposed by Haralick and implemented using the LBP algorithm, leverage statistics to
describe the spatial relationships of gray tones in an image. In gender classification, LBP is an effective
algorithm for extracting texture features. It converts image regions into binary patterns, allowing for the
extraction of meaningful characteristics.

RQ5: How does the proposed algorithm address the challenges of gender recognition, especially when images
are captured from a far distance, and what role does the cascaded method play in enhancing accuracy?

Answer: The proposed algorithm addresses gender recognition challenges by utilizing a cascaded method. It
applies a region of interest (ROI) as the face, enhancing accuracy when images are captured from a distance.
The algorithm trains a Haar cascade classifier using positive and negative images, focusing on external features
like hairstyle, makeup, and accessories for gender detection.

RQ6: What is the role of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in age approximation, and how does it contribute
to the overall architecture for age classification?
Answer: CNN serves as the main building block for age approximation. It applies convolutional layers to merge
information, creating feature maps. The architecture includes convolution layers followed by fully connected
layers. CNN contributes to the efficiency of age classification by learning hierarchical features directly from the
input data.

RQ7: How does the Caffe framework facilitate age approximation using CNN, and what are the essential
components such as pre-trained models and model definitions in this context?

Answer: Caffe is a CNN framework that simplifies the building and training of neural networks. For age
approximation, it requires an input image, pre-trained model (.caffe-model), and a model definition (.prototxt)
file specifying the network structure. The target feature extraction layer, such as "fc7" in AlexNet, plays a crucial
role in age prediction.
 Research Paper 4
Title: Detection of Gender and Age using Machine Learning
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RQ1. How does the proposed CNN-based approach compare to traditional handcrafted methods for age and
gender classification in unconstrained real-world facial images?

Answer: The proposed CNN-based approach aims to address the limitations of traditional handcrafted
methods, which struggle with diverse degrees of variation in unconstrained images. The CNN architecture, with
its two-level design for feature extraction and classification, is expected to outperform traditional methods in
handling complex variations and achieving robust age and gender classification.

RQ2. What challenges are associated with age and gender predictions in unconstrained real-world facial
images, and how does the proposed method address these challenges?

Answer: The challenges in unconstrained real-world facial images include variations in pose, appearance,
lighting, and background conditions. Traditional handcrafted methods have limitations in handling these
variations. The proposed method incorporates a robust image pre-processing algorithm to address these
challenges, preparing and processing facial images before inputting them into the CNN model.

RQ3. How does the proposed CNN architecture handle the specific task of age and gender classification in
unfiltered real-world faces?

Answer: The CNN architecture presented in the study comprises four convolutional layers for feature extraction
and two fully connected layers for classification. The feature extraction process extracts features corresponding
to age and gender, while the classification process categorizes face images based on age and gender. The end-
to-end deep learning approach, utilizing SoftMax with a cross-entropy function, is designed to achieve robust
classification results.

RQ4. What advancements does the proposed method bring in comparison to earlier approaches in age and
gender classification?

Answer: The study briefly reviews earlier methods, highlighting their limitations in handling unconstrained real-
world images. The proposed method introduces an end-to-end CNN architecture, emphasizing feature
extraction and classification. Unlike traditional handcrafted methods, the CNN model is expected to provide
superior performance in classifying age and gender in diverse and challenging real-world conditions.

RQ5. How effective is the proposed image pre-processing stage, including face detection, landmark detection,
and face alignment, in improving the performance of age and gender classification?

Answer: The image pre-processing stage involves face detection using the Head Hunter algorithm, followed by
facial landmark detection and face alignment. This stage aims to handle unprocessed real-world face images
with variations in pose, appearance, lighting, and background conditions. Evaluating the impact of this pre-
processing stage on the overall classification performance will provide insights into its effectiveness.
 Research Paper 5
Title: Age and gender detection using deep learning
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RQ1. How does the proposed framework contribute to the extraction of auxiliary data from various biometric
approaches, specifically focusing on age and gender predictions from facial images?

Answer: The proposed framework utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for age and gender
predictions, addressing the extraction of auxiliary data from facial features. It aims to improve the accuracy and
efficiency of age and gender recognition in real-world applications.

RQ2. What are the key challenges in inferring age and gender from a single-face photo, and how does the
proposed framework address these challenges?

Answer: Inferring age and gender from a single-face photo presents challenges due to variations in pose,
appearance, and lighting. The proposed framework addresses these challenges by incorporating a CNN-based
approach, which is capable of handling diverse facial features and providing accurate predictions.

RQ3. How does the proposed framework compare to traditional methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency
for age and gender classification in unconstrained real-world images?

Answer: The study discusses the limitations of traditional handcrafted methods and introduces a novel CNN-
based approach. Evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed framework against traditional methods
will provide insights into its performance.

RQ4. What are the real-world applications and implications of automatic age and gender prediction from facial
images, and how does it impact fields such as social networking, security monitoring, advertising, and
entertainment?

Answer: The study highlights the significance of age and gender predictions in various real-world applications,
including social networking, security monitoring, advertising, and entertainment. It explores how accurate
predictions contribute to improved interpersonal communication.

RQ5.How does the proposed framework handle the complexities of age estimation as a multi-class problem,
and what age categories are considered in the study?

Answer: The study addresses age estimation as a multi-class problem, dividing ages into categories.
Understanding how the framework handles different age groups and the effectiveness of its age-detecting
techniques provides valuable insights.