The Later Bronze Age in The British Isles and North-Western France

Archaeological Journal
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The Later Bronze Age in the British Isles and

North-Western France
C. B. Burgess
To cite this article: C. B. Burgess (1968) The Later Bronze Age in the British Isles and North-
Western France, Archaeological Journal, 125:1, 1-45, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.1968.11078336
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THE LATER BRONZE AGE IN THE BRITISH ISLES
AND NORTH-WESTERN FRANCE
By C. B. BuRGEss
The last decade has seen the publication of an unprecedented number of major works
on the later Bronze Age of north-western Europe. It is intended here to review some
aspects of the impact which these have had on our knowledge of the period in Britain
Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 16:03 30 March 2016
and north-western France. For the British Isles one can perhaps start with the study of
'Razors and Urns' by Dr I. Smith and Dr J. J. Butler in 1956, which brought a new
logicality to the problems of interpreting our Bronze Age. This, and some of the more
notable papers which followed, are listed in Appendix I. There have been general
surveys by Hawkes and Miss M.A. Smith, while regional studies by Savory, Coles and
Eogan have covered Wales, Scotland and Ireland respectively; the present writer has
considered the Thames Valley, Wales and the Marches and northern England in studies
which are still unpublished in detail. 1 The significance of individual types has been
considered, notably by Hawkes, Cowen, Coles and Eogan, while Butler has given us a
series of papers co-ordinating developments on both sides of the North Sea. The
problem of links with France has long been neglected, Savory being almost alone in
his work in this field, but in a number of recent studies, Briard has demonstrated just
how close southern England and Brittany were in the Bronze Age. 2
The metallurgists have approached the period from a rather different viewpoint.
In 1959, Brown and Blin-Stoyle revealed a widespread change from tin-bronze to
lead-bronze at the start of the Late Bronze Age. A series of complementary analysis
programmes undertaken since then await publication for the most part, but recent
work by the writer in conjunction with R. F. Tylecote has shown that the swing to
lead-bronze as demonstrated by Brown and Blin-Stoyle is valid only for south-eastern
England, and was long delayed in at least some other regions. 3
The period with which this review is concerned can be conveniently divided into
four phases on both sides of the English Channel, but it is now clear that developments
in these phases by no means proceeded uniformly all over the British Isles. Professor
Hawkes' 'Scheme for the British Bronze Age' of 1960 works happily, in fact, only for
south-eastern England, as both Coles and Eogan have implied. 4 For much of the period,
this region was closer to north-western France than to the rest of the British Isles from
the point of view of metalwork. The precise nature of this cross-Channel metallurgical
1 The surveys of the London and Welsh material pologie, XI-xvm (I90o-7). In I964 the writer was able
were undertaken by the writer as a student of the to tour French museums to examine Bronze Age
Department of Archaeology of University College, material. This was made possible by a grant from
Cardiff, the first as an undergraduate, the second as the Research Fund of the University of Newcastle
a postgraduate research student. The study of the upon Tyne, and I should like to express my gratitude
northern material was undertaken during his tenure to the appropriate University authorities.
3
of a Sir James Knott Fellowship at the University Burgess (I 968a).
of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1963-5. ' Neither Coles for Scotland (1959-6o), nor
1 Continental scholars have perhaps appreciated Eogan for Ireland (1964) made use of the scheme
this parallelism more than most of their British for their regions; c.f. especially Coles, p. 17, and
colleagues; cf. Breuil, 'L' Age du Bronze dans le Eogan, p. 324·
Bassin de Paris', in successive volumes of L'Anlhro-
2 THE LATER BRONZE AGE
!
I''
!'
~3
2
Fig. I
1.Abbeville area? (Abbeville Mus.); z. Thames at Battersea (London Mus.); 3· Thames at Hammersmith
(British Mus.); 4· Thames at Wandsworth (British Mus.); 5· Thames at Hammersmith (London Mus.);
6. Near Abbeville (Abbeville Mus.)
THE LATER BRONZE AGE 3
parallelism remains a mystery, but the connection must have been an ancient one even
in Iooo B.c., since it can be traced right back to the Wessex Culture and Breton dagger
graves around the I6th century. 5
According to current views, one should perhaps start this survey rather before
Iooo B.c., since the traditional indicators of the Late Bronze Age, leaf-shaped swords,
socketed axes, and pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads, had all appeared by this time. One
cannot of course stress too strongly the elasticity of the absolute dates used here, but
they appear in accordance with the current movement away from reference to the
'Three Age System' towards absolute chronology.
1: PENARD AND RosNOEN (late nthjioth centuries; Figs. I-7 and Appendix II)
In I96o, Professor Hawkes envisaged a short MBA 3 phase in order to encompass

certain metal types sandwiched between the 'Ornament horizon' of the I2.thjnth
centuries and the Wilburton Complex beginning c. 900 B.c., but belonging to neither. 6
His idea has not been taken up with any great enthusiasm, which is surprising in view
of the number of types involved. Many of these were used only locally and for a short
period, so the concept would seem to have some value. 7 A number of early Urnfield
implement types are involved, mostly with a Hallstatt A2.jMIVA background on the
Continent, 8 but beginning with a few Rixheim swords of a rather earlier horizon. 9
Other exotic innovations had an Atlantic background, or are too widespread on the
continent to permit precise origins being determined. The range of these types is shown
in Figs. I, 2. and 4· On the latest reckoning, the early Urnfield imports must have been
arriving in the south-east in the latter part of the nth century, 10 which provides us
with a starting point for this phase.
Local smiths reacted vigorously to these incomings, and the next century or so
seems to have been a period of development and experiment par excellence. New versions
of old fashions were developed (Figs. I, 3, 4 and 5), some, such as Cutts dirks, being
influenced by the continental imports. Some of the experiments of this period were
decidedly outlandish, notably the socketed palstaves of North Wales. 11 Local versions
of exotic types were produced, many of them with a markedly experimental flavour.
At least one completely new type was invented, the ring- or cylinder-socket sickle ;12
one might also have included shields here, but Coles has recently argued strongly
against the traditional early start for shields in favour of 8th-century beginnings. 13 The
6 Piggott, P.P.S., rv (1938), 62--9; v (1939), 193-5; 11 The only surviving example is from St George,
also Giot (196o), 128-45. esp. 143-5. Denbighshire (Savory (1958), 26, fig. I: 6), but
• Hawkes (196o). others seem to have been included in the lost hoard
7 For a general discussion of this problem, from the Rheidd, Anglesey (H. Rowlands, Mona
Burgess (1968a), 5. 7· Antiqua Restaurala (1766), 86, Pl. II, fig. 2).
11 Fox, P.P.S., v (1939), 223-36, 243-7. The most
s For this correlation see Smith (1959), 181-2;
Butler (1963), 235· primitive sickle in Fox's sequence, that in the hoard
9 For Rixheim swords in Britain, Briscoe, Ant.]., from Downham Fen, Norfolk (Fox, op. cit., and
xxxv (1955), 218-19; Smith (1959), 182. For their Archaeology of the Cambridge Region (1923), Pl. vm;
chronological position on the Continent, Zumstein, also Fig. 4: I in this paper) also has the earliest
Atti. VI C.I.S.P.P., Rome (1965), 395· associations, with two other Penard rypes, a Lisbum-
to E.g. Hawkes (196o), and Butler {1963), type rapier, and a 'transitional' palstave.
13 Coles (1962).
chronological table Pl. xxr.
most recent consideration of shields, that of Butler, 14 still prefers to leave the question
open, and there one must leave the matter for the moment.
This can be called the Penard phase15 after a typical hoard of this period, from
Glamorgan. In spite of all these developments, it is clear that old traditions must have
continued relatively undisturbed, even in the south-east. For example, the hoard from
Blackrock, Sussex,16 must belong to this phase on the evidence of its mock-Nierenringe
of MIV, yet all of its palstaves are of the low-flanged type. This survival trend must
have been still more marked over much of the Highland Zone, since even the Penard
developments are rare or unknown in many regions there. In Wales there is evidence
to suggest that low-flanged palstaves continued in production until the 8th century, 17
and the Scottish and Irish hoards show a similar survival of socket-looped and basal-
looped spearheads (Appendix IV). In northern England this phase is best represented
by the lost hoard from Ambleside, Westmorland, 18 which combines exotic and local
types. One can see in this find the beginnings of the Wallington tradition, which, with its
old-fashioned products and tin-bronze alloy, survived as the dominant northern
metalworking tradition right down to the 8th century. 19
The main concentrations of Penard types are in south-eastern England (especially
the Thames valley) and Ireland (Figs. 6, 7). Traffic between these two areas must have
been relatively intense to judge from the range of types they have in common, notably
Ballintober and other early swords, cylinder-socket sickles, Lisburn weapons and
straight based, basal-looped spearheads. Flanged-hilt, leaf swords provide the exception;
from this early period a south-eastern near-monopoly is apparent, destined to last
until the development of Ewart Park swords in the 8th century. The spread of new
fashions to Ireland can hardly have been long delayed. Intermediate finds show that
the traffic went via South Wales, 20 where local finds have Thames, Irish and early
Urnfield connections. 21 The total of Penard-type material in Wales is small, however
('transitional' palstaves excepted), and can hardly have had much influence on the old-
established Cemmaes-Deansfield tradition. 22 In Ireland and Scotland, the local versions
of the 'Ornament horizon' may have been at their height during this phase. 23 For
Ireland the Bishopsland hoard, and for Scotland the Glentrool hoard, both contain
material more appropriate to a place in the Penard phase rather than the preceding
14
15
Butler (1963), 127-31· 10a. the distribution pattern of Ballintober
Crawford and Wheeler, Archaeologia, LXXI swords, Hodges, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, XIX
(192o-1), 138. (1956), 37, with map, fig. 3; also the map here,
18 Inv. Arch., GB 7th set (1959), 47· See also Smith
fig. 7·
11 The Ffynhonnau hoard has an Irish Cutts dirk
(1959). 163.
17 The mould for low-flanged palstaves from
(Burgess (r968a), 7, fig. 5), and an early Urnfield
Llyn Mawr, Merionethshire (British Museum) seems tanged knife and pointed ferrules, while the Penard
to have been strongly influenced by 'late' palstaves, hoard has an arrowhead possibly of Umfield
and there is no evidence that these reached Wales derivation, Ballintober swords either of Irish or
before the 8th century; cf. Savory (1965), 19o-1, Thames valley origin, and a Lambeth sword
Burgess (1968a), 14. For the Llyn Mawr mould, certainly of Thames origin. The Thames has yielded
Hodges, Sibrium, v (1960), Pl. IVB; Burgess (1968a), at least two Cutts weapons (e.g. Bristol Museum
fig. 5: 6. no. E.178o), so that the distribution of this type
18 Fell, C., and Coles, J. M., 'Reconsideration of supports the evidence of the Ballintober distribution
the Ambleside hoard and the burial at Butts Beck pattern.
Quarry, Dalton-in-Furness', Trans. Cumb. & West. 21 Burgess, Trans. Radnorshire Soc., XXXII (1962),
Arch. Soc., LXV (1965), 38-p, esp. 38-47; Burgess 19.
(1968a), passim, fig. 4· 13 For the 'Ornament horizon' see Smith (1959).
19 Burgess (1968a).
..___._---L___,'--_.____,! ems.
• .:
.. 3
.;
v
Fig. z
I.Ffynhonnau hoard, Brees. (Brecon Mus.); 2. Penard hoard, Glam. (Nat. Mus. Wales); 3· Thames at Staines
(London Mus.). (I. after drawing provided by Dr H. N. Savory, Nat. Mus. Wales; 3· after a drawing provided
by the London Museum)
'Ornament horizon'. 24 Eagan has suggested that his Bishopsland phase may have
lasted to the 1oth century, 25 and Coles has hinted at an even longer survival for
Glentrool traditions. 26
In Brittany, this period was characterized by the hoards of the Rosnoen group, 27
and forms Briard's Bronze Final J.28 Some Rosnoen types in fact have a wider distribution
in north-western France, beyond Brittany, 29 so that one can speak of a Rosnoen phase
over much of this region. The parallel with the British Penard complex is astoundingly
close. There is the same contact with the early Urnfields (Rixheim and early leaf-shaped
swords, etc.), which provides a chronological cross-reference. 30 It is possible to find
in the Rosnoen repertoire counterparts for most of the Penard types (Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5),
although differences do exist. Both Penard and Rosnoen have straight-bladed and leaf-
shaped swords with hilt tangs (Group I), but whereas the leaf-shaped Ballintober form
is dominant in Britain and the straight Lambeth type rare, in north-western France
the position is reversed, the straight-bladed Rosnoen (Lambeth) sword being the
u The Bishopsland hoard (Bogan (I964), 272-7, 11

Coles (I95')-60), 53-4.
esp. fig. 5, 275) has socketed hammers like those in 17
Briard (I965), I5I-73i for the Rosnoen hoard,
Penard-Rosnoen hoards, as in the Rosnoen hoard Briard in Briard and Giot (I956-8), 24-34.
itself, and, reputedly, in the Burgesses' Meadow 18 Ibid.
hoard. The Glentrool hoard (Coles (I963-4), I2I, 18 a.
Briard (I965), I67-9, map, fig. 56.
80 Ibid., I64, I66-73· I85-7·
I 53, fig. 16) has bifid, or bifid-influenced. razors.
16
Bogan (I964). 285-8.
oo '[, •I'
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Fig. 3
Thames at Lambeth (London Mus.); 2. Thames at Kingston (Kingston Mus.); 3· Seine at Rouen (Rouen
I.
Mus.); 4· Thames at Chelsea (London Mus.); 5· Pont de Pinnil, Nantes (Nantes Mus.); 6. Ballintober,
Co. Mayo (Nat. Mus. Ireland); 7a, b, c. Worth hoard, Devon (Exeter Mus.)
I
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6 9
Fig. 4
1a, b, c. Downham Market hoard, Norf. (Mus. of Arch. and Eth., Cambridge); z. Loire at Nantes (Nantes Mus.);
3· Noireau hoard, Calvados (Evreux Mus.); 4· Cutts, Co. Derry (Nat. Mus. Ireland); 5· Sketty, Glam. (Royal
lnst., Swansea); 6. Penard hoard, Glam. (Nat. Mus. Wales); 7, n. Rosnoen hoard, Fin. (Mus. P.F., Perunarc'h);
8. South Lodge Camp, Dorset (Pitt Rivers Mus., Farnham); 9· Thames at Richmond (London Mus.); 10,
Kergoustance hoard, Fin. (Mus. P.F., Perunarc'h); u. Reputedly Burgesses' Meadow hoard, Oxford (Ash-
molean Mus.). (7, n. after Briard (1956-8); 10. after Briard (1961); 8. after Pitt Rivers, Cranborne Chase IV;
u. after a drawing provided by the Ashmolean Mus.)
4
e
u
-o-
Fig. 5
I.Enfield, Middx. (Private Coil.); 2. Thames near Putney Bridge (London Mus.); 3· Kergoustance hoard, Fin.
(Mus. P.F., Penmarc'h); 4· Eglwyseg Rocks, Denbs. (Private Coli.); 5· Rosnoen hoard, Fin. (Mus. P.F., Pen-
marc'h) (x. after drawing provided by London Mus.; 3· after Briard (1961); 4· after drawings in the Bronze Age
Metalwork Card Catalogue, British Museum; 5· after Briard (1956-8))
common form. 31 There are some remarkable connections, notably a straight-based,

basal-looped spearhead in the Rosnoen-type hoard from Kergoustance, Finistere
(Fig. 5: 3). 32 The Rosnoen hoard has a leaf-shaped spearhead with blade channelled in
the fashion that had been typical of British basal-looped spearheads for centuries
(Fig. 5: 5). But it has peg holes instead of basal loops, and the only parallels seem to be
a spearhead found with another, of the plain, pegged type, at Eglwyseg Rocks,
Denbighshire (Fig. 5: 4b), 33 and a specimen from the Thames. 34
II: WILBURTON, ST BRIEUC-DES-IFFS AND WALLINGTON (later 10thj8th centuries;

Figs. 8-11, Appendices III-IV)
The origin of the lead-bronze technique is unknown, but its appearance in Britain
in the 1oth century36 certainly came as a culmination to the developments and experi-
ments of the Penard phase. At this early stage its use in Britain can be demonstrated
only in the south-east, where it became the standard alloy of the new Wilburton
metalworking tradition. 36 Unfortunately much misconception has arisen over these
developments, which have been regarded as having a nation-wide significance. In
fact the relevant conclusions of Brown and Blin-Stoyle were based entirely on analyses
of material from south-eastern England and are therefore only valid for that region. 37
More recent analysis of material from other areas has suggested that the adoption of
lead-bronze elsewhere may have come two centuries after its appearance in the south
(p. I 3 below). Similarly, it is now clear that the Wilburton complex was equally a
southern phenomenon, recent regional studies showing that Wilburton products are
rare to varying degrees over the rest of the British Isles (Fig. 8). 38 Clearly a very different
state of affairs existed in these other areas.
As in earlier periods, events in the south-east can be paralleled in north-western
France, where the Wilburton complex has its counterpart in Briard's St Brieuc-des-Iffs
group of the local Bronze Final 11.39 Here too there was a change to lead-bronze around
the toth century, for analysis has shown that the Rosnoen industry used ordinary
tin-bronze, whereas lead-bronze is common in the St Brieuc-des-Iffs tradition. 40 The
Wilburton and St Brieuc-des-Iffs industries had many products in common. Some
were obvious developments from Penard-Rosnoen types, but others were completely
new (Fig. 9). Differences do exist; for example, the English industry has a range of
spearhead types not generally found in the French. Axe types also differ. Both traditions
have a similar, developed, narrow-blade palstave, but the St Brieuc-des-Iffs form is
generally heavier than the Wilburton 'Late' type, and does not usually have such a
markedly overhanging stop as the latter. Palstaves were the dominant axe form of both
81 Ibid., IH-s, 162.-6, figs. 49, 54. SS· For these 2.8-34. and Britton, Antiquity, XXXIV (196o), 2.8o-2..
various hybrid sword forms, Burgess (I968b), •• For a general consideration of these problems,
15-16. Burgess (I968a).
31 Briard (I96I), 3o-3, fig. I: I. aa For Scotland, Coles (I959-6o), 2.o-6; Ireland,
aa Davies, E., The Prehislori& and Roman Remains Bogan (I964), 2.88-93; Wales, Savory (1958), 2.8-34.
of Denhighshire (192.9), 2.73· and Burgess (1962.), 2.4, and Trans. R.adnorshire So&.,
a& In the London Museum (no. 0.14I6); but XXXII (1962.), 2.0; also Burgess (1968a).
81 Briard (I965), I75-98. See also Bogan (I964),
this specimen has neither loops nor pegholes.
85 Burgess (1962.), 2.2.. 2.88--93·
•• For the Wilburton complex, Savory (1958), •o Giot, Bourhis and Briard (I964-5), I9-2.2.·
B
SWORDS OF
GROUPS II & Ill
q
v
Gl "
~
p
+ CIIOUP 1/HPORTS
• • ·OTHERS
o • ID
lO O lO 40 NILES
lO O 20 .4Q 60 X/LONE TRE:S
"' "
Fig. 6. Distribution of early swords, Groups II and III (hoards encircled;
-:- indicates regional provenance only)
BALLINTOBER &
RELATED
WEAPONS
• IJALLINTCSER IIIORP!
• CHELIEA
c LA!f8£TH
x cvrr.r vtAPONJ
20 0 20 40 NILES
200204060 KILONETR£S
Fig. 7. Distribution map of Ballintober and related weapons

WILBURTON
COMPLEX
H #01/L/JJ
c LON~ ra;uus
~ TONGIJ£ CHAPES
• GAOUP IF SVIJKPJ
+ lOZENGE·StcTION JPEAFIHEADS
v /NHNTED AXE.f
20 0 20 40 MILES
20 0 20 -40 60 XILONETRES
Fig. 8. Distribution map of the Wilburton complex

industries, but whereas Wilburton smiths produced socketed axes as a second axe
type, the St Brieuc-des-Iffs hoards have developed median-winged and primitive
end-winged axes. The Wilburton indented socketed axe occurs widely in France, and
may have been borrowed from the Larnaud industry of eastern France,41 but although
a number of stray finds are known from the north-west, 42 it is difficult to relate the type
to the St Brieuc-des-Iffs tradition.
One other difference should be noted, and that is the continuing presence in the
French hoards of the U-shouldered swords of Group III (Fig. 9: 5).43 In England the
V-shouldered Group IV weapons are entirely dominant in the Wilburton hoards.
Group IV swords are more common than Group III on both sides of the Channel,
but there is probably a greater proportion of Group III in France than in England,
so that it may have taken a longer time for Group IV swords to oust Group III in
production in the St Brieuc-des-Iffs industry than in the Wilburton industry. In the
British Isles, south-eastern smiths continued their domination in sword production,
the number of finds in hoards creating an ever greater bias than the map (Fig. Io)
suggests.
In both England and France there are what one might call typical Wilburton-
St Brieuc-des-Iffs hoards and others which contain an admixture of later types, such as
developed socketed axes, socketed gouges and Ewart Park (Group V) or carp's tongue
(Group VI) swords (Appendix III). Such finds must mark the transition to the new
metalworking traditions which developed throughout the British Isles and north-
western France in the 8th century." It is interesting that the distinctive plate scrap of
the British group of late hoards (Guilsfield, Co. Roscommon, Isleham) occurs in at
least one hoard of the St Brieuc-des-Iffs group, from Combon, Eure. 45
Wilburton products, like many Penard types, scarcely penetrated beyond the
Humber, the hoard from Ulleskelf, Yorkshire46 and the find of clay moulds from Fimber,
Yorkshire, 47 constituting two notable outliers of Wilburton influence in northern
England. This region had instead the Wallington complex, made up largely of old-
fashioned types, and based on an old-fashioned technology. 4B Some of the characteristic
products survived from the Penard tradition, but others, such as low-flanged palstaves
and side-looped spearheads, had even earlier origins, and the industry as a whole had
pre-Penard roots. Its range of products is set out in Fig. I I and Appendix IV. A recent
programme of analysis has shown that Wallington smiths invariably used tin-bronze,
lead-bronze not being adopted locally until the development of the Heathery Burn
tradition in the 8th century.'D
That the Wallington tradition was contemporary with the Wilburton-St Brieuc-des-
Iffs industries is shown by the few stray, intrusive implements which occur in its
n Butler (196o), u1. u In the Musee Municipal, Evreux. The find

u E.g. from the Seine near Villeneuve-St includes such typical Wilburton-St Brieuc-des-Iffs
Georges, P. de Mortillet, Objets en bronze Jrot111is dans material as tongue chapes.
/es Deparlemenls de Ia Seine ••• no. 8 (1908), :n; 48 Arch. ]., VIII (t8p), 99; Evans, ]., Ancien/
Deville-les-Rouen, M. L. Coutil, L'Age du Bronze Bronze Implements (t88t), 93, 132; Burgess (1968a),
en Normandie, Bllre ••• , (19.u), 801. fig. 2I: 4·
47 Sheppard, Naluralisl (1930), 347-p; Burgess
u As in the hoards from Caix, Somme (Hawkes,
P.P.S., VIII (1942), 26) and Kerguerou, Finistere (1968a), fig. 21: I.
(Briard (1961), 34-40). u Burgess (1968a).
"a. Bogan (1964), 316-17. u Ibid., esp. 28-9.
hoards, such as the 'late' palstaves in the hoards from Shelf and Roundhay, Yorkshire, 50
and the bag-shaped socketed axe in the Wallington hoard, Northumberland. 61
In Scotland this was Coles' Poldar phase. 52 Wilburton types are rather more
common in Scotland than in northern England, but they are still comparatively scarce,
and there is the possibility that some at least of the material involved is late, even
post-Wilburton. 53 Some Wilburton types in fact are as characteristic of the post-
Wilburton phase in the Highland Zone as they are of the Wilburton period itself in the
south, notably lunate-opening spearheads and tongue chapes. 54 Coles has suggested
the probable survival of old traditions in at least some parts of Scotland in this period,55
and this is demonstrated by the presence of a socket-looped spearhead in the Corsbie

Moss, Berwickshire, hoard58 with Wilburton material, and a triangular basal-looped
spearhead in the hoard from Pyotdykes, Angus,57 which can hardly have been deposited
earlier than the late 8th century. Scotland has a scattering of Wallington types, such as
protected-opening spearheads and socketed axes in the Taunton tradition, and one
should perhaps envisage a mixture of these and even earlier traditions as dominating
this phase, leavened by some Wilburton elements. 58
Wales probably has more Wilburton material than Scotland, but most of it is
contained in one find, the large hoard from Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire. 59 The
Welsh finds as a whole are concentrated in a restricted part of the Upper Severn valley,
in Montgomeryshire and Shropshire. Furthermore, Wilburton influences arrived here
late on the evidence of the Guilsfield hoard, which can hardly be earlier than the mid-
8th century. 80 Beyond this peripheral concentration there is practically no Wilburton
material at all over the rest of Wales and the Marches, or anything comparable, and
Wallington material is just as scarce. One can only assume, therefore, a survival of
Penard and even earlier traditions down to the 8th century.
Bogan has termed this the Co. Roscommon phase in Ireland. 81 Wilburton material
is comparatively common there, compared to the rest of the Highland Zone, but two
hoards (Yougha182 and Co. Roscommon), a couple of dozen Wilburton swords, and a
few spearheads, ferrules and tongue chapes, are scarcely sufficient to justify Bogan's
creation of a Co. Roscommon phase on a par with Wilburton in England. 83 Neither
can one agree with Bogan that the Co. Roscommon hoard is a 'typical' Wilburton
group hoard. 84 Ireland has a much larger quantity of Wallington material, which has
received scant attention (Appendix IV), and it would surely be more realistic to envisage
a local equivalent of the Wallington tradition, although with a stronger Wilburton
Jo Shelf in Watson, G. G.,Ear{yManintheHalifax from Pyotdykes, Angus .. .' P.P.S., xxx (1964),
District (1952), fig. 6, pp. 6o, 1oo; also Roth, H. L., 186 ff.
The Yorkshire Coiners (19QG), 2.97, fig. 2.04. For 58 Burgess (1968a), 38.
Roundhay, V.C.H. Yorks, 1 (1907), 4u; P.S.A.L., '" Savory (196s).
xx (1907-8), 2.61. See also Burgess (1968a), figs 6, 1· 10
Savory (19s8), 34. and (196s), 1~1; also
51 Arch. Ae/iana {n.s.),IX {x88o-3), sz-3; Burgess
Burgess (1962.), 2.4. For a general discussion of
(1968a), fig. 9: 10. Wales and the Marches in this period, Burgess
51
Coles (I9S9""6o), zo-s. (1968a).
51 Burgess (1968a), 40. 11
Bogan (1964). 2.88-93·
" Coles (I9S9-6o), 2.4-6. 11 Armstrong, Proceedings of the Rftyal Irish
" Coles, ibid., zo, s3-4. Academy, 36c (192.1-4), 142.-3.
" Coles, ibid., 2.1, fig. 1. I I Bogan (1964), 2.9o-3.
57 Coles, J. M., et al., 'A Late Bronze Age find
" Bogan, ibid., 2.89.
<>- 7
- - 10
~
I II
1 16 15
14
<>
Fig. 9
I. St Anne de Campbon Brivet, L.A. (Nantes Mus.); 2.. Thames at Sion Reach (London Mus.); 3· Thames at
Battersea (Ashmolean Mus.); 4· Seine at Paris (Rouen Mus.); S· Kerguerou hoard, Fin. (Mus. P.F., Penmarc'h);
6, 9, IO, II, I4, IS, I6. Guilsfield hoard, Montgom. (Nat. Mus. Wales); 7· Walthamstow, Essex (London Mus.);
8. Unprovenanced (London Mus.); 12., I3. Wilburton hoard, Cambs. (Mus. Arch. and Eth., Cambridge).
(3. after drawing provided by Ashmolean Mus.; S· after Briard (I96I))
SWORDS OF
GROUP IV
• ClDUP JJ !IIDRf)J
c LOZENGE -SECTION 8WE
flA&If£NT.J
20 0 20 40 NILES
lO 0 20 40 60 K/LONE TRES
Fig. xo. Distribution map of Wilburton and related swords, Group IV

element than in northern England. 65 The survival of old-fashioned traditions is

attested by the presence of old types in late hoards, notably basal-looped spearheads
and a socket-looped spearhead (Appendix IV). Whether Ireland, Wales and Scotland
followed northern England in clinging to tin-bronze in this phase must remain a
problem to be settled by future analysis programmes, but such a state of affairs certainly
seems logical.
III: AN INDUSTRIAL REvoLUTION (c. 750-65o; Figs. 12-18, Appendices V-VIII)

The British Isles and north-west France seem to have undergone something of an
industrial revolution in the later 8th century. Only from this time can lead-bronze and
new traditions be certainly regarded as adopted in all regions. Everywhere the repertoires
of the smiths and their methods changed drastically, production increased enormously
and metalwork became much more plentiful than it ever had been. 66 The nature and
background of these developments remain obscure, but in the British Isles there may
be some connection with the multiplicity of exotic influences which are discernible in
local metalworking in this period. Atlantic, Mediterranean, late Urnfield and North
European influences are all represented. Some idea of the impact of these changes in
Britain can be gained by comparing the restricted southerly distribution of sword
types down to the end of the Wilburton phase (Groups I-IV, Figs. 6, 7 and 10) with the
widespread distribution of the Ewart Park sword (Group V), which became the
standard form everywhere from the 8th century onwards (Fig. 12).
Wilburton industry in the south-east and the St Brieuc-des-Iffs tradition in France
were both replaced by industries with a mainly Atlantic/carp's tongue background
(Figs. 13, 14). In England this development has been named after the hoard from
Bexley Heath, Kent, 67 unfortunately, perhaps, since many hoards are much more
representative of the new industry. At the same time, Cowen has recently drawn
attention to the Hallstatt C affinities of the Bexley Heath sword, 68 with all this means
for the date of the hoard itself. Similarities between the metalwork on both sides of
the Channel were, if anything, closer than ever in this phase, and the contrast with
the rest of the British Isles continued to be marked. The Bexley Heath and French
carp's tongue hoards have in common a long list of types, including not only the more
obvious carp's tongue material but also less obvious forms, at least some of which have
often been regarded as 'British' (Appendix V, Fig. 13). The Bexley Heath tradition of
course had its own types as well, as did the French industry, notably Ewart Park
swords and a wide range of socketed axes. The French hoards have more end-winged
axes, and a much greater range of small objects such as razors, a greater variety of objects
of unknown purpose, and much more bric-a-brac in general. 69 The English carp's
tongue hoards have often been looked on as representing importation of French scrap
metal by south-eastern smiths, 70 but the relationship was obviously more complex
than this, continuing the centuries-old, cross-Channel connections with which these
notes have been so concerned. The mass of British carp's tongue material may occur as
Burgess (1968a), 36-8. 88

&5 Cowen (1967), 414, 416.
es a. Eogan (1964), 325. 89 Briard (1965), 234-6.
87 By Britton, op. cit. (36), 280. For the Bexley ?o Cf. Savory, P.P.S., XIV (1948), 162.
Heath hoard, bw. Arch., GB, 8th set (196o), 53·
- •
0
.
'
'
'
'
-o- 10 -o-
l·
Fig. II
z, 3, 5, 6, 10. Wallington hoard, Nld. (Mus. of Ant., Newcastle upon Tyne); 4· Doncaster, Yorks. (Doncaster
1,
Mus.); 7· Shelf hoard, Yorks. (Huddersfield Mus.); 8. Denwick, Nld. (Alnwick Castle); 9· Snape, Yorks.
(Bradford Mus.)
fragments in scrap hoards, but so it does in France too. The traffic was obviously
two-way to judge from the frequency with which undoubted British types, such as
Ewart Park swords and 'South Welsh' socketed axes, occur in the French hoards
(Appendix V and p. zi, with n. 83). The Carp's Tongue complex has always been looked
on as something very alien in the British Bronze Age, but in the light of this long-
established parallelism, now seen to be so well marked in the nth/8th centuries, it
takes on a very different aspect.
As in earlier phases, the Highland Zone regions were united in their divergence
from developments in the south-east. Various regional industries can be detected, each
with its own repertoire, and these can best be considered on a basis of local socketed
axe types. In Ireland this was Eagan's Dowris phase, 71 and 'baggy' socketed axes were
entirely dominant. The variety and wealth of Irish metalwork in this period was
enormous, and there is no need to repeat Eagan's survey of it here. Similarly, Coles
has dealt with the material relevant to this, his Duddingston phase, in Scotland. 72
Unlike most other regions, Scotland has no major socketed axe types of its own, but
shows extensive influence from both Ireland and England. The 'Yorkshire' type 78 of
three-ribbed socketed axe (Fig. I8: z) was overwhelmingly dominant in this period in
northern England, where we can call the local metalworking tradition after the famous
deposit from the Heathery Bum Cave, Co. Durham. 74 Founders' hoards, rare in Scotland
and Ireland, 75 are rather more common in the north, though not nearly as common as
they are in the south-east. There is a mixture of personal and traders' hoards, as in
Scotland and Ireland. The frequent weapon hoards, containing Ewart Park swords,
lunate-opening and plain spearheads, rings and the like, have good parallels in Scotland,
and in this respect both these regions contrast with Ireland, where small 'domestic'
hoards are more usual. The range of material from northern England is not nearly as
great as in these other two regions, and there are, for example, numbers of traders'
hoards which consist almost entirely of socketed axes. 76
In Wales and the west, there is an even more marked distinction between weapon
hoards, which can be called the Broadward group, after the Herefordshire hoard
(Fig. I~), 77 and domestic hoards containing mostly socketed axes and tools, which
can be termed the Llantwit-Stogursey group after the hoards from Glamorgan and
Somerset. 78 The weapons include a variety of spearhead types, the barbed spearhead
being particularly diagnostic (Fig. I~). Ewart Park swords, short tongue chapes and
ferrules (both tubular and waisted) are also characteristic, but spearheads usually make
up the bulk of the hoard (see Appendix VII). This tradition extended down the Thames
valley and into parts of southern England to judge from the distribution of relevant
material, including some important hoards (Fig. I 6 and Appendix VII). The distribution
of the domestic hoards is largely complementary to that of the weapon hoards. Their
71 78 E.g. that from Kirby Malzeard, Yorks., in

Eogan (I964), 2.93 ff.
71 Coles (I959--<io), 2.6 ff. Ripon Museum, Y.A.]., xx (I909), ZH-5•/.1.
71 Coles, ibid., 2.7 and Hodges, op. cit. (zo), 3I, 77 Arth. Camb. (4th ser.) III {I872.), 338 . and IV
with map. {I873), So ff., 2.02. ff.
u Greenwell, W., 'Antiquities of the Bronze Age 78 LlantwitMajor,Arth.Camb. (5thser.) IV{I887),
found in the Heathery Bum Cave, Co. Durham', I p-5; Grimes, W. F., The Prehistory of Wales (I95J),
Artbaeo/ogia, LIV (I894), 87 ff. I89, 2.57; Stogursey, Savory (I958), 37·
76 Coles (I959--<io), 38, and Eogan (I964), 3JI.
SWORDS OF
GROUP V
20 0 20 <fO MILES
20 0 20 40 60 XI LONE TRES
Fig. I z. Distribution map of Ewart Park and related swords, Group V

diagnostic type is the 'South Welsh', three-ribbed socketed axe (Fig. 1 8 : 3), 79 but faceted
socketed axes and 'late' palstaves also occur frequently, and there is a scattering of the
rarer tool forms such as tanged chisels and socketed gouges. These domestic hoards
are best represented in South Wales, but the relevant tool types occur equally in south-
western England as stray finds. The south-west in fact has a monopoly of the relevant
moulds, both stone for the 'South Welsh' socketed axes, and bronze moulds for the
faceted type. 80 It also has the largest of all these domestic hoards, one which contains
the largest single deposit of 'South Welsh' axes, the find from Stogursey, Somerset. 81
This is a key hoard for tying the weapon and domestic hoards to the same horizon, for
it contains weapons as well as tools, including the barbed spearhead and the short
tongue chape. One can thus legitimately speak of a Bristol Channel/Severn Basin
metalworking province. Occasional finds of Carp's Tongue material in both groups of
hoards 82 provide a correlation with the Bexley Heath tradition in the south-east, and
there must even have been some direct contact with the French Carp's Tongue province,
for a number of 'South Welsh' socketed axes have been found in the French hoards. 83
Within Wales and the Marches, the distribution of 'South Welsh' socketed axes
shows a Llantwit industry confined strictly to the south-eastern counties of Glamorgan
and Monmouthshire, 84 whereas the weapon finds of the Broadward group have a
complementary distribution, from Cheshire right down through the Marches, across
south-central Wales, skirting the Llantwit province, into south-west Wales (Appendix
VII, Fig. 16). The north and north-west present a strong contrast. Whereas this area
had always been a vigorous centre of metalworking previously,85 in this phase its
industries seem to have declined in importance. Exotic, especially Irish, influences
were more widespread than in any previous period, no doubt reflecting this local
industrial decline. A distinction must be made between the north-west and north-east,
the former intensely conservative in its retention of the palstave in favour of the
socketed axe, 8& the latter characterized by an abundance of socketed axe types, showing
a variety of external connections (Appendix VIII). The hoard from Great Orme,
Caemarvonshire, 87 is typical of the state of affairs in the north-west, its 'late' palstave
representing local conservatism, its gold ear-rings the prevalent Irish influence. The
hoard from Llantissilio, Denbighshire, 88 with its range of socketed axes, is more
characteristic of the north-east. There is no distinction when it comes to signs of
79 Fox, Ani.]., XIX {1939), 369, with map. add the hoards from Le Folgoet, Finistere (Pen-
80 Stone moulds for the 'South Welsh' type from marc'h and St Germain museums), and Pointe-er-
Helsbury, Cornwall, and Bulford, Wilts.; bronze Vile, Locqmariaquer (Vannes museum).
moulds for the faceted type from Donbead StMary, 86 Fox, loc. cit. (79).
Wilts., and the Quantock Hills, Som. Also a stone u Savory (1965), x88--91, with map, fig. xo;
mould for faceted axes from Milton, Dorset. See Burgess, Trans. Radnorshire Sot., XXXII (1962), 18-20.
Hodges, H. W.M., 'The Bronze Age moulds of the 8 8 The distribution patterns of late palstaves and
British Isles: ll', Sibrium, v (x96o), 153-62, passim, socketed axes in the period from the late 8th century
with bibliography. are almost mutually exclusive, with the palstaves
81 In the Taunton Museum: see Savory (1958), clustering deusely in north-west Wales. (Unpublished
37, with note. map presented by the present writer in a lecture to
81 E.g. 'bugle-shaped objects' in the Broadward the Prehistoric Society, 'Aspects of the Bronze Age
hoard, and a blade tragment from a carp's tongue in Wales and the Marches', London, Jan., 1964.)
sword in the Stogursey hoard. 87 Savory (1958), 14-16.
81 E.g. Menez Tosta, Challans and Notre-Dame- 88 Davies, E., Prebislorit and Roman &mains of
d'Or, Savory (1965), 187, with map, fig. 9· One can Denhigbrbire (1929), fig. 128.
e 18
25
~
2 I I
(o~D
Fig. 13
I.River Thames (London Mus.); 2.. Unprovenanced, Rouen Mus.; 3, 12., 14, 2.2., 2.5, 2.6. Watford hoard, Herts.
(Watford Pub. Lib.); 4· Thames at Brentford (London Mus.); 5· Thames near Battersea Bridge (Guildhall
Mus., London); 6. Unprovenanced (London Mus.); 7· Thames at Old England (London Mus.); 8, 13, 2.3.
Menez Tosta hoard, Fin. (Mus. P.F., Penmarc'h); 9· La Torche, Plomeur, Fin.; 10. Leigh-on-Sea hoard II,
Essex (Southend Mus.); 11. Eaton hoard, Norwich (Norwich Mus.); 15. Unprovenanced (London Mus.);
16, 17. Plesse hoard, L.A. (Mus. Nantes); 18. Chingford Reservoir, Essex (London Mus.); 19. Vern en Moelan
hoard, Fin. {Mus. P.F., Penmarc'h); 2.0. Prairie de Mauves hoard, Nantes (Mus. Nantes); 2.1. Thames at Sion
Reach (London Mus.); 2.4. Levington hoard, Suff. {Ipswich Mus.). {8, 13, 2.3 after Briard (1956-8); 16, 17 after
Briard (1961); 9, 19 after Briard (1965))
CARP'S TONGUE
COMPLEX
+ fAJI'I TONGUE IUT£1/IAL

c EN0-11/NC£0 AXES
• VIII&-IJIINA11ENTfD"' PELLET
!IJ(K[T£0 AYES
c
20 0 20 40 NIUS
20 O 20 «< 60 X/LONETR£5
Fig. 14- Distribution map of the Carp's Tongue complex

E
u
0'
•
0
14 15
10
0 ~
Fig. 15
1-17. Broadward hoard, Herefs. (British Mus.); 18. Plaistow Marshes, Essex (British Mus.)
BARBED
SPEARHEADS
e BARBED SPEARHEAD
v SNORT CHAff
+ FERRULE
20 0 20 40 MILES
10 0 20 40 60 K/LONETR£5
.
~·· ~.·
Fig. 16. Distribution map of barbed spearheads and certain associated types
c
contact with the outside world; links with the Bristol Channel/Severn province,
south-east England, northern England, Ireland, northern and central Europe are all
represented (Appendix VITI), in north-west and north-east alike.
IV: HALLSTATT C INROADS (from 6~o B.c.; Figs. I7-I9, Appendices IX-X)
This phase was marked by the widespread appearance of Hallstatt C influence in
the British Isles. Everywhere the existing industrial traditions must have continued
basically undisturbed, for the range of Hallstatt material is small, and few of the
relevant hoards show any great degree of Hallstatt influence. It has been suggested
that one is dealing with the activities of raiders, 89 for the distribution of the material is
mainly coastal and riverine (Fig. I9); it consists mostly of stray finds, and is made up
largely of weapons and other warrior equipment (Figs. I 7, I 8). On the other hand, some
authorities prefer to think in terms of trade connections, or exchange of gifts. 90 The
characteristic bronze sword (Group VII) is by far the commonest find, a type which
has been studied intensively by Cowen in a recent paper. 91 His detailed typological
study shows that a large proportion of British Hallstatt C swords show peculiarities of
form not characteristic of continental examples, so that they presumably represent
manufacture in these islands. This raises many difficult problems, and leaves one, for
example, with a much-reduced number of continental-type Hallstatt C swords to
support the raiders theory. Given Irish/British manufacture, who were the smiths?
Presumably they were either locals copying a new idea, as Cowen has suggested, 92 or
they show that some Hallstatt C elements, if only smiths, had settled here. There are
some important arguments against the former possibility. With the Hallstatt-influenced
Ewart Park swords (Group V c, see below) representing undoubted local reaction to the
Hallstatt swords, could the same smiths, at the same time, produce close replicas of
the imported swords, in an entirely alien tradition? Secondly, if local smiths were
responsible, it seems strange that Hallstatt swords should be totally absent from
'native' hoards in the British Isles. Of course the possibility of Hallstatt smiths poses
different problems, but this raises the whole question of the nature of the Hallstatt
presence in the British Isles, and clearly much work remains to be done on this subject.
One important point which does not emerge in Cowen's study is the distinction
which must be made between the Irish and British Hallstatt C swords as a whole.
Nearly all of the British examples, local as well as Continental forms, have the complex
blade section that is characteristic of these swords practically everywhere. Furthermore,
the hilt finial, where it survives, is much more often square or rectangular than notched.
In Ireland, however, the typologically-later notched finial 93 is dominant, and, more
remarkable, a blade of simple section, with flat centre, takes the place of the usual
complex section (Fig. I7: 3, 4). The significance of these differences in relationship to
Hallstatt C connections with Britain and Ireland has yet to be worked out, but it is
noteworthy that the bulk of imported Hallstatt C swords in these islands (Cowen's
Classes az. and b), as opposed to local forms (Classes c and d), have come from eastern
.. Ibid., 4ZZ,
13 Ibid., 406, 408.
'', T
!
,I '
i.
,,,
~
I I'
i,
j, 1:
I
!,., il
! I ' ·.1','
I
2 5
........
4
3
~
Fig. 17
I. Ewart Park, Nld. (Newcastle upon Tyne, Mus. of Antiquities); 2. Thames at or ncar London (British Mus.);
5· Ebberston, Yorks. (Sheffield Mus.); 4· Keeloge Ford, Co. Galway {Nat. Mus. Ireland); 5· 'Ireland' (Nat.
Mus. Ireland); 6. Thames at Isleworth (London Mus.)
Britain. 94 It seems probable, therefore, that this region felt the primary wave of
continental Hallstatt C influence, and that Hallstatt C influence in Ireland came later,
and was of a secondary character, perhaps arriving there via Britain.
Hawkes has suggested that much of the gold work deposited in this period and
never reclaimed, particularly in Ireland, may have been buried in face of a Hallstatt
threat. 96 By the same token, the enormous numbers of Bexley Heath hoards deposited in
the lower Thames basin could also have been buried because of such a threat. For it was
the Thames valley that felt the main impact of the Hallstatt C incomings to judge from
the large numbers of swords and other pieces of equipment of the intruders that have
been recovered from the river.

It is in sword production that Hallstatt C influence is most obvious, even if one
leaves aside the problem of the authorship of Class c and d swords. Irish-British smiths
generally were little influenced by Hallstatt traditions, but the novelty and craftsmanship
of the new swords were such that there was inevitably some effect on local sword
smiths. Large numbers of the standard Irish-British sword type of the period, the
Ewart Park type, were fashioned with obvious Hallstatt embellishments, such as a
hilt finial, swept-back ricasso notches, or the broad Hallstatt tip. These Hallstatt-
influenced Ewart Park swords (Group Vc), Cowen's Thames and related types, 96 have
been found widely scattered in north-west Europe, 97 from Kirks0by in Denmark,
through the Low Countries and north-west France, to the River Trieux in Brittany. 98
Could this reflect some reflux movement from Britain, either by Hallstatt C warriors
using captured British swords, or by British warriors themselves turned to raiding?
Or is it again just a matter of trade, as Cowen has suggested ?99 In north and east France,
as in the British Isles, there are abundant signs of Hallstatt C influence, but Normandy
and Brittany seem to have been little disturbed. 100
In southern England, the hoard from Sompting, Sussex,101 seems to be character-
istic of this phase, and for the west there are the hoards from Cardiff1°2 and Llynfawr,
Glamorgan,103 with their much stronger Hallstatt C content. The evidence of these
three finds suggests that massive socketed axes with pronounced collars were typical
of this period, usually decorated with rib, pellet and roundel ornament, but also found
in plain form (Fig. I 8: 5, 6). Some at least show affinities with the 'Breton' socketed
axes 104 which seem also to belong to this period, and which could provide archaeological
evidence for the 6th-century connections between Brittany and Britain possibly referred
to in the Massi/iote Periplus.1os
" Ibid., 403-7, Maps c, n, E. more recently Cowen (1967), Maps c and n, pp. 403,
95
In Hawkes and Clarke (1963), 240. 405, with a full list pp. 433-8.
98
Cowen (1967), 412-16. See also Eogan (1965), 1° 1 Curwen, E. C., 'A bronze cauldron from
12-13, 15-16, with figs. 63-5. 72-3. But Eogan has Sompting, Sussex', Ant.]., XXVIII (1948), 157-63.
seriously underestimated the number of Irish Ewart 102
Nash-Williams, Ant. ]., xm (1933), 299-300,
Park swords showing Hallstatt influence, and a Pl. XLVIII.
distribution pattern of all such swords would show a 1oa Crawford and Wheeler, op. cit., 15 ; Fox,
very different picture from Cowen's map of Thames Ant. j., XIX (1939), 369 If.
and Composite swords, ibid., 415. 1 0 4 Burgess (1962), 2o-1, with fig. 2, e-g. For
97 Cowen, P.P.S., XVIII (1952), 135 If., 144-5, and
Breton or Armorican socketed axes, Dunning,
(1967), 414-15, 449-52, also Butler (1963), 11!)--21. Ulster Journal of Archaeology, xxn (1959), 53-5;
08
Briard (1965), 207-8, fig. 71: 3· Briard (1965), 241-82.
•• Cowen (1967), 422. 1
05 Hawkes, Antiquity, xxxm (1959), 177; Powell,
°
10 For the distribution of the Hallstatt C bronze
T. G. E., The Celts (1958), 25-7 with map.
swords in France, Savory, P.P.S., xrv (1948), 163,
Fig. IS
1-2. Everthorpe hoard, Yorks. (Hull Mus.); 3· Llantwit Major hoard, Glam. (Nat. Mus. Wales); 4· Thames at
Putney (British Mus.); 5· Middleton-on-the-Wolds, Yorks. (Scunthorpe Mus.); 6. Probably near Leeds
(Yorkshire Mus., Yorks.); 7· Ebberston, Yorks. (Sheffield Mus.); 8. Thames at Richmond (British Mus.)
Although there was probably some sort of iron working in the west as early as
c. 6ooB.c. on the evidence of the Llynfawr iron sickle, 106 it is not dear whether this marked
the beginning of a general change to iron working in parts of the Highland Zone,
or whether it was a flash in the pan. In the south-east the picture is clearer, for smiths
were producing iron daggers in the Hallstatt D style in the latter part of the 6th century
in the Thames valley, 107 and thereafter the pattern of local iron working is reasonably
well marked. In conventional terms, Hallstatt raiding began to give way to Hallstatt
settlement during this century,I08 but recently Hodson has proposed a very different
concept of the Iron Age in these islands, 109 placing the accent on indigenous development
1oa Jope, E. M., 'Daggers of the Early Iron Age 1oo Hodson, F. R., 'Cultural grouping within the
in Britain', P.P.S., XXVII (1961), 307 ff. esp. 307, 325· British pre-Roman Iron Age', P.P.S., xxx (1964),
107
]ope, ibid., 312, 32o-5. 99-110.
108
a. Hawkes, (105), 177-9.
rather than immigration from the continent. Since the new position has been
conveniently summarized by Clark, 110 it will suffice here to make some general
comments. Hodson has shown that many of the characteristic type-fossils of our Early
Iron Age, e.g. round houses, Celtic fields, storage pits, the weaving comb and ring-
headed pin, have a respectable local ancestry, stretching back to the Middle Bronze Age
and even beyond. Significantly these features are foreign to those parts of the continent
which traditionally have provided our early Iron Age settlers, and conversely, there are
no signs in Britain of some of the more characteristic continental Iron Age traits of this
period, notably the complex burial customs.
The Hallstatt settlement theory is therefore no longer acceptable in its entirety,

but one would do well to heed Hawkes' recent words of warning. 111 The contrast
between British round house and Continental rectangular house could well be more
apparent than real. The apparent survival of many Bronze Age traits in our Iron Age
is similarly not so straightforward as it seems. The relevant Bronze Age contexts are
usually, in fact, 'Deverel-Rimbury' (if the term can still be used in a general sense). If
the Deverel-Rimbury phenomenon was still looked upon as comfortably Late Bronze
Age, then the survival of its round houses, storage pits, weaving combs and so on into
the Early Iron Age would present no problems. Unfortunately, all the evidence now
available places it firmly in the Middle Bronze Age, centering on the last two centuries
of the second millennium. 112 A gap of several centuries is thus opened up between the
relevant Bronze Age and Iron Age contexts, with few clues as to what happened to the
Deverel-Rimbury complex, and everything associated with it, in between. One is
compelled to face again a basic problem of British prehistory; that with rare exceptions,
nothing is known about the settlements, burials and pottery of our Late Bronze Age.
While many aspects of our Early Iron Age thus appear to represent indigenous
development, cultural continuity strictly speaking still has to be demonstrated. In the
absence of known Late Bronze Age sites, site continuity cannot be demonstrated, even
if it existed. 113 Clearly some great happening must have ensued to account for the
sudden reappearance of site evidence after the void of the Late Bronze Age. Hawkes
has drawn attention to hillforts as one aspect of our Iron Age which it is difficult to
account for without allowing the arrival of at least some immigrants, 114 and he might
have added pottery. Neither have any apparent background here, yet have obvious
continental roots. Our Iron Age settlement thus emerges as the puzzling mixture of
insular and continental which is so characteristic of British prehistory. Few migrants
were able to carry their culture across the Channel and preserve it unchanged once in
these islands.
With the arrival of iron, some degree of technological overlap is only to be expected,
and it should be no surprise that our earliest 'Iron Age' settlements are still Late Bronze
Age in some respects. At Staple Howe115 and Scarboroughus in Yorkshire, for example,
110 Antiquity, XL (Sept. 1966), 185-6. 114 Ibid.

m Antiquity, XL (Dec. 1966), 298. 115 Brewster, T. C. M., The Excavation of Staple
1u The evidence of the metalwork was examined Howe (1963).
by Sinith (1959), esp. 155--9; confirmed by the C14 us Sinith, R. A., 'Pre-Roman remains at Scar-
.date for the, settlement at Shearplace Hill, Dorset, borough', Archaeo/ogia, LXXVII (1928), 179 If., esp.
of II8o± 180 B.C. (P.P.S., XXVIII (1962), 289-90). 181, figs. 1-4.
113 As Hawkes pointed out, loc. cit. (IIo).
.smJD/1.
SWORDS OF IECTANGULAR fiNIAL CO~Plll Jll1,1lf
NOTCH£0
GROUP VII fRAGiffNTART • 0
GROUP Vl/b )(
IAON +
20 0 20 40 /IIIL[S
20 0 20 40 60 X/LONE TRCS
Fig. 1 9· Distribution map of Hallstatt C bronze swords, Group VII

(Group Vllb = Cowen's Class d)
the metalwork recovered is still in the Heathery Burn tradition, though Staple Howe
has Hallstatt C bronzes in addition. North of Yorkshire, and in Wales, there is growing
evidence for similar early settlements,117 but next to nothing is known about the local
arrival of iron. Over much of north-western France there is a similar paucity of evidence
for the onset of the Iron Age. Very little is known of the background of the vast numbers
of Armorican socketed axes which are so characteristic of the end of the Bronze Age
there. At one end these axes overlap with the Carp's Tongue complex, for examples
have been found in such characteristic hoards as those from Ile Verte, Finistere118 and
Kerlouan, Finistere. 119 The degree of overlap presents a problem. While the main
weight of Carp's Tongue connections appears to be late Urnfield rather than Hallstatt, 120
a few associations show at least some survival into a period contemporary with Hallstatt
C. 121 But the Armorican axes probably continued well beyond this, for Giot has recorded
rare associations with iron objects, 122 and there is a C14 date for those in the Saint-
Bugan en Loudeac hoard, C. duN., of 559± 130 B.c. 123 While survival at least into the
period of the 'circular graves' and cremation cemeteries of the local First Iron Age
seems likely,124 it is not so easy to demonstrate this in the archaeological record, as
Briard has noted. 125 However, it should not be forgotten that a fragmentary Armorican
socketed axe has been found in an early Iron Age settlement on this side of the Channel,
at All Cannings Cross, Wiltshire. 126
In Brittany, as in the British Isles, the onset of the Iron Age is marked by a con-
siderable broadening of the range of material evidence available for study. After the
enforced, almost total, dependence on stray finds and hoards of metalwork for
knowledge of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages on both sides of the Channel, the
accent in the Early Iron Age is on site evidence. But whereas in Britain the emphasis
is on domestic sites, and practically nothing is known about burial practices, in France
it is the burial sites which have been best explored, 127 though future fieldwork, especially
among local forts, could well redress this balance.
Since so little is known about the local arrival of iron in Highland Britain, one
cannot determine how long the old bronze working traditions may have survived.
Recent Irish C14 dates suggest that Dowris traditions may have lasted until c. z.oo B.c.,128
but this implies that bronze types were produced locally for over five centuries without
any appreciable change of form, and it is very difficult to believe this of Irish smiths.
Since it is only within the last few years that evidence has come to light of early 'Iron
Age' settlements in the north and in Wales, similar evidence for Ireland might still be
found. Such settlements could be regarded as providing a solution to the whole
problem, but a word of caution should be entered here. These sites are only nominally
117 E.g. the palisaded sites at Huckhoe, North- Musee Prehistorique Finisterien, St Guenole
umberland (po ± 40 B.c.) and Craigmarloch, Penmarc'h, razor in latter); Italian fibula in the
Renfrewshire (590±40 B.c.); see Johey, Arch. Prairie de Mauves hoard, Nantes (Musee Dobree,
Aeliana, XLVI (1968), 2.93-5. A summary for Nantes). See also Hawkes, loc. cit. (105).
Wales in Wainwright, G. J., Coygan Camp (1968), u• Giot (1960), 161.
12.3-6. 113 Antiquity, XXXV (1961), 148.
11a Briard (1961), 44-8, fig. m: 14. 124 Giot (196o), 161.
111 116
Briard (1965), 2.12.-13, 2.16, fig. 74· Briard (1965), '-75·
110
Briard (1965), 2.38--9. ue Cunnington, M. E., All Cannings Cross (192.5),
1 11 E.g. the Hallstatt C razor in the Ile Guenoc
II9, Pl. IS: 3·
hoard, Finistere, Briard (1957), 319, fig. 2.8 Musee 11 7 E.g. for Brittany, Giot (196o), 174 ff.
des Antiquites Nationales, St Germain-en-Laye and 118
Bogan (1964), 3'-3·
Iron Age, and it is not known to what extent their inhabitants were iron-using. In
some cases at least, bronze was the only metal found, and it is the bronze of our Late
Bronze Age metalworking traditions. However, it should not be forgotten that iron
does not survive like bronze, so that its absence might be more apparent than real.
This only makes the problem even more difficult, and ensures that it is impossible in
most regions to offer useful comment on the replacement of bronze by iron. The fate
of local bronze-working industries is clearly inextricably linked with the problems of
the ancestry and nature of the earliest Iron Age settlements, and that is manifestly
beyond the scope of the present study.
APPENDIX I: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following does not pretend to be a complete list of recent works on the Late Bronze
Age in the British Isles and north-west France, but includes some of the more significant
works which have been published since 1956.
Briard, J., 1957, 'Le Bronze de facies Atlantique en Armorique', Congres Prehistorique de France,
XV, 1956 (1957), 313-27.
Briard, J., 1961, 'Depots de l'Age du Bronze de Bretagne: II', Travaux du Laboratoire d'Anthro-
pologie Prehistorique de Rennes.
Briard, J., 1965. Les Depots Bretons et L'Age du Bronze Atlantique (1965).
Briard, J., and Giot, P.R., 1956-8. 'Depots de l'Age du Bronze de Bretagne: I' Travaux du
Laboratoire d' Anthropologie Prehistorique de Rennes ( 19 56-8).
Brown, M. A., and Blin-Stoyle, A. E., 1959. 'A sample analysis of British Middle and Late
Bronze Age materials using optical spectrometry', P.P.S., xxv (1959), 188 ff.
Burgess, C. B., 1962. 'A socketed axe from central Monmouthshire and its significance for the
Bronze Age in Wales and the Marches', Monmouthshire Antiquary, I, pt. 2 (1962), 17 ff.
Burgess, C. B., 1968a. Bronze Age Metalwork in Northern England: c. 1ooo-7oo B.c. (1968).
Burgess, C. B., 1968b. 'Bronze Age dirks and rapiers as illustrated by examples from Durham
and Northumberland', Trans. Archit. Archaeol. Soc. Durham and Northumberland, n.s.,
I (1968), 3 ff.
Butler, J. J., 196o. 'A Bronze Age concentration at Bargeroosterveld ... ', Palaeohistoria,
VIII (1960), 101 ff.
Butler, J. J., 1963. 'Bronze Age connections across the North Sea ... ', Palaeohistoria, IX
(1963),iff.
Butler, J. J., and Smith, I. F., 1956. 'Razors, Urns and the British Middle Bronze Age', Univ.
London Inst. Arch. Annual Report, XII (1956), 20 ff.
Coles, J. M., 1959-60. 'Scottish Late Bronze Age metalwork', P.S.A.S., XCIII (1959-6o), 16 ff.
Coles, J. M., 1962. 'European Bronze Age Shields', P.P.S., XXVIII (1962.), q6 ff.
Coles, J. M., 1963. 'Irish Bronze Age horns ... ', P.P.S., XXIX (1963), 326 ff.
Coles, J. M., 1963-4. 'Scottish Middle Bronze Age metalwork', P.S.A.S., XCVII (1963-4), 82. ff.
Cowen, J.D., 1967. 'The Hallstatt sword of Bronze: on the Continent and in Britain', P.P.S.,
XXXIII (1967), 377 ff.
Bogan, G., 1964. 'The later Bronze Age in Ireland ... ', P.P.S., XXX (1964), 268 ff.
Bogan, G., 1965. Catalogue of Irish Bronze Swords (1965).
Giot, P. R., 1960. Britta'!) (196o). (With J. L'Helgouach and J. Briard.)
Giot, P. R., Bourhis, J., and Briard, J., 1964-5. 'Analyses Spectrographiques d'objets pre-
historiques et antiques: I' Travaux du Laboratoire d' Anthropologie Prehistorique de Rennes
(1964-5)·
Hawkes, C. F. C., I96o. A scheme for the British Bronze Age, duplicated precis of an address
presented to the C.B.A. Bronze Age Conference, London, Dec. 1960.
Hawkes, C. F. C., and Clarke, R. R., I963. 'Gahlstorf and Caister-on-Sea: two finds of Late
Bronze Age Irish gold', Culfllre and Environment (I963), I93 ff.
Hawkes, C. F. C., and Smith, M. A., I957· 'On some buckets and cauldrons of the Bronze
and Early Iron Ages', Ant.]., XXXVII (I957), I3I ff.
Sandars, N. K., 1957· Bronze Age Cult~~res in France (I957).
Savory, H. N., I95 8. 'The Late Bronze Age in Wales', Arch. Camb., CVII (195 8), 3 ff.
Savory, H. N., I965. 'The Guilsfield hoard', Bulletin tifthe Board tifCelticStudies, xx, pt. 2. (I965),
I79 ff.
Smith, M.A., I959· 'Some Somerset hoards and their place in the Bronze Age of southern
Britain', P.P.S., xxv (I959), I44 ff.
APPENDIX II: PENARD AND ROSNO_gN TYPES (Figs. I-7)
PENARD TYPES
I. Ear!J Urnfteld imports
(a) Rixheim swords (Fig. I: I).
(b) Erbenheim swords, Group IIa (Fig. I: 2.).
(c) Hemigkofen swords, Group IIb1 (Fig. I: 3).
(d) Tanged recurved knife (Ffynhonnau hoard;2 Fig. 2.: I).
(e) Barbed and tanged arrowhead (Penard hoard;3 Fig. 2.: 2.).
(f) Pointed ferrules (e.g. Ffynhonnau and Ambleside hoards;4 Fig. 2.: 3).
2.. Atlantic types
(a) Bifid razors (Fig. 4: 7, 8 and 9).
(b) Plain socketed hammers 5 (Fig. 4: II and 12.).
3· Pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads; the peg-hole method of shaft attachment re-appeared
here after an absence of some centuries, 6 and was presumably introduced from the
Continent, where it had always been characteristic (Fig. 3: 7b, c).
4· Indigenom developments
(a) 'Transitional' palstaves7 (Fig. 4: Ib).
1 For Erbenheim, Hemigkofen and other early lead-bronze, and tllus not likely to be earlier ilian
swords, Cowen, J.D., 'The earliest bronze swords tile Penard phase. No soutllem bifid razors are
in Britain, and their origins on the Continent of certainly earlier tllan those from Pitt Rivers'
Europe', P.P.S., XVII (I951), I95 ff. 'Deverel-Rimbury' enclosure sites (Excat1alions in
1 Savory (I95 8), 27-8, fig. 3· Cranborne Chast, IV {I898), 24, Io7, I98, Pis. 238,
3 For this and other bronze arrowheads, Burgess
263, pi), and at one of these sites, Angle Ditch, an
(I962), 22, and Cunnington, Ant.]., VI (I926), I82. example was stratigraphically related to a 'tran-
' For pointed ferrules, Butler (I963), I33-4; sitional' palstave.
Coles (I959-6o), 24. • The Arreton Down-type socketed spearheads
5 Neitller in Britain nor France are tllese two of Wessex II employed peg-hole attachment (see
types definitely attested earlier. They botll occur in Britton, P.P.S., XXIX (I963), 284-9I, with fig. I9
tile Rosnoen hoard (Briard in Briard & Giot and Pl. XXVII; esp. 289, 3I7-I8, witll full biblio-
(I956-8), 24 ff.). In Highland Britain tlley occur graphy). For some centuries tllereafter, loops seem
first in tile Bishopsland-Glentrool phase, which to have replaced peg-holes entirely, until one finds
ought to overlap at least partly with tile Penard leaf-shaped spearheads with peg-holes appearing in
phase. In southern England tlley are not certainly Penard phase hoards, as at Penard itself, and at
attested in tile full 'Ornament horizon'. The Worth, Devon (Arch.]., XXIV {I867), no; Fig. 3: 7),
socketed hammer reputedly in tile hoard from on botll occasions with Ballintober swords.
Burgesses' Meadow, Oxford (Inv. Arch. GB I, 6) is of 7 Smith (I959), I84.
(b) Basal-looped spearheads with straight-based blades8 (Fig. 5: I and 2.).

(c) Notched butt dirks and rapiers of Lisburn type (Fig. 4: Ic).
(d) Experimental socketed axes of Penard-Trawsfynydd type, slender, with flat
collar9 (Fig. 4: 6).
5. New inventions
(a) Cylinder- or ring-socket sickles (Fig. 4: u).
(b) ? Shields.
6. Indigenous developments influenced by exotic fashions
(a) Lambeth swords, with straight blades and flat mid-sections, Group Ia (Fig. 3: I, 2.).
(b) Chelsea swords, with leaf-shaped blades and flat mid-sections, Group Ib
(Fig. 3: 4)·
(c) Ballintober swords, with leaf-shaped blades of lozenge section, Group IciO
(Fig. 3 : 6, 7a).
Of the above, Lambeth swords (like their Rosnoen equivalents in France) seem to
represent local developments of Rixheim swords, whereas the Chelsea and Ballintober
weapons, while obviously related to the Lambeth form, also show the influence of the
earliest leaf-shaped swords (Erbenheim and Hemigkofen). 11
(d) First unstandardized local leaf-shaped, flanged-hilt swords, based on the
Erbenheim and Hemigkofen forms, Group Ilc12 (Fig. I : 4).
(e) First standardized local leaf-shaped, flanged-hilt swords, with U-shoulders,
Group III (Fig. I : 5).
(f) Cutts dirks, with notched butts and leaf-shaped blades13 (Fig. 4: 4).
THE RosNoEN GROUP
Nearly all of the types listed above are represented in the Rosnoen group, but their relative
importance often differs considerably. Rosnoen (Lambeth) swords take the place of Ballintober
swords, which are as rare in France as the former are in Britain.14 Chelsea swords seem to be
very rare (Fig. 3: 5). 15 Lisburn weapons are quite common,16 but Cutts weapons are absent, as
indeed they are from most of Britain.17 • U-shouldered leaf-shaped swords are common, based
on Urnfield imports which are as rare in north-west France as they are in Britain. Bifid razors,
simple socketed hammers and plain, pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads are characteristic, but the
latter continue the local tradition of pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads, and do not appear here
for the first time, as they do in Britain. As in previous periods looped spearheads are rare,
and Briard regarded the straight-based, basal-looped spearhead from the Kergoustance hoard
8 As distinct from the form with leaf-shaped Some Group lie swords are so close to the Erben-
blade. This marked difference in blade shape has helm and Hemigkofen forms that they may have to
never received the attention it deserves. There are be grouped with the imports, e.g. the Hemigkofen-
abundant pre-Penard associations of the leaf-shaped like weapons from the Thames at Millbank (Truro
type, but all the associations of the triangular type Mus.) and Erith (Ashmolean Mus.).
are of the Penard phase or later. See Coles, P.P.S., 13 Trump, P.P.S., xxvnr (I96z), 92.-3
xxx (I964), I9I, and Trans. Cumb. West. Arch. Soc., u Briard (I96s), I69-7o.
LXV (I96s), 42.-3; also Burgess (I968a), I9, zz. 15 Cf. the example from the Pont de Pirmil,
• Burgess (I96z). Nantes, Briard (I96s), fig. 55: I, Fig. 3: s above; but
1o Hodges, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, XIX note that Briard's drawing does not bring out the
(I9S6), 37· See also Burgess (I968a), s, 43 and flat cross section and hilt rib which mark this as a
(I968b), I j-I6, for these three types. typical Chelsea sword.
11 I am grateful to Professor C. F. C. Hawkes for 18 For Lisbum weapons, Trump (I3), 9I-z; see
his comments on this problem. also Burgess (I968b), I4-I5.
u Characterized by steeply sloping U or V 17 But note that the type is not so exclusively
shoulders in the Erbenheim-Hemigkofen fashion, Irish as Trump claims, op. cit., 92.-3. See note zi,
e.g. the famous sword from Barrow, Suffolk (Evans, p. 4·
Ancient Bronze Implements (I88I), 2.79, fig. 343).
(Fig. 5: 3) as a British import. 18 The channelled-blade Rosnoen hoard spearhead may also have
been a British product (Fig. 5 : 5). The characteristic axe form was a local equivalent of the
'transitional' palstave, generally identical to the British version in Normandy and Picardy, but
tending to be heavier in form in Brittany. 19 Median-winged axes, very rare in the British
Isles, provided a second axe form. 2o
Characteristic Rosnoen products were therefore :
(a) Rosnoen swords (cf. Lambeth; Fig. 3: 3).
(b) Notched-butt dirks and rapiers (cf. Lisburn; Fig. 4: z, 3).
(c) First local flanged-hilt, leaf swords (cf. Groups lie, III; Fig. I: 6).
(d) Plain, pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads.

(e) Looped, narrow-blade palstaves (cf. 'transitional'; Fig. 4: Io).
(f) Bifid razors (Fig. 4: 7).
(g) Simple socketed hammers (Fig. 4: I I).
APPENDIX III: WILBURTON AND ST BRIEUC-DES-IFFS (Figs. 8-10)

The following lists include only the most common types.
I. Types characteristic of both industries
(a) Leaf-shaped swords with wide-splayed, V-shoulders and curved ricasso (Group
IV; Fig. 9: I-4)·
(b) Long tongue chapes (Fig. 9: 6).
(c) Tubular ferrules (Fig. 9: I6).
(d) Plain, pegged spearheads (Fig. 9: 9).
(e) Developed palstaves (seep. 9; Fig. 9: II).
z. Types more characteristic of the Wilburton tradition
(a) Slender socketed axes, square of section and mouth, with multiple mouth
mouldings (Fig. 9: u).
(b) Indented socketed axes (Fig. 9: I3)·
(c) Lozenge-sectioned, hollow-blade spearheads (Fig. 9: I4)·
(d) Stepped blade spearheads (Fig. 9: 7, 8).
(e) Lunate-opening spearheads, with small openings (Fig. 9: q); (d) and (e) above
often have hollow blades.
(f) Spearheads with fillet-defined midribs.
3· Types more characteristic of the St Brieuc-des-Iffs group
(a) U-shouldered leaf-shaped swords (Group III, continuing from the Rosnoen
phase, see p. I 3 ; (Fig. 9: 5).
(b) Developed median-winged axes.
(c) Primitive end-winged axes.21
4· Late hoards of the Wilburton and St Brieuc-des-Iffs groups
Attention has been drawn above (p. I3) to hoards which contain an admixture of
material more characteristic of later metalworking traditions, and which must mark the
transition to these new industries. The proportion of potentially late material is invariably
18 Briard (I965), I n-8. 21 Often unlooped, and generally broader and less
19
Cf. Breton examples in Briard (I965), I56, sophisticated in form than the type characteristic of
fig. 50. the succeeding Carp's Tongue complex; cf. Briard
20 Briard, loc. cit. Comparable British finds are
(I 965 ), I 82, fig. 6o for Breton examples, and Hawkes,
from Hull, Yorks. (Burgess (I968a), 11, fig. 7: 3), P.P.S., VII (I942), 26, for examples further north in
and Sketty, Glam. (fig. 4: 5 above; Williams, the contemporary hoard from Caix, Somme.
Arch. Camb., xcn (I937), 333).
small. Characteristic of the British group is the enormous hoard from Isleham, Cambs.,22
the vast bulk of which comprises typical Wilburton material. Socketed gouges, a knife
with ribbed tang, a socketed knife, short tongue chapes, a reel-shaped object, 23 cauldron
fragments and a fragment of a carp's tongue sword blade are all more characteristic of
subsequent metal industries, and the last two types can hardly have been deposited before
the latter part of the 8th century. Such a large scrap hoard may well have been accumulated
over a very long period, however.
Another distinctive Isleham type is flat plate scrap, often ribbed, which provides a
link with other hoards in this group on both sides of the Channel (Fig. 9: 10). It occurs
both at Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire24 and Co. Roscommon, 25 the former proclaimed late
by its socketed gouges and developed socketed axes, 26 the latter by its bag-shaped socketed
axes. The Blackmoor hoard, Hampshire, 27 has a Ewart Park (Group V) sword and a
socketed gouge, and the Fulbourn Common hoard, Cambridgeshire,28 another Ewart
Park sword, so these, too, must be included here.
In France Briard has recognized similar 'depots de transition', 29 such as that from
Noyal-Pontivy, Morbihan, 30 in some cases with carp's tongue material. St Brieuc-des-Iffs
itself might even belong to this group, to judge from its socketed gouges and chisels. 31
A hoard from Combon, Eure, is noteworthy for its association of plate scrap with St
Brieuc-des-Iffs material.
APPENDIX IV: THE WALLINGTON TRADITION (Fig. II)

The Wallington tradition has been considered in detail by Burgess. 32 Its principal types
were as follows:
(a) 'Transitional' palstaves (Fig. I I: I).
(b) Square-mouthed, socketed axes with multiple mouth mouldings, less slender
than the comparable Wilburton axes (Fig. I I: 3).
(c) Square-mouthed, slender socketed axes with flat collars (Fig. I I: z).
(d) Lisburn dirks and rapiers (Fig. II: 5).
(e) Basal-looped spearheads with straight-based blades (Fig. I I : 7).
(f) Single-looped spearheads (Fig. I I : 9).
(g) Protected-opening spearheads (Fig. I I : 6).
(h) Plain, leaf-shaped spearheads with and without pegholes (Fig. I I : 8).
(i) Miscellaneous tools, including socketed hammers and tanged chisels (Fig. I I : 4).
Less important products with even earlier ancestries probably included low-flanged
palstaves and side-looped spearheads.
All of the types listed are at least as common in Ireland as northern England, except for
(f), single-looped spearheads. Some are much more common in Ireland, notably flat-collar
socketed axes, Lis burn weapons, and straight-based, basal-looped spearheads. Irish 'transitional'
palstaves differ from the English pattern in that they are more squat, and have strongly
u Britton, D., 'The Isleham hoard, Cambridge- Coli.; see Buckland's ed. of White's Selborne (1887),
shire', Antiqtliry, XXXIV (I96o), 2.79-82.. 450, 451, 45 5, with figs.
13 a. Evans (u), 308, fig. 377; of the type which 28 Archaeologia, XIX (I82.I), 56-6I. For Ewart Park
constitutes one part of a two-piece bugle-shaped swords, Cowen, Arch. Aeliana (4th ser.), x (I933),
object from Wayland's Smithy, Berks. (Atkinson, 185-98.
29 Briard (1965), I98.
Antiquity, xxxix (I965), 132.).
14 Savory (1965). 80 Briard (I965), ibid., and p8.
111 Bogan (I964), 2.88-92., 346; Burgess (I968a), 36. 81 Briard (I965), 18I, fig. 59: 8-n.
11 Burgess (1962.), 2.3-4. u In Burgess ( 1968a).
17 In the British Museum and Lord Selbome's
undercut stops.33 Certain north English 'transitional' palstaves, including one in the Wallington
hoard itself, show clear Irish influence,34 and in view of the abundance of Wallington material
in Ireland, the smaller north English industry may well have been influenced from Ireland. 35
Because of the extreme paucity of Highland Zone hoards outside northern England in
this period, it is difficult to illustrate local trends. But there are a certain number of hoards,
mostly belonging to the subsequent phase, from the 8th century, which illustrate the survival of
Middle Bronze Age types through this Wallington/Wilburton period:
1. Socket-looped spearheads
(a) Corsbie Moss, Berwicks. 36 With a sword related to the Wilburton group (IV),
and a tongue chape; thus not earlier than the Wilburton phase.
(b) Ballinliss, Co. Armagh. a? A Dowris association, thus not earlier than 8th century.
2. Straight-based, basal-looped spearheads
(a) Kish, Co. Wicklow. 38 A Dowris hoard, thus not earlier than 8th century.
(b) Pyotdykes, Angus. 39 With Ewart Park swords, thus not earlier than 8th century.
3· Basal-looped spearheads with fillet-defined midribs (Knockans type)40
(a) Tempo, Co. Fermanagh.41 A Dowris hoard.
(b) Knockenbawn, Co. Sligo.42 A Dowris association.
(c) Harrogate, Yorks. 43 With Ewart Park swords, therefore not earlier than the
8th century.
Thus for the survival of most types, one relies entirely on the north English evidence.
Nowhere is there evidence for the survival of wing-flanged axes, but this seems most
likely in at least some areas by analogy with other types, particularly in Scotland, where
it is difficult to see what other axes could be assigned to this period.
APPENDIX V: THE CARP'S TONGUE COMPLEX (Figs. I3, I4)

The fullest and most recent survey is by Briard. 44 The English and French hoards have
the following major types in common:
(a) Carp's tongue swords (Fig. I3: I).
(b) Bag-shaped chapes (Fig. I3: 24).
(c) Hog's back knives (Fig. I3: Io).
(d) Triangular, perforated knives (Fig. I 3: I I).
(e) Bugle-shaped objects (Fig. I3: 20, 2I and 22).
(f) Boat-shaped objects (Fig. I3: 25).
(g) Saw-tooth objects (Fig. I 3 : 26).
(h) Sheet metal with grooved ornament (especially concentric circles and crescents;
Fig. I 3: I4)·
aa Ibid., 34, with fig.

12, p. I6. 'o Greenwell and Brewis, Archaeologia, LXI (I909),
u Ibid. 459, Pl. LXIV, fig. 25; Evans, Archaeo/ogia, LXXIU
Ibid.
35
(1933). 192-3·
31 Coles (I959-<io), 2I, fig. I, and pp. I07-8. n Bogan (I964), 269, fig. I: 6, and 338; Coffey,
•• Bogan (I964), 269, 332; Morris, ]. Roy. Soc. Procr. Roy. Irish Acad., 3oc (I9I2-I3), 9I-2, fig. 3,
Antiq. Ireland, LXX (1940), 94 and fig. I. Pl. IX.
38 Bogan, loc. cit., 350; Doyle, ]. RflY· Soc. '" Bogan (1964), 346; Morris (37).
Antiq.Ireland, LXX (I940), 94, fig. 2. 43 Coles (1954), 192-3, Pls. XVIII, XIX.
81 Coles, J. M., et. al., 'A late Bronze Age find " Briard (1965), 199-239. Savory, P.P.S., XIV
from Pyotdykes, Angus, Scotland •.. ', P.P.S., (I948), 155-76 is another major source.
XXX (I964), 186-98.
(i) Eng-winged axes and adzes (Fig. 13 : 4).

G) South-eastern socketed axes, 45 plain (Fig. 13 : 5).
(k) South-eastern socketed axes, with wing-ornament (Fig. 13: 7).
(1) South-eastern socketed axes, with pellet ornament (Fig. 13 : 6).
(m) Faceted socketed axes (Fig. 13: 8).
(n) Socketed knives of 'Thorndon' type 46 (Fig. 13: 13).
(o) Slender socketed chisels and punches.
(p) Small tanged chisels with collars, lugs or stops (Fig. 13: 9).
(q) Socketed gouges (Fig. 13: 12).
(r) Simple, pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads.
(s) Same forms as (r), but with decorated sockets (Fig. 13: 18 and 19).
(t) Riveted tanged knives (Fig. 13: 15).
The range and number of socketed axes tends to be greater in England than France, and
ribbed forms in particular are much more common on this side of the Channel. Whereas
'late' palstaves were still characteristic in the British carp's tongue area, developed palstaves
are very rare in French carp's tongue hoards. They have, instead, a greater emphasis on
end-winged axes. The characteristic Ewart Park sword type of England (e.g. Fig. 13 : 3)
occurs in France nearly always as fragments in the hoards (but see Fig. 13: z), as the carp's
tongue type does in England, though on a much smaller scale.
Much of the great range of bric-a-brac found in the French hoards47 is represented either
poorly or not at all in England. Notable are large numbers of penannular bracelets with out-
turned flattened feet (e.g. Fig. 13: 23), often laterally ribbed for a short distance above the
foot. 48 Armlets, rings (Fig. 13: 16 and 17) and pins in a vast profusion of forms are typical.
Various forms of razors with ring handles, looped and spiked buttons and studs, and a
bewildering variety of objects of unknown use are also characteristic.
APPENDIX VI: THE HEATHERY BURN TRADITION (Figs. 17, 18)
The range of products characteristic of the Heathery Bum tradition of northern England
is smaller than that found in contemporary metalworking traditions in Scotland, Ireland and
the south. The Heathery Bum deposit shows a wealth of types unusual for this tradition.
Ornaments in particular are rare elsewhere. The following were the main products:
(a) Three-ribbed socketed axes of 'Yorkshire' type;49 the form is generally quite
small, short and squat, and the most characteristic feature is the wide-spacing
of the ribs, one centrally placed, the two others near the edges of the faces, all
descending from a horizontal moulding below a pronounced collar (Fig. 18: z).
(b) Plain socketed axes of north English type;50 the form is essentially that of the
Yorkshire three-ribbed type, small, short and broader than that of the 'south-
eastern' form. The sides are characteristically straight, and the blade tends to be
slightly expanded at the most (Fig. 18: 1).
(c) Other three-ribbed socketed axes of a variety of forms, none of them particularly
diagnostic.
" Butler (196o), II3-zz. ' 0 The Kirby Malzeard hoard includes a typical
41 Hodges (to), 38. example among its Yorkshire ribbed axes, but a
n a. Briard (196s), 214-27, figs. better illustration is provided by the hoard from
48 Ibid., 223-4. figs 81-2. Everthorpe, Yorks., which consists largely of such
n Fox, Prou. Preb. So&. EasJ Anglia, vn (1933), axes (Hull Mus.; Fig. 18: 1).
15s, PL IX, fig. toB.
(d) Faceted socketed axes; both the slender form characteristic of southern England
and South Wales, and the squat form typical oflreland and Scotland, are found.
(e) 'Baggy' socketed axes; some are true bag-shaped axes of the type characteristic
of Ireland, but others, though squat or baggy, have sub-rectangular body
sections, and cannot be regarded as true bag-shaped axes. A similar mixture
of forms is characteristic of Scotland. 51
(f) 'Late' palstaves.
(g) Socketed gouges.
(h) Socketed chisels; there are rare examples of both the slender type, with short
socket and solid blade, and the fully socketed type.
(i) Tanged chisels with stops.

(j) Socketed hammers, with mouth collar.
(k) Knives with ribbed tangs.
(1) Ewart Park swords, Group V (Fig. 17: 1).
(m) Shields (if they belong to this phase, p. 3 above), especially the Yetholm form. 52
(n) Plain rings.
(o) Plain pegged spearheads.
(p) Pegged spearheads with ogival, leaf-shaped blade.
(q) Pegged spearheads with fillet-defined midrib.
(r) Lunate-opening spearheads.
All of the tool forms h-j are rare. An important element in the Heathery Burn deposit
(horse and vehicle bronzes) is very poorly reflected elsewhere, but it is interesting to note the
phalerae in the lost Stanhope hoard, found not far from Heathery Burn. 53 The technology seems
to have been based at least partly on bronze moulds, to judge from the several examples known,
all for casting socketed axes.M
APPENDIX VII: THE BROADWARD TRADITION (Figs. 15, 16)

The Broadward tradition was largely confined to the Marches, south/central and south-
west Wales, and south-western England, but individual elements had a much wider distribu-
tion, and three notable hoards from Yattendon, Berkshire, 55 Broadness, Kent, 56 and Ashley,
Hampshire (unpublished, Winchester Mus.), and a large number of stray finds of barbed
spearheads, suggest an extension eastwards down the Thames Valley, and into southern
England.
Typical hoards
(a) Congleton, Cheshire. 5 7
(b) Willow Moor, Shropshire (two hoards). 58
(c) Broadward, Herefordshire.
(d) Pant-y-Maen, Pembrokeshire. 59
(e) Bloody Pool, Brent, Devon. 60
(f) Thames at Broadness.
n Coles (I959-6o), 33· 58 Procs. Soc. Ant. London (2nd ser.), XXIII (I909-
52 11), I66.
Coles (I962), I65-9·
53 Arch. Aeliana, I (I822), I3, figs. 57 Ant. j., VII (I927), 63.
54 Hodges, Sibrium, v (I96o), I53-62. 58 Chitty, Ant.]., vm (I928), 3o-47.
56 Trans. Newbury & Dist. Fld. Club, VIII (I938), 59 Griffiths, Bull. Board ofCeltic Studies, xvn (I957),
3D-4I. 118-24.
60 Arch.]., XVIII (I86I), I6I.
The Broadness hoard is included because of its remarkable similarity in content to the
Broadward hoard.
Main types
(a) Barbed spearheads; both the normal long type (Fig. 15: 18), and the stunted
form peculiar to the Broadward hoard.
(b) Lunate-opening spearheads.
(c) Pegged spearheads having blades decorated with hatched triangles. An extremely
rare phenomenon in the British Isles, but both the Broadward and Broadness
hoards possess examples.
(d) Plain pegged spearheads.
(e) Pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads with ogival blade; sometimes with grooved
or ribbed socket base.
(f) Pegged spearheads with fillet-defined midribs.
(g) Spearshaft ferrules; the long form, found in all the hoards except that from
Willow Moor, was a survival from the Wilburton tradition, whereas the type with
waisted base (Pant-y-Maen, Broadward) was characteristic of this phase in other
regions beside the Broadward province.
(h) Ewart Park swords.
(i) Short tongue chapes.
G) Small tanged chisels (Broadward, Broadness).
As will be seen from this list, tools are practically absent from the Broadward group of
hoards.
APPENDIX VIII: NORTH WALES FROM THE 8TH CENTURY
There is a limited range of material likely to be of local origin:

(a) 'Late' palstaves.
(b) Socketed axes; miscellaneous ribbed and faceted forms which cannot be
allocated specific external origins.
(c) Socketed knives of Thorndon type.
(d) Tanged chisels with stops.
(e) Riveted sickles; in addition to the well-known example from Dolbenmaen,
Caernarvonshire,61 there is an almost identical specimen found not far away at
Uanwchllyn, Merionethshire. 62 The form seems to be a local one.
(f) Plain and ogival pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads.
(g) Ewart Park swords.
(h) Shields.
Most of these types occur in very limited numbers.
Influence from the outside world
(a) South-east Wales: there are only three 'South Welsh' axes from North Wales,
all in the Uantissilio hoard, Denbighshire.
(b) The Broadward province: there is practically no evidence for links with the
Broadward area.
u Fox, Arrh. Camb., XCVI {1941), 162. u Private coli. I am grateful to Mrs K. Watson
for information about this specimen.
D
(c) South-eastern England: much of the local metalwork was ultimately of south-
eastern origin, but there are some more obvious imports, notably a small
number of 'south-eastern' socketed axes (e.g. Ruabon hoard, Denbighshire). 63
(d) Northern England: there are two 'Yorkshire' three-ribbed socketed axes, from
Llangollen and Llantissilio," Denbighshire.
(e) Ireland: the list is very large:
(i) Bag-shaped socketed axes.
(ii) Socketed knives of Dungiven type.65
(ill) Pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads with markedly slender blades.
(iv) Perforated rings.
(v) Bracelets with expanded terminals, both gold and bronze.

(vi) D-sectioned, penannular gold ear-rings.
(vii) Amber.
(f) The Continent: there are a number of finds of ultimate continental origin, but
whether these represent direct importation or re-export from Ireland is uncertain.
Local finds of amber epitomise this problem; these, and the famous rattle pendants
in the Parc-y-Meirch hoard, Denbighshire,66 are obviously Baltic in origin,67 but
could have reached North Wales via Ireland. The hoard of bronze buffer-
terminal penannulars from Llanrhaidr-yn-Mochnant, Montgomeryshire68 is
reported to have included an example with 'pendants upon it', 69 which could
have been a necklet with pendant rings, of north European type, such as was
found in the hoard from Braes of Gight, Aberdeenshire. 70 The Kurd-type
bucket from Nannau, Merionethshire71 suggests links with the late Urnfield
cultures, and some of the 'horsey' bronzes in the Parc-y-Meirch hoard may have
a similar background.
APPENDIX IX: HALLSTATT C MATERIAL (Figs. I7, I8, I9)

The major categories of Hallstatt C material found in the British Isles are as follows:
I. Bronze swords: the coastal and riverine distribution of these (Fig. I9) serves to illustrate
the general pattern of Hallstatt C material in the British Isles .
.z. Iron sword: the only certain Hallstatt C iron sword is that from the Llynfawr hoard.
Another example has been claimed from the Shannon, but this is no longer generally accepted.
3· Winged (hapes: there are two main groups, one in which the underside of the chape forms a
graceful curve or curves from wing tip to wing tip, and another, not represented in the British
Isles, where the wings curve out from a deep, angular body. Bogan has distinguished three
forms within the former group, (i) boat-shaped, (ii) with slightly drooping wings and (ill) with
outstretched wings. 72 The latter seems to be the commonest form in the British Isles.
4· Razor.r: various forms are known, 73 but commonest are single or twin-looped examples
with crescentic or triangular blades having triangular or sub-rectangular openings (Fig. I 8: 8).
Davies, E., The Prehistoric and Roman Remains

13
Parc-y-Meirch hoard, Wales', P.P.S., XXIV (I958),
of Denbighshire (I929), 397· 22I-7·
" Llangollen, Davies, ibid., 254. also Arch. Camb., 18 Evans (12), 380; Montgomeryshire Collections,
XCI (I936), 3 I4; Llantissilio, Davies, op. cit., 369. III, 4I9; IV, 247•
u Hodges, Joe. cit. (46). 11 Evans, ibid.
11 Sheppard, T., 'The Parc-y-Meirch hoard, 7o Coles (I95cr-6o), 39-43·
StGeorge, Denbighshire', Arch. Camb., XCVI (I94I), 71
Hawkes and Smith (I957), ISS, I88.
I-IO. 71
Eogan (I964). 320.
17 Thrane, H., 'The rattle-pendants from the 73
C. M. Piggott, P.P.S., XII (I946), 128.
The Cardiff hoard exhibits another type, 74 a perforated, roughly circular blade with simple
tang or handle (cf. Fig. I 8: 4). The Staple Howe settlement, Yorkshire, has an example of the
form with strongly recurved tail.
It is interesting that the distribution of these razors differs from that of more warlike
Hallstatt C types in Britain. At Ham Hill, Somerset,15 Staple Howe and Traprain Law,
Midlothian, 76 examples seem to relate to the earliest phases of defended hill-top occupation
sites, and one from the Thames at Old England, Brentford, may have been associated with
pile dwellings. 77 Many of the razors have associations, unlike the swords, there are groups of
razors in regions which have few or no swords, such as the Bristol Channel area, and they are
rare or absent in areas where swords are common, notably Ireland.
5. Horse and vehicle bronzes: a variety of types are known, but the quantity is very small.
(a) Phalerae: Hawkes has urged caution in distinguishing between Hallstatt and
Late Urnfield forms. 78 Two Hallstatt C types are found, one domed, with
looped, recessed centre (as in the Uynfawr hoard), and conical forms (e.g., in
the Sompting hoard).
(b) Winged objects: the Uynfawr hoard has two winged objects which bear a close
family resemblance to winged chapes, but which must clearly have served some
other purpose. They have been interpreted by Marien and Alcock as cheek
pieces, 79 having good parallels in the Court-St-Etienne tombs in Belgium.so
(c) Pole cap: the example in the Cardiff hoard seems difficult to parallel.
(d) Jochschnalle: the Uynfawr hoard includes an excellent Jochschnalle, a Bavarian
Hallstatt C type. 81 Court-St-Etienne provides an intermediate example. 82
6. Iron spearhead: the Uynfawr hoard has a lozenge-sectioned iron spearhead of Hallstatt C
form, again with good parallels at Court-St-Etienne.83
APPENDIX X: INDIGENOUS TYPES IN THE HALLSTATT C PHASE (Fig. I8)

For the most part, local products do not seem to have changed in the Hallstatt C phase.
The following are exceptions:
I. Swords: Ewart Park swords showing the influence of Hallstatt bronze swords, having
such embellishments as hilt finials, swept-back ricasso notches and the characteristic broad
Hallstatt tip (Group Vc). Not surprisingly such swords are especially common in areas where
Hallstatt C swords are plentiful, as in the Thames valley and Ireland (Fig. I 7: 5, 6). Cowen's
'Thames type' would be included in this grouping.
z. Massive socketed axes: these are generally the largest, heaviest socketed axes in the Irish/
British series, but even small examples have a massive appearance. The form is characteristically
broad at the blade, narrow at the top of the body, and with a pronounced, heavy collar. The
loop is often distinctive, having a characteristic 'spurred' base (Fig. I 8: 5, 6). While rib,
pellet and roundel ornament is common, completely plain examples are known. There is some
evidence that the Armorican axes of this period may have played some part in the development
n Nash-Williams, Ant.]., XIII (1933), Z99· •• Alcock, L., 'The winged objects in the
" In Taunton Museum. Llynfawr hoard', Antiquity, xxxv (1961), 141}-51·
•• Burley, Prou. SO&. Antiq. Stot., LXXXIX (1956), so Marien, M.-E., Trouvoiller tiN Chomp d'Urner et
150· der Tomheller Hallrtatlienner de Court-Soint-Etienne
77 British Museum, Later Prehirtorit Antiqllitier of (1958), 32-6, Z3?.
81 Ibid., :zS--9.
the Britirh Irler (1953), 30, 35, fig. II: 13; Lawrence,
81 Ibid.
Arth. ]., LXXXVI (19z9), 78--9.
83 Ibid., uS.
u Hawkes and Smith (1957), 155.
of these massive axes. 84 They are, for example, the only Irish/British type which regularly have
a 'back-to-front' socket plan in Armorican fashion, with the longer axis of the socket at right
angles to the cutting edge, instead of parallel to it.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Part of the research embodied in this paper was carried out while I was a Sir James Knott
Fellow of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Generous grants from the Research Fund
of the University have greatly facilitated the work, enabling me to travel widely in Britain and
France.
I am indebted to the authorities of a large number of museums in Britain, Ireland and
France, too numerous to mention individually, for permission to work on and draw material
in their collections. I am grateful particularly to Professor P. R. Giot and Dr J. Briard at
Rennes, M. Costa of the Musee Dobree, Nantes, M. Rollando of the Musee de Vannes,
Mlle Viallefond of the Musee d'Evreux, and M. J offroy of the Musee des Antiquites Nationales,
St Germain-en-Laye; to Dr H. N. Savory in Wales, Dr J. Raftery and Mr L. Flanagan in
Ireland and Miss A. Henshall in Scotland; and in England to Mr H. Case, Professor C. F. C.
Hawkes, Mr J. Brailsford, and Dr D. B. Harden, Mr B. Spencer and Mr R. Canham of the
London Museum; finally to Dr J.D. Cowen, and my colleague Mr G. ]obey, for much helpful
discussion and criticism.
POSTSCRIPT
Since the above was written, a number of important finds have come to my attention.
A sword blade from the Thames at London (Guildhall Mus. no. 59) seems to be an early
Urnfield rod-tanged sword (unfortunately lacking its tang), belonging to a family widespread
in northern Italy, Switzerland, the upper RhonefSaone area, and along the middle and upper
Seine. It provides an interesting addition to the small list of early Urnfield imports in the
Penard phase. The sword from the Eriswell hoard (Ant.]., XXV (1955), 218-49) may belong
to the same group. It seems probable that the origins of LambethJRosnoen, Chelsea and
Ballintober swords were more complex than suggested above, with the various forms of rod-
tanged weapons also playing a part. A few Ballintober swords with hilts ending in tongued
extensions may be important in this connection, notably one from the Thames at North Stoke,
Oxon. (formerly in Winchester Mus., recorded in the Bronze Age Metalwork Card Catalogue,
British Museum). I am grateful to -Mr T. D. McArdle for discussion on these problems.
Mr A. MacCormick of Nottingham Castle Museum has kindly sent me a drawing of a new
Ballintober sword from the Trent near Nottingham, with unique hatched triangle and multiple
zig-zag decoration on its upper blade.
I am grateful to Mr D. Coombs for information about a number of finds. In Buxton
Museum there is a lozenge-sectioned spearhead with a single socket loop, found at Great
Rocks Dale Quarry, near Buxton. This important find provides further proof of the contem-
poraneity of single-looped and lozenge-sectioned spearheads, and thus of the Wallington and
Wilburton traditions they represent. An interesting addition to the list of barbed spearheads,
from Cow Dale, near Buxton, is also in Buxton Museum. Ideas on the development and
distribution of the Broadward tradition may have to be reviewed in the light of the discovery
" Burgess (1962), zo-1.

of another Hampshire hoard with barbed spearheads, a find from Winchester (Winchester
Mus.) which also includes a barbed spearhead with lunate-openings, a lunate-opening spear-
head, a long ferrule, sword blade fragments and 'late' palstaves.
The important Heathery Burn find has recently been re-published: Britton, D., and
Longworth, I. H. (eds.), 'Late Bronze Age finds in the Heathery Burn Cave, Co. Durham',
Inv. Arch., GB.55, 9th Set (1968).
The complexities of our earliest 'Iron Age', and the possibility that in some respects it
may prove to be not Iron Age at all, but Late Bronze Age, are heightened by the results of
the excavation of Ivinghoe Beacon hill fort, Bucks., apparently normal 'Iron A' in its timber-
framed rampart and pottery, but with metal finds all of Late Bronze Age tradition. I am grate-
ful to Professor Frere for information about this site. With increasing knowledge of Urnfield
fortifications and settlements in Late Bronze Age Europe, and of pottery, forts and settle-
ments in the West, especially France, it may eventually prove necessary to re-think completely
developments in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age of the British Isles.

The Later Bronze Age in The British Isles and North-Western France

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The Later Bronze Age in the British Isles and

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In I96o, Professor Hawkes envisaged a short MBA 3 phase in order to encompass

u The Bishopsland hoard (Bogan (I964), 272-7, 11

common form. 31 There are some remarkable connections, notably a straight-based,

II: WILBURTON, ST BRIEUC-DES-IFFS AND WALLINGTON (later 10thj8th centuries;

lO O 20 .4Q 60 X/LONE TRE:S

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Ballintober and related weapons

Fig. 8. Distribution map of the Wilburton complex

n Butler (196o), u1. u In the Musee Municipal, Evreux. The find

and this is demonstrated by the presence of a socket-looped spearhead in the Corsbie

Fig. xo. Distribution map of Wilburton and related swords, Group IV

element than in northern England. 65 The survival of old-fashioned traditions is

III: AN INDUSTRIAL REvoLUTION (c. 750-65o; Figs. 12-18, Appendices V-VIII)

Burgess (1968a), 36-8. 88

71 78 E.g. that from Kirby Malzeard, Yorks., in

Fig. I z. Distribution map of Ewart Park and related swords, Group V

+ fAJI'I TONGUE IUT£1/IAL

Fig. 14- Distribution map of the Carp's Tongue complex

been recovered from the river.

The Hallstatt settlement theory is therefore no longer acceptable in its entirety,

110 Antiquity, XL (Sept. 1966), 185-6. 114 Ibid.

Fig. 1 9· Distribution map of Hallstatt C bronze swords, Group VII

APPENDIX I: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX II: PENARD AND ROSNO_gN TYPES (Figs. I-7)

(b) Basal-looped spearheads with straight-based blades8 (Fig. 5: I and 2.).

(d) Plain, pegged, leaf-shaped spearheads.

APPENDIX III: WILBURTON AND ST BRIEUC-DES-IFFS (Figs. 8-10)

APPENDIX IV: THE WALLINGTON TRADITION (Fig. II)

APPENDIX V: THE CARP'S TONGUE COMPLEX (Figs. I3, I4)

aa Ibid., 34, with fig.

(i) Eng-winged axes and adzes (Fig. 13 : 4).

APPENDIX VI: THE HEATHERY BURN TRADITION (Figs. 17, 18)

(i) Tanged chisels with stops.

APPENDIX VII: THE BROADWARD TRADITION (Figs. 15, 16)

APPENDIX VIII: NORTH WALES FROM THE 8TH CENTURY

There is a limited range of material likely to be of local origin:

(v) Bracelets with expanded terminals, both gold and bronze.

APPENDIX IX: HALLSTATT C MATERIAL (Figs. I7, I8, I9)

Davies, E., The Prehistoric and Roman Remains

APPENDIX X: INDIGENOUS TYPES IN THE HALLSTATT C PHASE (Fig. I8)

" Burgess (1962), zo-1.

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