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SECTION A

AFRICAN HISTORY

DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA
AMONG AFRICANS FROM 1898 TO 1965

 Loss sovereignty/loss of traditional powers by chiefs.

 Job color-bar reservation skilled semi-skilled for whites and unskilled labour and low
salaries for Africans according to the Industrial Conciliation A (1934)
 Brutalities e.g at work places
 Pass laws – restricting freedom movement.
 Lack of voting rights-inadequate parliamentary representation
 Educational bottlenecks/racial imbalances in education/racist education e.g. group A
and group B schools
 Forced labour e.g. in mines public works
 Taxation-but tax, cattle tax etc.
 Poor working conditions –low salaries/wages not allowed to form trade unions poor
housing ,unhealthy working conditions
 Colonial legislation- Master and Servants Act (1901), Maize Control Act (1934) Land
Husbandry Act (1954)

DISCUSS THE RESULTS OF THE PARTITION AND COLONISATION OF AFRICA BY

EUROPEAN POWERS
Positive results
 Spread of Christianity and education
 Introduction of new method of farming
 A wide variety of food for the people –increase in population
 Construction of roads and railways
 New medicines hospitals and clinics – increase in population
 Growth of towns industries and new forms of employment
 End of slave trade and slavery- indigenous people needed in African to work
in the mines, farms and industries in Africans itself.

Negative

 Loss of independence and power by the local indigenous rulers

 European exploitation and plundering of African resources
 African natural resources taken to Europe to develop European
industries and European wealth and capitalism
 Undermining of traditional society culture and region.
 Wars and loss of life during the partition and colonization as African
resisting the partition
 African were dispossessed of their land and freedom
 Drastically change in Africa’s political structure
 Africans were discriminated against and were political and social
oppressed

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DISCUSS THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIVEMENTS OF THE ZIMBABWEAN

GOVERNMENT BETWEEN 1980 TO 1990

Social achievements

Education

Reconstruction of schools
 Building new schools
 Expansion of primary and secondary education
 Expansion of technical education, teacher training and university
education.

Health

 Additional health facilities ie clinics and hospitals

 Training of more health personnel
 Employment of expatriate personnel
 Free health service up to 1990

Social welfare facilities

 Schools fees, hospital fees, catering for the blind and

disabled ,drought relief

Cooperatives

 Social and economic to encourage people to work together irrigation

schemes, poultry projects, bread making , sewing and knitting
cooperatives

Legislation

 Legal age of Majority Act -18 years. Voting and independent decisions,
human rights, freedom of expressions, Labor Relations Act

Economics achievements

 Subsidies on basic commodities

 Parastatals, expansion of economic activities and employment
 Government shares in strategic industries e.g. NRZ,ZISCO,ZESA and
Hwange Colliery
 Resettlement of peasant farmers
 Prize controls
 Minimum Wage Act 1980
 Training of manpower-ZIMDEF
 Agricultural expansions

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DISCUSS THE SOCIAL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POST INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT IN
ZIMBABWE FROM 1980-1990

SOCIAL

EDUCATION

 Reconstruction of schools destroyed during war

 Infrastructural development such as primary
secondary, tertiary and vocational institutions
 ZINTEC programs to alleviate teacher shortage
 Free Education (primary) compulsory education and
mass education
 Expansion of mass enrolment at all educational
institutions
 Employment of expatriate teachers
 Free social service ceased with the introduction of IMF
induced ESAP (1990)

EXPLAIN THE MEANING AND PURPOSE OF:

THE NATIONAL FLAG

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

THE NATIONAL FLAG

Was worked out at independence and has following features

Colors

 Green-representing the countries agriculture and vegetation

(flora and Fauna)
 Red – representing the blood of the Heroes shade during the
war of liberation
 Black – representing the majority of Zimbabwe
 Yellow – representing the country’s mineral wealth
 White – peace and reconciliation which came with the
independence of Zimbabwe
 The red star – the country’s socialist ideas
 The Zimbabwean bird- our distant origins power in history and
civilization

PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE

 Carries the important message of peace, freedom, equality

and co-operation and independence

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 An achievement which marked the end of the war and
independence.
 Representing statehood maturity
 Indicates the authority and the existence of the state of
Zimbabwe
 Indicates or state the sovereignty
 Promote unity and nationalism
 Reminds us of the country’s recourses

National anthem

Introduction

Was written by Professor Solomon Mutsvariro of the University of

Zimbabwe and is in three languages Shona, Ndebele, and English. It is
sung every morning on ZTV, at National gatherings, the opening of
sporting festivals at school assemblies and at football Tournaments
involving Zimbabwe Soccer National Team and teams from other
countries.

Purpose of the National Anthem

 Reminds the nation that it was born out of war Liberation.

 That Zimbabwe was born out of the blood of Heroes.
 It calls on the citizens to be prepared to defend the nation against
all foes
 It praises God to bless the land.
 It is the rallying point of the nation.
 It unites and inspires the people
 It cultivates and promotes nationalism
 It cultivate patriotism
 It encourages commitment to national development

EXPLAIN THE OBJECTIVE AND THE CAUSES OF THE THIRD CHIMURENGA

INTRODUCTION

The third Chimurenga is the struggle by the people of Zimbabwe to regain possession of the
means of production. e.g. Land that had largely been in the hands of the white settlers for
more than hundred years

This struggle is a follow –up to the first Chimurenga and second Chimurenga especially of
later which brought about political independence.

Causes of the third Chimurenga

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The Lancaster House Agreement

 Which legalized the maintenance and continued possession of the land by the
settlers
 Controlled the legislative competency and sovereignty of the new state through the
“willing seller, willing buyer” clause which was not meaningfully implemented
 Britain’s failure to honor the Lancaster Agreement by not funding the Land Reform
 Continued economic marginalization of the indigenous
 The Land Donor Conference of 1998 and failure by the donors to fund the Land
Reform Program
 White settlers and the British support for the opposition part which was against the
Land Reform program

OBJECTIVES OF THE THIRD CHIMURENGA

To repossess and redistribute land among the landless indigenous people of Zimbabwe.

 To emphasize the country’s sovereignty and independence

 To fight neo-colonialism and remove the vestige of imperialism
 To gain possessions of other means of production.
 To encourage the indigenous people to participate in all the business and economic
activities of the country.
 To facilitate the possession of capital with which to start a business
 To translate the victory in armed combat of the second Chimurenga into a social and
economic victory

”EVERY INDIVIDUAL IN A STATE IS EXPECTED TO CARRY OUT CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES”

STATE ANY FIVE CIVIC RESPONSIBILITES AND EXPLAIN THEIR MEANING AND PURPOSE?

DEFINITION

Civic responsibilities are the social, economic, political and cultural obligations and
responsibilities that every citizen is expected to carry out in the society for his/her benefit
and for the common good of the country.

Civic responsibilities:

Disease and health management

Personally avoiding drugs and excessive drinking in order to be productive and maintain
good health relations with others. To assist and preventing the spread of such as AIDS,
EBOLA, SARS etc., by avoiding irresponsible behavior.

Disaster management

Helping by donating food, clothes and shelter to victim of disasters. Preventing the
occurrence of accidence at work so as to help in controlling injury and destruction of
property and equipment.

Defending the nation

 Spreading the good name of the country

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 Paying tax to assist in building public revenue
 Presenting cultural value
 Being patriotic

Economic responsibilities

 Working hard and being productive

 Being creative , establishing businesses
 Using resources economically
 Exposing corruption and theft
 Paying taxes

Political civic responsibilities

 Being constructive in political discussion

 Registering as a voter and voting in all elections
 Cherishing and respecting unity and national heritage
 Respecting and tolerating other races, tribes, religious, and beliefs

DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF NGOs IN ZIMBABWE:

POSITIVE (economic impact)

 Employment creation for locals and externals

 Project funding
 Improvement in the standard of living
 Providing assistance in times of disasters e.g. drought, floods, earthquakes, cyclones
etc.

Social impact

 Donation medical equipment and drugs to fight chronic diseases e.g AIDS,
EBOLA.SARS etc.
 Education on health and hygiene
 Offering educational assistance to orphans and the under privileged
 Child feeding in rural areas

Negative impact

 Sponsoring opposition parties

 Representation the interest on their mother countries
 Dumping products
 Testing drugs on people
 Encouraging the dependency syndrome of locals

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN ZIMBABWE AND HOW IT HAS SHAPED THE PERCEPTIONS
AND VALUES OF ZIMBABWEAN SOCIETY

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1. Inform

o Mass media such as newspapers, radio and television continue to deliver

both local and global news. Major news services such as ZBC, Herald,
Newsday, among others, inform people about what’s going on.

Educate

o The media educates the public on a variety of topics through such tools as
newspapers, radio and TV. Public Broadcasting Service television programs
offer a wide range of educational content for people of all ages. TV and radio
station websites often offer free information for parents, teachers and
students.

Entertain

o Radio and television stations offer programs ranging from music to talk
shows, political programs, dramas and reality TV shows. The larger number of
cable and satellite channels now available has created channels dedicated to
classic movies, fitness programs and books. Popular and famous drama like
Kapfupi, Sabhuku Vharazipi always entertain people

Socialize

o Social media has become a key media method, with friends and family
passing along and discussing information, advice and videos on the Internet
through a variety of tools, ranging from Whatsapp, WeChat, YouTube,
Facebook, Twitter etc.
o

Public Opinion

Public opinion is the engine that keeps the wheels of a democracy turning. Though we elect
officials to conduct our government, they are restrained by the influence of the same public
opinion that put them into office. The average person is strongly affected by the social
group and the opinion leaders who reflect the opinions obtained from the mass media. Thus
the divergent views and in-depth analyses presented by the mass media are of vital
importance in the stance Zimbabweans take on critical issues.

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Setting the Agenda

The media cannot report on an infinite number of stories, so they must choose which are the
most newsworthy. By choosing which stories to present to the public, the news media helps
determine the most important issues; in other words, the journalists set the agenda. Agenda-
setting is crucial because it shapes which issues will be debated in public. Television and
radio further publicize this interplay of opinion through news reports similar to those
appearing in the newspapers, interviews and panel discussions.

Link between the Government and the People

Mass media definitely acts as a link between the government and the people, thus building
up the political fabric of the Zimbabwean democracy. There are several channels through
which political leaders can express their views and rally public support for their policies.
Through the mass media the government can inform, explain and convince the public over
their programs.

Surveillance/watchdog function

The news media plays also the vital role of "watchdog" over the government, looking out for
instances of malfunction and corruption. The public would have far less control over the
affairs of the city, state and national government without the probing questions of
investigative reporters. Revelations by the press have led to important Parliamentary
investigations. The media was very instrumental in unearthing the Salarygate as well as the
Willowgate scandals. Reporters often uncover evidence of unethical and sometimes illegal
conduct of officials, thus causing the resignation of high government officials

Negative impacts of media

 Propagate cultural values from foreign countries

 Imposition of foreign ideologies e.g neo-liberalism, moral values e.g homo sexually
and military protest
 Politicizing of socio-economic issues e.g land issue of Zimbabwe
 Media has cultivated negative opinions
 Leads to self-denial among Zimbabweans

JUSTIFY THE 1998 LAND ACQUISATION PROCESS

Social reasons

 A society is identify by the ownership of resources particularly land

 Need of redistribution of land equitably
 Population pressure especially in communal areas
 Create space for urban infrastructural development especially accommodation

Political:

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 Land was the major grievances of the first and second Chimurenga
 Failure of the Lancaster House Agreement
 1998 Land Donor Conference

Economics

 Land is the major means of production for Zimbabwe and need to transform
political liberation to economic liberation by empowering the black majority
 Land reform was necessary to gain control and access to strategic resources like
minerals flora and fauna which were/still in the hands of a minority while population
 Need to utilize idle land so as to achieve optimum economic growth

DISCUSS THE STEPS WHICH WERE TAKEN IN THE COLONISATION OF

Step 1
Grobler Treaty (1887)
- Signed between Piet Grobler and Lobengula
Terms
- There will be friendship between Lobengula and the Boer Republic of South
Africa
- Lobengula was regarded as the paramount chief of the Ndebele people
- Lobengula would catch and repatriate all criminals who would have escaped
from the Boer Republic seeking asylum in Lobengula’s kingdom
- Lobengula to protect the Boers from external threats
- A Boer representative was to be dispatched to Matabeleland to administer
justice to Boer citizens who would have violated Lobengula’s laws
- Boers were to be allowed to freely come and hunt elephants in Matabeleland

Step 2
Moffat Treaty (Feb 1888)
Terms
- Established perpetual friendship between the British and Lobengula’s people
- The British were to protect Lobengula against any external treaty
- Lobengula was not supposed to enter into any external treaty/agreement with
any other European group without the knowledge and consent of the British
High Commissioner at the Cape
- L obengula undertook to cancel the Grobler Treaty

Step 3
Rudd Concession 30 October 1888
Terms

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- Lobengula agreed to give the British complete and exclusive rights over all metals
and minerals situated in his kingdom
- The concession seekers were given the right to do whatever they deemed
necessary to procure the same.
In return, the British promised Lobengula the following:
- £100 per month
- 1 000 rifles
- 100 000 rounds of ammunition
- A gunboat to patrol the Zambezi
- Only 10 men would come and mine

Step 4
Pioneer Column
- The group was made up 200 settler volunteers
- Supported by 500 troops
- The group crossed into the country in March 1890
- They turned East, thus intentionally avoiding the Ndebele
- 12 September 1890, the group raised their Union Jack in Salisbury
- However, the colonization of Zimbabwe wasn’t going to be complete without the
colonization of the Ndebele

Step 5
The Anglo-Ndebele war
- This was the war of dispossession
- The causes include, but not limited to,
i. Refusal by some Shona chiefs to pay tribute
ii. The boundary line
iii. The realization that the colonization of Zimbabwe wasn’t complete with the
Ndebele unsubjugated
iv. The whites were not secure without the capitulation of the Ndebele
v. The Victoria incident
- The Ndebele were annihilated and this marked the complete colonization of
Zimbabwe

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JUSTIFY THE RISE OF MASS NATIONALISM FROM 1948-1978

Grievances /causes

 Long standing political and economic issues remained unresolved

 Negative effects of settler legislation on land distribution e.g Land Appointment
Act: Land Husbandry Act; Land Tenure Act
 Dispossession of traditional territories and translocation to overcrowded dry and
tsetse fly infected reserves
 Loss of major means of production
 loss of independence
 Resentment of coercive labor tactics like Chibharo (forced labor)
 Unfair labour legislation e.g passes law, industrial Cancellation Act
 Rise of militant Trade Unions in 1940s as a reaction to settler indifference to labor
problems.
 Violent / ruthless suppression of African strikes and repressive laws
 Some African countries were getting their independence e.g. Ghana

IDENTIFY 5 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT USED TO DISADVANTAGE INDIGENIOUS PEOPLE FROM

1898-1975

 Native Reserves Order Council 1898

 Hut tax 1903
 iDog Tax and Land Bank Acts 1912
 Land Tenure Act 1969
 Tribal Trust Land Act 1965
 Europeans Produce Act 1917
 `Morris Charter Commission 1925
 Land Apportionment Act 1934
 Cattle Levy Act 1934
 Industrial Conciliation Act 1934
 Racial discrimination 1934
 Maize Control Act
 Land husbandry Act 1951
 Pass Laws

DISCUSS THREE MAJOR LEGISLATIVE INSTRUMENTS/ACTS THAT LED TO THE

MARGINAILISATION OF THE NATIVE AFRICANS IN THE THEN RHODESIA FROM 1898-1965

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Answer:

Land Apportionment Act of 1930

This Act disadvantaged and marginalized Africans because of the following:

 It legalized the displacements of Africans from large, rich fertile & prime regions
 It led to unfair land distribution
 More land was given to few whites e.g. 4,9 million acres to 100000 whites
 Prime or virgin land to whites
 Less land to black majority in region 4 and 5 that are hot, dry and tsetse fly
infested ,infertile and with very low rainfall (28,6 million acres)
 It impoverished the blacks as they produced little in the poor areas
 It led to overcrowding in African areas leading to pressure on the Land ,such as
overgrazing
 Kept blacks politically inactive due to stringent requirements according to properly
and income.

Industrial Conciliation Act 1934

 It led to low salaries for blacks

 Denied blacks to join the Trade Union
 Reserved higher paying jobs for whites (skilled and semi-skilled)
 Restricted skilled training for white

The land husbandry Act

 It limited land ownership among Africans in reserves to between 5-8 acres of land
per person and this led to poor harvests and lower productivity as the Africans had
little land in poor areas.
 It limited the number of cattle per African to less than 12 in some cases to less than
6
 The limited number of cattle also improvised the Africans
 The poverty drove Africans into towns and farms to look for employment.

The Maize Act

Law and Order Maintenance Act

Preventive Detention Act

Land Tenure Act

Land Bank Act

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DISCUSS THE CAUSES OF THE SLAVE TRADE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT

Slavery is the highest level of degrading another human being. Slavery is as ancient as
human existence. Slave trade was the capture and sale of, especial of Africans by Arabs and
Europeans to Asia, Europe. South and North America and the Caribbean’s Slavery and slave
trade in Africa began about 700AD and lasted until 1805. Biblically slave trade existed, that
is Pyramids in Egypt were built through slave labor.

CAUSES OF SLAVE TRADE

European labor was consolidated to be unsuitable because:

European labor was consolidated to be unsuitable because:

 The European Population was sparse and it was felt that it should be allowed to
grow bigger

 The industrialist needed the European labor in work in the mines and industries,
which were expanding fast.

 Exporting labor from Europe at that time would have had a negative effect on the
infant capitalist economy

DISCUSS ANY FIVE EFECTS OF COLONISATION TO AFRICA

Negative

 Balance of trade disequilibria that is negative trade relations between Africa and
European countries during and after colonization through a new form of relationship
called neo-colonialism

 Dependence on European Economies

 Cultural destruction

 Super enrichment and development of Europe and their extensions in Africa and
Australia

 Loss of independence by Africans

Positives

 Brought education through Mission schools

 Infrastructural Development e.g. communication lines

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 Introduction of modern medicine

 Christianity

 Civilization

25 July 2014

Duration 3hours

Section A

Answer all question. Each question carries one (1) mark

1.1 Identify one aspect of civilization in the pre-colonial state

1.2 state one advantage of extended families in Africa culture

1.3 Distinguish between Government of National Unity (GNU) and Global Political
Agreement (GPA)

1.4 Identify one outstanding legacy left behind by Dr. Joshua Nkomo

1.5 Define the concept of First-Past-The-Post which is also known as Simple PLURALITY
as an electoral system

1.6 Explain what it means if a decision taken is ultra vires

1.7 Differentiate between a Bill and an Act

1.8 State one element which made people in the pre-colonial Ndebele society identify
with the state

1.9 List one significance of Mgagau Declaration

1.10 Define International Relations

1.11 Outline one tenet of Realism as applied in International Relations

1.12 Define the phrase Sustainable Exploitation of Resources

1.13 State one reason why the 1961 Constitution was rejected

1.14 Outline one effect of the sanctions illegally imposed on Zimbabwe by the Western
countries on people in your community

1.15 State one function of a consulate

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1.16 9Demonstrate one action you would implement to assist your community to curb
the scourge of HIV/AIDS

1.17 State what the acronym ZIDERA stand for.

1.18 Explain one significance of practicing civic responsibilities in your community

1.19 Demonstrate one evidence which suggests that the Shona and the Ndebele lived in
harmony during the pre-colonial era

1.20 State any one function of parliament in Zimbabwe

SECTION B

Answer any TWO (2) questions from this section

QUESTION 2

a) Explore the causes and objectives of the third Chimurenga

b) Examine the extent to which these objectives have been met.\
QUESTION 3

Examine the steps which were taken in the colonization of ZIMBABWE

QUESTION 4

a) Outline the negative impacts made so far by some Non-governmental Organizations

(NGOs) operating in Zimbabwe.
b) Demonstrate how media has shaped perceptions of people in your community to
be conscious of their civic responsibilities
QUESTION 5

Outline the stages of law making process in Zimbabwe

SECTION C

Answer ONE (1) question from this section

QUESTION 6

Evaluate how Zimbabwe has realized the achievement of some of the Millennium
Development Goal? (At least three Millennium Development Goals)

QUESTION 7

Critique the conditionality’s proffered by the Breton Woods institutions to developing

countries like Zimbabwe when giving out financial aid.

SECTION D

Answer QNE question from this section

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QUESTION 8

Using practical examples in Africa, explain the three (3) Cs of International Relation

QUESTION 9

Demonstrate how the principle of separation of powers function in the Zimbabwean

context.

………………. THE END……………

NASS TES 2 MARKING GUIDE 2014

SECTION A (COMPULSORY SECTION) 20 Marks

1.1 tribute payment , trade ,infrastructure like Great Zimbabwe; black smithing
1.2 Prevents social ills like prostitution, destitution etc.
1.3 GPA refers to the talks that were brokered by the three political parties all led by Thabo
Mbeki. GNU is the resultant government formed by working together of three political
parties.
1.4 Unity, freedom fighter, was instrumental in the Lancaster House talks.
1.5 Majority voting, this is the winner takes all. The person to get 51% of the total votes
cast becomes the winner.
1.6 Outside the boundaries or powers
1.7 A bill is a proposal law. An Act is a Bill assented to by the president.
1.8 Language
1.9 Elevated Robert Mugabe; the fighters vowed to continue fighting until the freedom is
obtained
1.10 Relations between or among nation as characterized by competition,
corporation ,and conflict
1.11 Countries seek power, countries are aggressive, countries love war, countries seek to
maximize their security
1.12 The use of exploitative resources to benefit the present generation but also having
the future generation in mind

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1.13 Blacks constitution about 90% of the total population, could not qualify into the A
roll which has more seats.
1.14 Storage of medication , could not trade with other countries, unemployment
1.15 Representing sending government’s cities in receiving country. Such may include, but
not limited to, travelling documents, deaths, unfair treatment among others.
1.16 Sourcing out resources to start projects, sensitizing people about the disease etc.
1.17 Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act
1.18 Reduces crime, enhances cleanliness, reduces chances of contagious disease
outbreak
1.19 Ukulagisa/Kuronzera system
1.20 Make laws, amend laws, repeal laws, analyze and debate the president’s speech,
oversight over the national purse, checks balances over other arms of state.

Question 2

a) Explore the causes and objectives of the third Chimurenga [ 14marks ]

Causes

i. The Lancaster House Agreement.

- It wanted to maintain and legalize the criminal gains of colonialism with
respect to social and economic privileges of former colonizers
- The willing buyer willing seller clause together with the non-compulsory
acquisition of land clause limited and legalized the owning of land by the
whites
- It is suspended for twenty years the translation of victory is armed combat
into social and economic victory
- It delayed in giving people land
ii. Britain’s failure to honor the Lancaster House Agreement or to honour her
pledge to fund the land reform
iii. The Land Donor Conference of 1998
iv. Introduction of constitution amendments no 16 of 2000 which allowed
compulsory acquisition of land

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v. Continued economic marginalization of blacks
vi. Poverty

Objectives

- To repossess and redistribute land among the landless indigenous people of

Zimbabwe
- To emphasize the country’s sovereignty and independence
- To fight neo-colonialism and remove imperialism
- To gain other means of production
- To encourage the indigenous people to participate in all the business and
economic activities of the country
- To empower the people and fight poverty
- Any other relevant point

2 marks for any 7 relevant points total =14 marks

b) Examine the extent to which these objectives have been met. [ 6 marks ]
- Land has been redistributed to the people
- People have realized and are enjoying the fruits of independence
- Colonialism and imperialism have been removed
- Most Zimbabweans have been given the right to own minerals and other
resources besides land
- Indigenous Zimbabweans have been given the opportunity to participate in
the economic activities of the country
- People have been empowered through the indigenization policies and ZIM-
ASSET to town resources and to self-reliant
However….
- Many still need land
- Others do not use the land effectively
- It has been difficult for others to own the means of production due to lack of
capital, know how, equipment, etc.
- Any other relevant point
2marks for any 3 relevant points total=6 marks

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Question 3

Examine the steps which were taken in the colonization of Zimbabwe [20 marks]

Step 1

Grobler treaty (1887)

- Signed between Piet Grobler and Lobengula

TERMS

- There will be friendship between Lobengula and the Boer republic of South
Africa
- Lobengula was regarded as the paramount chief of the Ndebele people
- Lobengula would catch and repatriate all criminals who have escaped from
the Boer Republic seeking asylum in Lobengula’s Kingdom
- Lobengula to protect the Boers from external treats
- A Boer representative was to be dispatched to Matabeland to administer
justice to Boer citizen who would have violated Lobengula’s laws
- Boers were to be allowed to freely come and hunt elephants in Matabeland

1 mark per point for any 4 relevant points total=4 mark

Step 2

Moffatt Treaty (FEB 1888)

Terms

- Established perpetual friendship between the British and Lobengula’s people

- The British were to protect Lobengula against any external treaty
- Lobengula was not supposed to enter into any external/agreement with
other European group without the knowledge and consent of the British High
Commissioner at the Cape
- Lobengula undertook to cancel the Grobler Treaty
1 mark per point for any relevant points total = 4 marks

Step 3

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Rudd Concession 30 October 1888

Terms

- Lobengula agreed to give the British complete and exclusive rights over all
metals and minerals situated in his Kingdom
- The concession seekers were given the right to do whatever they deem
necessary to procure the same

In return, the British promised Lobengula the following

- 100 per month

- 100 000 rounds of ammunition
- A gunboat to patrol the Zambezi
- Only 10 men would come and mine
1 mark per point for any 5 relevant points total=5 marks

Step 4

Pioneer Column

- The group was made up of 200 settler volunteers

- Supported by 500 troops
- The group crossed into the country in March 1890
- They turned East , thus intentionally avoiding the Ndebele
- 12 September 1890, the group raised their Union Jack in Salisbury
- However , the colonization of Zimbabwe wasn’t going to be complete without
the colonization of the Ndebele
1 mark per point for any 3 relevant points total=3marks

Step 5

The Anglo-Ndebele war

- This was the war of dispossession

- The causes include, but not limited to,
i. Refusal by some Shona chiefs to pay tributes

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ii. The boundary line
iii. The realization that the colonization of Zimbabwe wasn’t with the Ndebele
unsubjugated
iv. The whites were not secure without the capitulation of the Ndebele
v. The Victoria incident
- The Ndebele were annihilated and this marked the complete colonization of
Zimbabwe
1 mark per point for any 4 relevant points total=4 marks

Question 4

a) Outline the negative impacts made so far by some Non-Governmental

Organizations (NGOs) 12 marks
- Promoting/encouraging laziness and dependency syndrome among
Zimbabweans working against government policies e.g. black empowerment,
indigenization, land and redistribution etc.
- Play a role in dumping useless and/or obsolete products or technology
- Test drugs on people
- They sponsor and support opposition political parties
- They represent the interests of their mother which are invariably opposed to
government policies
- Some of them engage in subversion and espionage
- Encourage brain drain
- Interfere in the political affairs of the country
- They cause the spread of foreign cultures which are opposed to African
values and beliefs
2 marks per point for any 6 relevant points total=12marks
b) Demonstrate how media has shaped perception of people in your community to be
conscious of their responsibilities [ 8 marks]

Media is the main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers)
regarded collectively.

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- Media has encouraged citizen of Zimbabwe to vote in the harmonized
elections, e.g. ZEC used the media to encourage the people to register to vote
- EMA through media has encouraged people to grow trees , avoid cutting
down of trees
- Media also highlighted the dangers of drinking
- Encourage people to desist from violence
- Flight adverts on the prevision of HIV and AIDS
- Helps the police with information e.g. on corruption
Any other relevant points
2 marks per point for any relevant points total=8marks

Question 5

Outline the stages of law making process in Zimbabwe [20 marks]

Stage 1 first reading

- After a bill has been gazetted, the member responsible must serve notice of a
motion that leave granted by the house to bring in the bill
- On the day specified in the notice, the motion for leave is moved and, if
granted, the member must bring a copy of a bill to the clerk at the table, who
reads the title of the bill.
- It is bringing of the copy to the clerks and the subsequent reading of the title
thereof which is regarded as the first reading.

Stage 2 Reference to the Parliamentary Legal Committee

- The house in which the bill originates refers it to the Parliamentary Legal
Committee (PLC)
- Its purpose is to examine all bills and statutory instruments and determine
whether they are in conformity with the bill of rights and other provision for
the constitution.
- If the committee makes an adverse report, i.e., finding that the provision of
the bill contravene the Bill of Rights and / or some section, it is referred to
the house of Assembly or the Senate, as the case maybe.

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- If, on the other hand, it agrees with the report, the bill will not be passed.
- If the Parliamentary Legal Committee fails to present its report within the
period specified in the Standing Orders, it shall be presumed that there is no
adverse report and the House of Assembly shall proceed with the bill.

Stage 3 Second Reading

- This third stage is opened by the sponsoring minister, who makes a speech
outline the purposes of the bill and the principles upon which is based.
- This is followed by debate of these principles.
- No discussion on individual clause is permissible, although reference may be
to these clause as part of the debate.
- Following recent reforms to Zimbabwe’s parliamentary system, it is at this
stage that the relevant Parliamentary Portfolio Committee (PPC) will present
its report on the bill. PPCs are appointed for every government department
and one of their function is to scrutinize proposed bills, which includes
conducting public hearing and presenting a report to the Parliament.
- It is expected that the chairperson of the PCC will contribute to the debate on
principles based on the committee`s findings.

Stage 4 Consideration by Committee

- Next, the bill is considered clause by clause, either by a special committee set
up for the purpose or a committee of the whole house.
- The practice in Zimbabwe is to use a committee of the whole house.
- At the stage, amendments to individuals’ clauses are proposed and debated.
- Amendment are not usually successful if they run against the wishes of the
Government.
- The committee stage is chaired by the Deputy President, as the case may be,
and he/she is addressed as chairperson.
- Amendments proposed by the PPC are also discussed at this stage.

Stage 5 Reporting Stage

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- This stage involved making a report of the bill, as amended, to the whole
house.
- If the bill was considered by a committee of the whole house, the report
stage is a mere formality.
- If it was considered by a special committee, this stage allows other members
of the house to propose amendments.
- Government may also use this stage to reverse amendments made at
committee stage or to add new clauses arising from any subsequent
deliberations.

Stage 6 Referral to the Parliamentary Legal Committee (PLC)

- If the bill is amended at the committee and/or report stages , it is referred to

the PLC, which will scrutinize any amendments according to the procedures
outlined in stage 2

Stage 7 Third Reading

- This is the stage at which the bill is put to a vote for either approval or
rejection.
- No reading per se takes place and, unless some members have given notice
that they wish to do so, there is no debate.
- The quorum, i.e., the minimum number of people required to constitute a
valid meeting of the House of Assembly.
- However, for a Constitution Bill to pass, there must be a two-thirds majority
from the total membership of each house.

Stage 8 Transmission to the other House

- As soon as the bill has been passed by the house in which it originated, an
authenticated copy of it is transmitted to the house.
- The second house may reject the bill or pass it with or without amendments.
- Where the second house passes the bill with amendments, it return the bill
to the house of origin.

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- The house of origin my reject, agree to, or incorporate the amendments
made to the bill by the second house
- However, primacy is given to the House of Assembly in the following ways:
 If a bill originates in the Senate and is totally rejected by the House of Assembly
that is the end of the bill.
 If a bill originates in the House of Assembly and totally rejected by the Senate,
the House of Assembly may still present the bill to the President for assent in
its existing form, except for the minor changes required by passage of time.
However, the House of assembly can only present the bill to the President after
the expiration of 90days from the day of the introduction of the bill to the
Senate and after passing a resolution to that effect.
 Where a disagreement relates to amendments made to a bill, the House of
Assembly may present the bill to the President for assent in the form in which
it was passed, i.e., including any amendments it may have agreed with the
Senate. However, this may only be done after the expiration of 90 days
beginning on: a) the day of the introduction of the bill into the into the Senate
(if the bill originated in the house of assembly) or (b) the day of the return of
the bill to the Senate (if bill originated in the Senate).
 Again, a resolution to that effect is required.
 If a bill originates in the House of Assembly and the Senate, although not
rejected the bill, has not passed it before the expiration of 90 days from the
day of its introduction into the Senate, the House of Assembly may still present
the bill to the President as in (ii) above. In other words, if the Senate delays in
passing a bill, it may be overridden by the House of Assembly.
 A Vice President or a Minister may certify that a bill (other than a constitutional
bill) originating in the House of Assembly and passed by that house is so urgent
that is not in the national interest to delay its enactment. Such a bill may be
presented to the President for his/her assent in the form in which it was passed
by the House of Assembly after the expiration of eight sitting days beginning on
the day of its introduction into the Senate, if there is no agreement between
the two houses on amendments to be made, or if the Senate has not passed
the bill within that period.

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 When a bill has been returned by the second house to the house in which it
originated, the latter shall consider the amendments made by the other house
and make a resolution on whether or not it agrees to them.
 It shall then communicate its resolution to the other house by ‘a message’

Stage 9 President Assent

- A bill becomes law only after being assented to by the president

- After a bill has been passed by both houses, or after the House of Assembly
has overridden the Senate, it is presented to the president for assent.
- In case of a constitutional bill, it must be accompanied by certificates from
the speaker and the president of the Senate certifying that it was approved
by the requisite two-thirds majority.
- The president is not obliged to assent to a bill; he/she has unlimited
discretion in this regard.
- Again, if the president rejects the bill in question, but the House of Assembly
subsequently secures the relevant two-thirds majority and return the bill to
the President, he/she is given two option: either assent to the bill within 21
days or dissolve Parliament and call for fresh elections.

Question 6

Evaluate how Zimbabwe has realized the achievement of some of the Millennium
Development Goals? (At least 3 Millennium Development Goals)

Millennium Development Goals are eight international development goals that are
established UN Millennium Declaration. All to be achieved by the target date of 2015

 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

 Food for work programs
 Creating employment in the civil service
 Adopted multi-currency system
 Land reform program
 Underweight children under the age of 5 are given food for free in
hospitals and clinics

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 Indigenization and black empowerment
 SMEs are given loans
 Goal 2 : Achieve universal primary education
 Education for all policy
 BEAM programs
 Parents are being encouraged by government, civic society and
religious groups to educate their children
 Primary schools built in walking distances
 Majority of children in Zimbabwe complete primary education
 Goal 3 : Promote Gender equality and empower women
 Quota system in parliament
 Government managed to eliminate gender disparity in primary,
secondary and tertian education through positive discrimination
 Women are encouraged to apply in higher paying jobs
 Ministry of gender has been set up
 Vice president is a women
 Goal 4 Reduce Child mortality Rates
 Children under the age of 5 are treated for free
 Children immunized against killer diseases for free
 Clinic constructed in walkable distances
 Goal 5 Improve maternal heath
 Nurses trained free
 All birth in clinics and hospitals are attended by qualified personnel
 Free ante and post natal services
 Free HIV testing for pregnant women
 Goal 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases
 People in areas like Gokwe given free treated mosquito nets
 Children below the age of 5 are treated freely with appropriate
antimalarial drugs
 Condoms are readily available and distributed for free in most cases
 Free HIV testing

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 Free ART
 Goal 7 : Ensure environmental sustainability
 EMA has been put in place
 Endangered species protected
 Littering criminalized
 Goal 8 : Develop a global partnership
 Zimbabwe is a member state of SADC, AU, UN
 Bilateral and multi-lateral agreements signed

2 marks introduction

2 marks per point 6x3 total=18maks

6 marks for each c i.e. 6x3=marks
Question 7 Critique and conditionalities proffered by Bretton woods institution to
developing countries to Zimbabwe when giving out financial aid [20 Marks]
The following conditionalities for receiving aid to developing countries by the Bretton
woods institution
 Trade liberalization /free trade and goods and services-this led to the
destruction of home industries and markets
 Free circulation of capital or allowing the currency to float has resulted in
devaluation of currencies thus creating crisis in Zimbabwe.
 Privatization of parastatals saw the government losing control of some
companies and most corporations
 Reduction of expenditure, education and health so a number of worker
being laid off resulting in the creation immense poverty as well as social
and /political unrest.
 Removal of price controls so a rise in inflation thus making it virtually
impossible for ordinary Zimbabweans to access the basic commodities
 More emphasis on cash crops led to food shortages and deforestation
 They hurt the children and women disproportionately
 The social dimension fund could not properly cushion the laid off
workers

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 Their aid can be used top gain political mileage and thus undermine
national sovereignty
 SAPs are not democratic – they are set of conditionalities imposed upon
a debt strapped country by these IFIs
 Any other relevant point
 2 marks for any 10 relevant points total [20 marks]
Question 8

Using practical examples in Africa, explain the three (3) Cs of International Relations [20
marks]

Students should demonstrate the knowledge of three Cs of IR viz.

o Conflict
o Competition
o Corporation

i. Conflict

- It can be seen in the case of Botswana and Namibia over the Sedudu islands
- Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe was the mediator
- The recent political disturbance in Lesotho where SADC managed to send
soldiers there.
- Unrest in Mozambique between RENAMO and FRELIMO. Zimbabwe assisted
Mozambique to stop civil war

ii. Competition

- Competition can be in the positive or negative sense

- Zimbabwe is competing with other African countries to host the 2018 world
cup
- There is competition in commerce with other African countries
- There is also competition in education. Zimbabwe is fighting to maintain the
top position in literacy
ii. Corporation
- African countries are signing many multi-lateral agreements
- Several region and continental organization have been formed viz
 SADC
 African Union
 Eco was etc.
- African countries are cooperating with each other in all the above
organization

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2 marks for introduction
6 marks for each c i.e. 6x3=marks

Question 9
Demonstrate how the principle of separation of powers function in the Zimbabwean
context [20 marks]
Student should demonstrate the knowledge of the doctrine
- Separation of powers doctrine divides the institution of government into
three branches i.e. Legislature, executive and judicial
- It is there for check and balances
1) Legislature
- Makes laws
- Debate presidential speeches
- Scrutinize the budget
- Oversight over the national purse
- Pass bills
- Can pass vote of no confidence on the president
- Amends laws
- Repeal laws
- Control over republic administration
2) Executive
- Assents to bill from the parliament
- Declares state of emergencies e.g. wars ,disasters
- Commander –in –chief of the defense forces
- Implements new laws

- Executive authority is vested in the President

- He upholds the constitution

- Appoints cabinet ministers

- Has prerogative of mercy

- Appoint judiciary

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- Represents the nation

- Make the law through decrees

- He ascends to all legislation

-
3) Judiciary
- Guardianship of the constitution
- Interprets the law
- Protector of the fundamental rights
- Courts have a supervisory function e.g. higher courts have a supervision
function over lower courts
- Courts may be given the responsibility of managing distressed companies
- Courts may be authorized to grand citizenship to aliens/foreigners

However, it should be noted that each arm of government is not allowed to affect the
operations of the other

2 marks for introduction

3 marks for any relevant 3 points on each organ i.e. 6x3=18 marks

2003 OCTOBER EXAMINATION

QUESTION 1

1.1 The major cause of the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893 was

1.2 The act which stipulated that there is no skilled black worker was the

1.3 The Geneva Conference was held in

1.4 The piece of legislation that restricted the size of acreage and number of cattle that an
African family could farm and own was

1.5 The central issue in the history of Zimbabwe has been

1.6 The yellow colour on the Zimbabwean flag represents

1.7 The great Zimbabwe kingdom had notable achievements such as

1.8 The notable concession which framed the dislodgement of Lobengula was

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1.9 The Anglo-American TNC was developed from 1890 onwards and was funded by

1.10 International Relations is associated with

1.11 The United Nations was founded in

1.12 The Balance of Power theory in International Relations relate to

1.13 The Bretton Wood Institutions facilitate

1.14 The highest legislative authority in the land is

1.15 The legislative arm of government has the responsibility of

1.16 A constitutional Bill must go through---------------readings in Parliament

1.17 The Chief Administrator of the House of Assembly is

1.18 The economic recovery program for the Zimbabwean Government is based on the 10-
point plan the main premise of which is

QUESTION 2

Discuss the factors that led to the rise of mass nationalism in Southern Rhodesia among
Africans from 1898-1965

QUESTION 3

(a) Discuss the social, political and economic post-independence development in

Zimbabwe from 1980-1990
(b) Outline any five conditionalities given by the IMF and World Bank for third world
countries economic reforms

QUESTION 4

(a) Discuss the 5 various freedoms as outlined in the constitution of Zimbabwe

(b) List any five functions of Parliament

QUESTION 5

Discuss the law making process in Zimbabwe

QUESTION 6

(a) Briefly explain the three Cs if International Relations

(b) Explain the Doctrine of interdependence

QUESTION 7

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Discuss the major features of globalization

OCTOBER 2007 EXAMINATION

QUESTION 1

1. 1 which group of colonialists introduced the prazo system in Central Africa?

1.2 What did the Rudd Concession provide for the British?

1.3 What was the main political factor in the 1893 war?

1. What were the main causes of the 1896-1897 war of liberation?

1.4 Which conference in 1884-5 revealed that the Europeans would determine the political
and economic future of Africa?

1.5 How can the economic effect of the slave trade on Africa be best described?

1.6 When was the unity accord between ZANU (PF) and PF ZAPU signed?

1.7 Name any two sources of law in Zimbabwe?

1.8 Which organ is responsible for the preparation, conduct and supervision of elections?

1.9 What is the responsibility of the judiciary in government?

1.1 0Which courts are used to try members of the defense forces?

1.10 What role do advocacy NGOs play?

11. Confirm the membership of the NAM as a member of the UN.

1.12 Is the African Union a trading bloc?

1.13 What are international relations?

1.14 Give one quality of a patriot

QUESTION 2

(a) Explain any four changes (each) introduced in the following sectors, the economic,
education, health, political and social in Zimbabwe after 1980.
(b) Outline and explain at least eight civic responsibilities of Zimbabweans.

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QUESTION 3

Discuss the fundamental rights and freedoms of Zimbabweans.

QUESTION 4

Outline and explain eight stages involved in the process of law in the House of Assembly in
Zimbabwe.

QUESTION 5

(a) What are multinational corporations (MNCs)?

(b) Discuss any six points to critically evaluate the role of MNCs in Zimbabwe.
QUESTION 6

Examine any five vestiges (hangovers) of colonialism that still affect African states.

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 EXAMINATION

QUESTION 1

1.2 What is the attitude problem with people who use statements like ‘’Mwana uyu akanaka
semurungu’’,’’Umntwana lo muhle njenge khiwa”, “This child is as beautiful as a white
person’’

1.3 An old man boards a bus where all seats are occupied and where you a twenty-two year
old student are seated. What do you do?

1.4 What is wrong with the phrase’ ’Africa is a dark continent?’’

1.5 In which one major way did European powers try to reverse the gains of the second
Chimurenga in 2000 and for ten year thereafter?

1.6 When compared to pre-colonial governance systems in the Ndebele and Mutapa states.
What is the outstanding deficiency of current USA style of democracy?

1.7 What should be the role of the Zimbabwean media in National Healing?

1.8 How did sanctions imposed by Europe and North America affect the lives of the ordinary
people of Zimbabwe? (Mention at least one major area).

1.9 The central issue in the history of Zimbabwe has been based on what?

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1.10 Name the right enshrined in our current constitution.

1.11 In which major way has foreign interests/countries interfered with Zimbabwe’s
democratic process?

1.12 What is the perception of the privately owned media with regard to the Third
Chimurenga?

1.13 Briefly explain Zimbabwe’s main political parties’ position on land

1.14 With reference to Zimbabwe which of the 3Cs of International Relations that has
characterized relations between Zimbabwe and Britain.

1.15 What are the continuing effects of the slave trade on the African mind and economy?

QUESTION 2

2.1 Show the extent of development of African civilization in the Mutapa State in the
following areas, medicine, metallurgy and agriculture.

2.2 Trace and analyze how the Zimbabwean government has been correcting historical and
Colonial injustices since 1980.

QUESTION 3

Show three major ways Europe has been using to perpetuate its neo-colonial control of
Zimbabwe since 2000.

QUESTION 4

Analyze the challenges that exist in the families of those Zimbabweans who adopt foreign
culture and ignore their own values.

QUESTION 5

Law can be defined as ‘’rules and regulations put in place by those in power to protect their
interests’’. Analyze this statement by comparing and contrasting the laws in pre and post
independent Zimbabwe.

QUESTION 6

Show the major provisions of the Zimbabwean Constitution.

QUESTION 7

Demonstrate the extent to which non-governmental organizations have been used by the
West to undermine the interests of Zimbabwe

QUESTION 8

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Analyze how a developing country burdened by servicing debt and selling cheap raw
materials can be economically self-reliant.

NOVEMBER 2011 EXAMINATION

QUESTION 1

1.1 GIVE an example of a person who lacks self-respect and the of fellow Africans

1.2 Show how Mbuya Nehanda and the First Chimurenga/Umvukela became significant to
Chimurenga.

1.3 Show the importance of the extended family in African culture.

1.4 With reference to the Ndebele state show how all people identified with the state

1.5 Demonstrate how television (excessive) viewing can affect the upbringing of children.

1.6 With reference to Afrocentric history how do you see the impact of Portuguese presence
in the Mutapa state?

1.7 In what way was the slave trade a major challenge to development and how does it
continue to affect the people?

1.8 Demonstrate the need to use the term LAND REFORM rather than any of the following
terms: land grab, farm occupations and land seizures.

1.9 Demonstrate the need to avoid terms like” waita murungu wangu””ngiyabonga khiwa”
“thank you my white man”

1.10 Give an example of a Eurocentric view of the interpretation of the building of Great
Zimbabwe.

1.11 To what extent has the unipolar system been a problem to smaller countries?

1.12 Demonstrate the truth of the statement that there was no history in Africa before the
arrival of the Europeans.

1.13 Does the Western media create a positive or a negative perception about Zimbabwe’s
land reform?

1.14 Is Western donor funding sustainable?

1.15 Demonstrate the problems of people who suffer from colonial hangover.

1.16 To what extent is the use of fertilizers sustainable in your community?

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1.17 Compare European parenting with African parenting and demonstrate the superiority
of African parenting in your family

1.18 Show how it is important to add value to Zimbabwe’s exports.

1.19 As a youth attached to an organization demonstrate the need for awareness on

HIV/AIDS.

1.20 In what ways is land reform a fundamental human right in your home area?

QUESTION 2

2.1 Show how missionary factor played its role on behalf of the concession seekers during
the negotiations with King Lobengula in the 1888s

2.2 Analyze the role which was played by Lotshe and Sikombo during the negotiations with
King Lobengula in the 1888s

QUESTION 3

3.1 Demonstrate how economic activities at Great Zimbabwe were sustainable

3.2 Show how terms like “land grab” ”farm seizures “farm occupations” etc. distorted the
LAND REFORM that commenced in 2000.

OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2013 EXAMINATION

QUESTION 1

1.1 Why is it total wrong to use such statements like “I can’t trust an African”?
Shows negative attitude towards blacks
One is suffering from colonial hangover
It is a Eurocentric view of thinking

It looks down upon blacks

1.2 What is the general practice expected from each individual when one meets people
from an older generation?
To show respect
To greet them
1.3 You visit the Zimbabwe International Trade Fair and on one of the stands there is a
coffin on display. One of the exhibitors at the stand enters into the coffin to
demonstrate how it is used. What is wrong with such a demonstration?

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The demonstration is against African culture as it is believed it is associated with
disrespect of the dead
It is taboo to display a coffin in public

1.4 What has been the central issue in the history that made Zimbabwe fight a bitter and
long, armed struggle?
Land
Freedom
Independence from colonial rule
1.5 Identify the unique economic activity world over that Zimbabwe has achieved against
the odds and wishes of the western imperialists?
Land re-distribution
Indigenization
Black empowerment

1.6 Why is it that the sanctions in Zimbabwe are deemed illegal

They were not endorsed by the United Nations
They were rejected by the United Nations
Zimbabweans legally took their land
They were unilaterally imposed

1.7 Why is it not sustainable to use artificial fertilizer in crop production?

It is harmful to people’s health because chemicals are used to make fertilizers
Fertilizers are imported
Fertilizers destroy soil fertility
1.8 Suggest any one government policy that has been implemented to reduce the looting
and rampant exploitation of our natural resources by western nations
Indigenization policy
Land –redistribution
The Minerals Act
1.9 State any one effect of the slave trade on the African continent
Depopulation
Brain drain
Inferiority complex
Dependency syndrome
Racism
Displacement of African people
Tribal wars
Hunger
Starvation

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Destruction of African states and the creation of new ones

1.10 In your own opinion, why do you think the British and her allies are
vehemently opposed to the land re-distribution in Zimbabwe?
Fear to lose control of Zimbabwe
Fear to lose profits from the exploitation of resources in Zimbabwe
Wanted to expatriate Zimbabwe’s natural resources
Fear that it would spread to other African countries
1.11 What was the main reason for the re-introduction of the upper house in
Zimbabwe?
To provide checks and balances
To help prevent the passage into law of ill-conceived legislation
As a safeguard against hastily authored legislation that may not be in the ultimate
national interest
1.12 Which source of law is also referred to as the principle of Stare Decis?
Judicial precedent

1.13 What is the meaning and interpretation of the amendment made to the
motion “that the bill be read a second time upon this day six months” during the
law making process in our parliament?
The bill cannot be revived until the next parliamentary session
It is a polite way of dismissing the bill
1.14 What term is used to describe the official publication of Parliament material
produced in verbatim all the discussion motions and debates in the House of
Assembly?

Hansard

1.15 According to the Zimbabwean Constitution, under what circumstances may

a person be deprived of his life?
If a person has been:
Convicted of a criminal offence e.g. murder
If a person is killed by the law enforcement agents whilst they are defending another
person or protecting property
If a person is killed as a result of force in order to carry out a lawful arrest
Stop a person who is lawfully detained from escaping
1.16 State one approach to international relations which characterizes the
statements “might is right” and “survival of the fittest rules supreme”?
Classical approach/Realism

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1.17 Identify one characteristic of globalization?

The characteristics are:
Free trade in goods and services through the removal of barriers
Free circulation of capital
Use of the internet in business
Investments

1.18 What is the main function of the IMF and WB as Breton Woods’
institutions?
To facilitate loans at high interest rate
Financial advice/training
1.19 Give one piece of evidence which shows that NGO’s interfere politically in
Zimbabwe.
Supported parties that were opposed to the land reform
Distributed some products with logos depicting parties opposed to the government
Financed opposition parties to topple the government
Use of media- radios,.
No food for ZANU PF supporters

1.20 Why did Zimbabwe recently introduce the Look East Policy in its foreign
objectives?
Illegal sanctions imposed by the West.
Alienation by other countries
Poor relations with the West

QUESTION 2

(a) Discuss how the economic activities in the Mutapa State were sustainable

Crop cultivation/production- they grew several crops such as millet, sorghum,

rapoko and nuts to supplement their diet (balanced diet)
Trade and for tribute payment

Animal rearing- they kept such animals like goats, sheep and cattle

This provided them with milk, meat and skins for local consumption, tribute payment and
trade

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Trade- there was both internal and external trade

They traded in such items as minerals, ivory, soapstone carvings in exchange for glass beads,
jewelry and brass ware

The trade was unfair to the local as they got goods which did not contribute to the
development of their state but were just consumables for personal use

Tribute payment- tribute was paid in the form of cattle, sheep, goats (livestock), grain,
skins, ivory and other products that were produced by the people to show loyalty to the
King

This contributed to wealth of the state

Iron smelting/tool making- several tools were made from iron, e.g. axes, hoes, spears,
arrows etc

Hunting and gathering- they hunted animals and gathered fruits (meat, skins, ivory)

(b) To what extent has the Government of National Unity (GNU) improved the lives of
the Zimbabweans?
Successes

Reduced political violence

Stabilized the economy

Adapted the multi-currency (introduced prior to the formation of the GNU)

Reduced inflation

.encouraged the SME’s and cross boarder traders to import basic commodities as well as
luxury goods

Facilitated for small loans for projects

Ensured that the black empowerment and indigenization policies are enforce

Agreed on the Draft Constitution

Failures:

Failure to revive industries

Failed to remove illegal sanctions

Freezing of posts in Government

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QUESTION 3

a. Describe how Africans were affected socially and economically by the war of
dispossession of 1893-1894.
The Ndebele people were left leaderless and directionless

African chiefs lost their power as they were now answerable to the colonial administration

Blacks lost their independence

Africans lost their freedom

The settlers enforced their divide and conquer tactics by installing the Shona police as law
enforcers over the Ndebele whom they regarded as inferior

Each white man regarded himself as a law giver and a judge in matters relating to blacks

Blacks were exposed to settler brutality

Blacks were dispossessed of cattle and land

Taxation

Backs lost their economic activities

(a) Discuss the sustainability of the economic activities of the Great Zimbabwe state.

Agriculture- grew crops such as millet, rapoko, sorghum, etc which were more locally
made available, hence the type of crop production was sustainable, the methods of
cultivation protected the soil nutrients and reduced soil erosion
Livestock were local breeds that were resistant to diseases.

Mining- simple tools were used (hoes, axes and picks) which were not damaging to
the environment

Hunting and gathering-hunting metallurgy could not deplete the wildlife population
(bores and arrows, traps, dogs and home-made nets for fishing. Hunting and
gathering were seasonal
Metallurgy-
Trade

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QUESTION 4

The 3rd Chimurenga was a necessity to the people of Zimbabwe. Discuss the causes and
objectives of the 3rd Chimurenga. To what extent have they been achieved?

Causes of the 3rd Chimurenga

Masses/war vets agitation

White farmers’ opposition to the land reform program

The Lancaster House constitution

The Land Donor Conference of 1998

The continued economic marginalization of indigenous Zimbabweans

The Labour Party (Britain)’s failure to honour her pledge on time

Objectives of the 3rd Chimurenga and their extent of achievement

1. To have control of the means of production

This was partly achieved in respect to land.

Not yet in connection with capital, mining and manufacturing

2. To acquire and re-distribute the land equitably

Largely achieved, that is, a big success

Yet to acquire all land from absentee landlords and foreign companies

Multiple farm owners still exist

3. To encourage the indigenous to fully participate in the agricultural development of the

country

There is now huge participation in agriculture by the indigenous, e.g. tobacco, cotton, maize
and sugar production by A1, A2 and commercial farmers

4 To remove all forms of corruption in land ownership and in all economic activities

Some success

The struggle continues in this area

5. To reassert the country’s independence and sovereignty

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Well achieved but the West continues to want to interfere in the country’s economic and
political affairs

6. To promote the concept of one farm ownership, that is, to remove multiple farm
ownership

Land audit yet to be fairly carried out to facilitate actual audit in this area

QUESTION 5

(a) Analyze the charges that exist in families of those Zimbabweans who have television
channels that show or depict western values.

The mentality changes to favour Western life styles

They become Euro-centric

Tend to copy Western values as opposed to their African culture

Tend to have negative attitudes towards anything African

Their taste changes towards Western values

Become divorced even to the mother tongue

b. Outline the functions of the legislature.

Making law following all the stages of the law making process
Debating on matters of public interests
Controlling government expenditure
Monitoring administration line ministries
Representing the electorate
Approving and disapproving the national budget
Debating the Presidential address
Setting ad hoc committee to investigate problem areas

QUESTION 6

How are developing countries of the world affected by the operations of the international
finance?

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International finance is the growth, control and concentration of finance capital in the
international finance institutions, e.g. IMF and WB.

Control of finance is by those institutions and by developed countries at very high interest
rates to developing countries.

How developing countries are affected

Developing countries borrow capital from developed countries and from financial
institutions e.g. IMF and WB at very high interest rates

Developing countries pay back the loan with very high interest rates

Developing countries become indebted to the developed countries and to the IMF and WB

Their economies are controlled by the IMF and WB /or by developed nations

Developing countries develop a dependency syndrome

Developing countries become dominated by the IMF and WB

Developing countries are forced to implement economic Adjustment programs with difficult
conditions

They are forced to devalue their currencies to make their goods cheap on the world market,
making it difficult for them to generate adequate foreign currency

Developing countries become producers of cheap raw materials and importers of expensive
finished products from developed countries

The developing countries hence become poorer and poorer

QUESTION 7

Discuss the types of NGOs and their impact to your community.

Developmental NGOs

Have contributed much in the construction of infrastructure in the rural areas of Zimbabwe

Built shallow and deep wells

Constructed clinics

Constructed dams

This has also produced a culture of dependency

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People find it difficult to repair broken down equipment

Financed co-operatives in piggery and chicken rearing projects

Advocacy NGOs

They raise awareness in the existing problems and lobby government to take specific action
to deal with that type of problem

Have raised awareness on such issues as women’s rights, the girl child, human rights and
democracy

Have interfered in local African culture assuming Western values to be superior

They have interfered politically by exaggerating incidents of political violence

Supported organizations that were critical to the government

Media disinformation

Relief NGOs

They provide relief in terms of disaster, such as earthquakes, drought, volcanic eruptions,
etc

Assistance in form of clean water, medicine, food, clothing, shelter, doctors

QUESTION 8

“The highest stage of imperialism is finance capital”. Comment on the three major
characteristics of finance capital.

Domination of weaker states by stronger states or domination of developing countries by

the developed countries

Developing countries being indebted to the developed countries

Exploitation of capital

Creation of external markets

International division of labour

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Determination of prices by developed countries characterized by borrowers who are in most
cases developing nations

Dumping of excess goods in the developing nations

Globalization

Control of international finance capital of developed countries e.g. IMF and WB

Money class owners

Demise of trade and use of tariffs and brutal force to extract surplus

QUESTION 9

Justify Zimbabwe’s intervention in the DRC in 1988.

In response to an appeal by the DRC government led by Laurent Kabila

Together with Angola and Namibia to drive off Rwanda and Ugandan forces which were
attacking the DRC

To protect the integrity and sovereignty of the DRC

To prevent the division of the DRC into three more states

To help restore peace in the DRC since she had not known peace for decades

To show and express solidarity with the DRC in line with SADC principles and objectives

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