FAKE-PROOF GENERATION: PRODUCING AND EVALUATING CONTENT

MATERIALS ON HOW TO DETECT FAKE NEWS ON FACEBOOK FOR THE

OLDER ADULTS OF MALOLOS CITY, BULACAN

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Arts and Letters

Bulacan State University

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts in Broadcasting

by

Bagay, Ruthie Angel F.

Bracero, Alessandra Mae P.

Caballero, Kristhen

Consumo, John Christian C.

Del Mundo, Micaella C.

Dela Cruz, Laila Marie F.

Galuno, Avril Chescka C.

Mendoza, Mark John P.

Tobias, Alliah Amour C.

BAB -3A
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Senior citizens are more online than ever despite having a lower rate in terms of adopting

and using technology than the general population. According to reports, numerous senior

demographic groups—including those who are younger, wealthier, and more educated—use and

own a variety of technologies on the same level as younger adults (Anderson, 2019). Information

and communication technology (ICT) is being acknowledged as one of the most important

instruments for enhancing the lives of older adults. For instance, they might use their mobile

devices to make online transactions at the convenience of their homes, search the internet for

beneficial information, and contact acquaintances and relatives through social media (Ractham,

2014). However, age is one of the factors in learning how to use technology and social media. In

comparison to younger generations, senior citizens are less likely to absorb and operate the

internet and digital media (Seo et al, 2020). In America, data show that senior citizens are slower

to adapt to technology compared to other generations, but they still continue to develop deep

connections to the digital world (Smith, 2020).

As they continue to grow their connection to digital media, Facebook remains the most

popular and most used social networking platform by older adults in America (Lupis, 2023). In

fact, older adults are the fastest-growing demographic on the social media platform. Despite

being slower in adapting to technology, senior citizens enjoy Facebook due to its easy-to-navigate

features and simple and convenient interface tools that attract and motivate them to stay on the

platform longer (Swayne, n.d.). In the Philippines, Facebook is the most popular social media

platform for all ages. The platform is commonly used not only for social networking but also for
marketing purposes as well as a major news outlet as stated by Statista Research Department

(2023). But despite the easy access to communication and information on Facebook, according

to a study by Guess et al. (2020), the platform refers to unreliable news sources more than the

number of times it directs consumers to reliable news websites. Facebook is also by far the most

notorious platform when it comes to disseminating false information. It is worse than big

platforms such as Google, and Twitter, and even worse than electronic mail providers (Travers,

2020). It becomes a problem as false information has no regard for age, and senior citizens who

are new to technology and digital media may have limited digital literacy. With that, older adults

run the risk of believing and spreading fake news more than users in other age groups as they are

also less likely to fact-check the information they come across (Mukherjee, 2021).

According to Kavanagh and Rich (2018), fake news is any written articles, television

news, or other information distributed through broadcast or social media that is purposefully

based on false truth or that uses misleading framing to distort a narrative. Fake news is also an

umbrella term for several types of mis- and disinformation such as satire, misleading,

manipulated, and fabricated content among others (Rinehart, 2022). Fake news has serious

negative consequences in society, ranging from creating doubts about medications to

encouraging violence. It is increasingly affecting societal values, changing opinions on critical

issues and topics as well as redefining facts, truths, and beliefs (Olan et al., 2022). As highlighted

by World Health Organization (2020), misinformation and disinformation can have negative

implications, such as unused diagnostic tests and hampered immunization campaigns during the

COVID-19 pandemic which led them to initiate activities in 2020 to identify and combat

misinformation and disinformation.

 Older adults are particularly vulnerable to false information due to cognitive deficiencies,

challenges they face in discerning what is real or not, experiencing a decline in overall trust, and

not focusing on accuracy during communications, all of which are influenced by social shifts in

late adulthood. Older adults may recall the knowledge over time but lose track of whether it was

true or untrue. Memory deficits make them more prone to accept news reports and information

they frequently encounter, even if it has been proven false or to be untrue. Moreover, their relative

newness to social media may make it difficult for them to recognize paid or manipulated content

(Brashier & Schacter, 2020). Senior citizens are also most likely to share the fake news they

come across (Guess et al., 2019). In light of this, fake news can significantly affect their

behaviors. Therefore, it is essential to understand the causes of older adults’ susceptibility to false

information in order to develop effective solutions to the problem (Duke & Whatley, nod)

On a more localized scale in the Philippines, there is a widespread prevalence of fake

news dissemination on Facebook. This issue has persisted since the rise of the social media

platform and continues to be a concern today (Khan & Chua, 2023). Among the various forms

of false information, fake government news from fraudulent Facebook accounts and pages tends

to be the most readily believed and shared by Filipinos including older adults (Gregorio, 2022).

As stated by Brashier & Schacter (2020), senior citizens often neglect to fact-check when

encountering posts, rendering them susceptible to this problem. In response to this pressing issue

in the Philippines, the government is said to launch a nationwide digital media literacy campaign

to combat the spread of fake news and disinformation; however, it is still expected to launch in

the middle of 2023 (Flores, 2023). According to Khan & Chua (2023), there have been anti-

disinformation initiatives in the Philippines that come in various forms, aiming to prevent,

monitor, identify, contextualize, and correct false information. These initiatives can be expanded
and supplemented with innovative approaches. However, these efforts have not yet reached a

significant portion of Philippine society including the sector of senior citizens.

Turning the particular focus on the city of Malolos in Bulacan, there have been several

reports of fake news, particularly concerning the spread of fake government announcements on

Facebook causing misinformation among the public. Such examples include misleading

lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, fabricated and false government statements

regarding financial assistance, and misinformation concerning establishments and transportation

entities in the city, among other related cases. This is why the city's information office has also

issued posts advising people to be cautious of such content. Given the frequent occurrence and

reports of fake news dissemination in the City of Malolos1, the researchers' primary goal is to

produce and evaluate content materials on how to identify fake news on Facebook specifically

designed for the senior citizens residing in the city in partnership with the Federation of Senior

Citizens Association of the Philippines (FSCAP) Malolos chapter. Based on the initial

assessment conducted by the researchers, the chosen location has been confirmed as appropriate

for the study. Furthermore, another preliminary observation was carried out by the researchers to

investigate the existence of any ongoing initiatives concerning fake news for older adults who

use Facebook in the City of Malolos. The results of this observation revealed that further action

is still needed to address the issue effectively. Additionally, the researchers conducted a pre-

survey to assess the suitability of the older adults as respondents participating in the study. The

results of the aforementioned activities will be helpful for the researchers in developing and

evaluating effective content materials for older adults of the City of Malolos.

1
See Appendices for the collated posts of fake news reports in the City Of Malolos
Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to produce and evaluate content materials on how to

detect fake news for senior citizens.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the challenges faced by older adults in the City of Malolos in identifying

and differentiating fake news from genuine information on Facebook?

2. What content materials are effective in promoting digital literacy and the ability

to detect fake news among older adults on Facebook?

3. How may the proponents of the study create and tailor-fit effective content

materials specifically for the older adults in Malolos, Bulacan?

4. How will the experts evaluate the content materials in terms of:

4.1 suitability for older adults;

4.2 credibility;

4.2 creativity;

4.3 learning value;

4.4 effectiveness?

5. How did the respondents’ attitudes, knowledge, and awareness change after the

production and evaluation of the content materials?

Importance of the Study

The objective of the researchers is to produce content materials for the Federation of

Senior Citizens Association of the Philippines Malolos Chapter in Bulacan and investigate the

perception prior to false information on social media experience. This study could be highly

significant and beneficial specifically to the following:

Federation of Senior Citizens Association of the Philippines (Malolos Chapter). The Senior

Citizens of the Federation Association of the Philippines, Malolos Chapter in Bulacan, will

benefit from this research. This research will aid in better understanding, evaluating, and using

information from digital sources. Furthermore, this study promotes the protection of senior

persons to avoid the dissemination of false information, which helps to maintain transparency.

Youth. This study aims to develop the digital literacy of the younger generation, who have an

extensive online presence that makes them susceptible to encountering and sharing fake news.

Moreover, this study will increase the cognizance of the younger generation, which can help to

educate and guide older adults to develop a more discerning approach to the information they

encounter.

Community of the City of Malolos. This research will be beneficial to the community in

Malolos City, Bulacan by reducing fake news and ensuring seniors have access to accurate

information particularly those who may not be as tech-savvy or experienced with social media.

This study will also help seniors strengthen their community bonds, promote understanding, and

reduce conflicts based on misinformation. Therefore, seniors can become more confident and

responsible users of social media and online platforms.

The Academe. The result of the study will serve as a resource in the academe by adding existing

knowledge on fake news, helping professionals and educators gain a deeper understanding of the

phenomenon. In addition, this study will be essential to incorporate into the educational

curriculum to increase student understanding and media literacy among students, teaching them

how to critically assess information and identify fake news. Therefore, the study has the potential

to make significant contributions to the academic community, fostering a more informed and

vigilant society when it comes to fake news and misinformation.

Media Practitioner. This research will help media practitioners in crafting more responsible

content and preventing the impact of false information. This study will support the development

of policies, guidelines, and best practices for media organizations to combat fake news effectively

and ethically.

Local Government. The results of this study can be used to develop long-term plans for

preventing fake news, promote media literacy, and strengthen citizens' capacity to discern

between legitimate and deceptive information. Local governments can use the study to assess the

potential risks associated with fake news and its influence on society, public safety, and

democratic processes.

Future Researchers. This study will help future researchers to contribute to the development of

a more informed, responsible, and reliable digital landscape, benefiting society as a whole.

Additionally, this research will benefit and gain future researchers valuable insights into how to

protect senior citizens from false information by promoting accurate and credible material.
Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on producing and evaluating content materials such as Publication

materials (PubMats), including online materials like digital posters and Audio-video

presentations (AVP), aiming to prevent, monitor, identify, contextualize, and correct fake news

for senior citizens. The study will be undertaken in the City of Malolos, Bulacan, limited to the

participation of one-hundred fifty (150) older adults aged 60 and above who use Facebook in

selected barangays in the City of Malolos. All data is collected through the chosen research

methods namely: (50) face-to-face interviews and (100) online survey questionnaires. By

examining the reasons behind information-sharing habits this research aims to understand older

adults' and senior citizens' engagement with misinformation and investigate their perception

before social media experiences.

The researchers will conduct a diagnostic pre-survey and analyze semi-structured

interviews with the former members of the Federation of Senior Citizens Association of the

Philippines (FSCAP) in the City of Malolos, Bulacan. Moreover, the researchers will conduct a

series of interviews with a Print and Online media expert to learn how to produce effective print

material and how to create efficient online content for its market audience. This input will

enhance the quality and impact of the content materials created during the study. These materials

will improve awareness and critical thinking skills among senior citizens to discern reliable

information from misinformation online.

 Definition of Terms

This section gives the readers an understanding of the concepts or words that will be

discussed throughout the study. The following words were defined denotatively and

connotatively:

Digital Literacy. The knowledge and abilities to use and benefit from information and

communication technology (ICT). It includes the capacity to find and evaluate information,

comprehend information culture and ethical issues, and effectively communicate online (Law et

al., 2018). The term will be defined in this study as older adults’ level of knowledge in the usage

of social media, specifically Facebook.

Disinformation. According to Iacucci (2021), it is deliberate and includes malicious content such

as hoaxes, fraudulent practices, and propaganda. It spreads fear and suspicion among the

population. This word will be used in this study as an example of the kind of fake news that could

be harmful to older adults.

Facebook. It is a social networking site established in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg

including several Harvard University students. Many people use Facebook to communicate with

friends, build groups, interact with clients, and serve as a news source, among other things

(Kerner, 2021). The word is used in the study as the social media platform that older adults most

commonly use.

Fake News. According to Kavanagh and Rich (2018), fake news is any written articles, television

news, or other information distributed through broadcast or social media that is purposefully
based on false truth or that uses misleading framing to distort a narrative. This study will refer to

"fake news" as m

misleading information on Facebook that can affect older adults, making them more vulnerable

to its influence.

Older Adults. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), older adults

are those who are aged 60 years or older. In this study, older adults and senior citizens are used

interchangeably. It also refers to the respondents aged 60 years or older who use Facebook.

Online. It refers to when an electronic device is on and connected to other devices, such as a

computer, a network, or a device like a printer (Rouse, 2021). Online, in this study is defined as

being connected to the Internet and being active on social media, specifically Facebook.

Social Media. According to Kaplan (2018), the definition of social media is a group of Internet-

based applications that build on the theoretical and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and

that enable the creation and exchange of user-generated content. In this study, social media is

characterized as applications, like Facebook, that older adults utilize for the purpose of

connecting with others.

Social Network. It describes a group of people that willingly communicate with one another

around shared interests in concepts, issues, products, etc. (Guinalíu et al., 2013). In this study,

the term is used to describe the relationships that older adults establish both within and beyond

social media platforms.

Misinformation. As defined by Adams et al. (2023), misinformation is any false, inaccurate, or

incorrect information, frequently viewed as the opposite of true "information." In contrast to

disinformation, which is typically spread with the intention to cause harm, misinformation can

occur unintentionally without any harmful motives. This word will be used in this study as an

example of the kind of fake news that could be harmful to older adults.

Mobile Device. According to Rouse (2018), a mobile device is a portable tablet or other gadget

that is small and light enough to be carried around. In this study, it is defined as the device or

gadget that senior citizens use to stay online on Facebook.

Platform. As defined by OECD (2019), an online platform is a digital service that enables

interactions between two or more separate but interconnected groups of users, which can include

individuals or companies. These users engage with the platform through the Internet to facilitate

their interactions and activities. The term is described in this study as a space for people that

serves as a means or opportunity to communicate ideas or information such as social media

applications or websites.

Publication Materials. According to Marketing Mixers (2021), The term "publication

Materials," or "PubMats," refers to any materials that are published and distributed across all

digital and printed outlets.

Tech-savvy. It is defined as being proficient in the latest technology and being able to make use

of it through utilizing abilities and knowledge (Çakıcı, 2022). In this study, the term will be used

to refer to individuals who are familiar with information and communication technology and

have the skills to effectively use social media platforms.

 Notes to Chapter 1

Adams, Z., Osman, M., Bechlivanidis, C., & Meder, B. (2023). (Why) is misinformation a

problem? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162211413.

https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221141344

Anderson, M. (2019, December 31). Technology use among seniors. Pew Research Center:

Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/05/17/technology-use-

among-seniors/

Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020). Aging in an era of fake news. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 29(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420915872

Çakıcı, N. (2022). What is Tech-Savvy | IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/tech-

savvy/66697

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Identifying Vulnerable Older Adults and

Legal Options for Increasing Their Protection During All-Hazards Emergencies. Cdc.gov.

Duke A. & Whatley M. (n.d). Fake News! A Cognitive Perspective on the spread of

Misinformation among Older Adults – Psychology in Action.

https://www.psychologyinaction.org/2021-4-5-fake-news-a-cognitive-perspective-on-the-

spread-of-misinformation-among-older-adults
Flores, H. (2023, March 12). Government to launch nationwide campaign vs fake news.

Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/03/13/2251265/government-launch-

nationwide-campaign-vs-fake-news

Gregorio, X. (2022, October 12). For Filipinos, fake news is a problem they blame on social

media influencers. Philstar.com.

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/10/11/2215867/filipinos-fake-news-problem-they-

blame-social-media-influencers

Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2020). Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016

US election. Nature Human Behavior, 4(5), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0833-

Guinalíu, M., Marta, J., & Subero, J. M. (2013). Social Networks as a Tool to Improve the Life

Quality of Chronic Patients and Their Relatives. In Handbook of Research on ICTs for

Human-Centered Healthcare and Social Care Services. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-

3986-7.ch009

Iacucci, A. A. (2021). Using social media in Community Based Protection: A Guide.

https://www.unhcr.org/innovation/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Using-Social-Media-in-

CBP.pdf

Kaplan, A. (2018). Social media, definition, and history. In Springer eBooks (pp. 2662–2665).

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_95
Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. D. (2018). Truth Decay: An initial exploration of the diminishing role

of facts and analysis in American public life. In RAND Corporation eBooks.

https://doi.org/10.7249/rr2314

Kerner, S. M. (2021). Facebook. WhatIs.com.

https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Facebook

Lupis, J. (2023). Which social media platforms are the 50+ age group using? Marketing

Charts.https://www.marketingcharts.com/demographics-and-audiences/boomers-and-older-

228353#:~:text=New%20research%20%5Bpdf%5D%20from%20the,from%2068%25%20a%2

0year%20earlier.

Marketing Mixers. (2021). PUB-MAT

https://www.facebook.com/marketingmixers/photos/a.10150293085010083/101649543004050

83/?type=3

OECD (2019), "What is an “online platform”?", in An Introduction to Online Platforms and

Their Role in the Digital Transformation, OECD Publishing, Paris,

https://doi.org/10.1787/19e6a0f0-en.

Olan, F., Jayawickrama, U., Arakpogun, E. O., Suklan, J., & Liu, S. (2022). Fake news on social

media: the Impact on Society. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-

022-10242-z
Ractham, P. (2014). Social Media Use and Senior Citizen’s Life Satisfaction.

https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/items/bf16dab0-3bce-4549-abf1-99fd203b390f

Rinehart, A. (2022, September 2). Fake news. It’s complicated. First Draft.

https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/fake-news-complicated/

Rouse, M. (2018, March 30). What is a Mobile Device? - Definition from Techopedia.

Techopedia. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23586/mobile-device

Rouse, M. (2021, October 23). What is Online? - Definition from Techopedia. Techopedia.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/658/online

Seo, H., Blomberg, M., Altschwager, D., & Vu, H. H. T. (2020). Vulnerable populations and

misinformation: A mixed-methods approach to underserved older adults’ online information

assessment. New Media & Society, 23(7), 2012–2033.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820925041

Smith, A. (2020, May 30). Older Adults and Technology Use. Pew Research Center: Internet,

Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/04/03/older-adults-and-

technology-use/#main-findings

Statista (2023). Most used social media in the Philippines 2022 | Statista.

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1127983/philippines-leading-social-media-

platforms/#:~:text

=Facebook%20as%20the%20top%20social,out%20to%20their%20potential%20consumers.
Travers, M. (2020, March 21). Facebook Spreads Fake News Faster Than Any Other Social

Website, According to New Research. Forbes.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/traversmark/2020/03/21/facebook-spreads-fake-news-faster-than-

any-other-social-website-according-to-new-research/?sh=11dd397d6e1a

World Health Organization: WHO. (2020, September 23). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic:

Promoting healthy behaviors and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation.

Word Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-

covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-

misinformation-and-disinformation
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

This chapter includes a review of related literature and studies the researchers have

reviewed to shed light on the topic under study. Pertinent to the topic of this study, the researchers

have collected foreign and local literature regarding senior citizens and their experience in

perceiving information on using Facebook. Additionally, theories related to the study will be

discussed and applied in the theoretical and conceptual framework. This will give the researchers

enough background in understanding the study.

Related Theories

This study will be supported by the RACE Theory which will be utilized to highlight

digital marketing activities needed to focus on to improve results from digital marketing; the

Media Literacy Theory which describes how users process information in a media environment,

and it examines how they interpret the material they encounter; and the Usability Theory which

will be utilized to assess what are the effective content materials to produce that are suitable for

the respondents of the study.

RACE Theory

As stated by Chaffey (2022), his goal was to provide a simple structure for institutions to

develop an online marketing or an omnichannel communications plan which meets the

challenges of reaching and engaging online audiences to prompt conversation digitally. Although

RACE is often cited as a digital marketing framework and it was indeed developed to emphasize

the importance of digital marketing interactions, RACE was created to integrate digital plans,

and it has always been aimed at managing online marketing communications to increase
engagements through digital and even traditional channels. It is technically designed to manage

the integration of digital and traditional communications which is a major challenge of marketing

today.

Media Literacy Theory

Media literacy refers to the consumers' knowledge of how mass media operates. Knowing

where to find various kinds of information, how to analyze it, who controls the major mass media

outlets, how messages are created, and how they are presented to appeal to diverse interests are

all part of it (Poepsel, 2020). The Theory of Media Literacy, as developed by Potter (2004),

emphasizes knowing how human minds function and how people make judgments when

interacting with media content. Potter highlights that a person's locus, or level of media literacy,

determines whether they are considered media literate. Individuals must acquire skills and

information in five crucial areas: media effects, media content, media industries, real-world

parameters, and self-awareness in order to improve this locus. In general, this theory seeks to

educate readers on how information is being processed in media-rich contexts and how to

improve one's media literacy by learning critical skills and information about media and its

impact on society and the self.

Usability Theory

As highlighted by Martinello (2021), the goal of usability theory is to comprehend how

people engage with technology and media. Usability principles can be used to assist in producing

media content that is simple for consumers to use, browse, comprehend, and engage with. This

idea places a strong emphasis on elements like readability, simplicity, clarity, and intuitive design

to make content more approachable and user-friendly, especially for older individuals in the
context of this study. Usability theory is also utilized in the workplace. It looks at the interactions

in terms of culture, environment, and situation and links them to important usability elements

like effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. This usability perspective can be used in processes

for continuous improvement as well as at many stages of workplace projects, such as strategic

planning, development, operations, and assessment. The theory emphasizes the importance of

considering usability in workplace design and management. It can be utilized in many ways, such

as guiding usability briefings, and conducting usability evaluations (Appel-Meulenbroek &

Danivska, 2021).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1: The RACE Theory model developed by Dave Chaffey in 2010

The R.A.C.E (Research, Action, Communication, and Evaluation) Model was

propounded by John Marston in 1963, it was to create a step-by-step process for successful public

relations. The formula took inspiration from the “AIDA” formula (Attention, Interest, Desire,

and Action) (Marston, 1963, p. 161). The model was then developed in 2010 by Dr. Dave Chaffey

into a Digital Marketing Model (Bégin, 2013). According to Chaffey, D. (2022), the RACE
model was originally developed to provide a straightforward marketing planning model for

various companies on how to easily reach and engage with their audience.

Figure 1 shows the RACE model developed by Chaffey in 2010, which consists of a

framework that shows four steps. Chaffey broke down the four steps into Reach, Act, Convert,

and Engage. First is Reach where the objective is to build awareness and visibility such as

creating interactions and raising potential or existing problems. The second is Act which is short

for Interact, it aims to generate leads and encourage participation in the workable solutions for

the problem. The third one is Convert, which aims to convert the audiences to buy or believe in

what you are telling them. Lastly, Engage, where focuses on engaging with the audiences,

creating long-term relationships with them, and making the advocacy retain them.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 2. Adapted Race Model Theory by Bagay et al. (2023)

This adapted Race Model Theory specified the variables present in the researchers’ study.

The respondent's research/analysis of the environment is the issue underlying the study which is

the lack of awareness and knowledge of the Senior Citizens of selected barangays in the City of

Malolos, Bulacan, which was described by Montelibano (2021) did explain that sharing fake
news was not representative of seniors, but among those who did share fake news, seniors led

the pack.

The segmentation and targeting talk about the respondents of the researchers, their

demographic analysis, and the beneficiary of the research study as well. The researchers will

collect pertinent data which pertains to Media Literacy and consider the Usability of the target

respondents. It would also look into how senior citizens utilize technological advancements in

social media to determine what kind of materials will be more suited to them.

Therefore, this model can be linked to this study as researchers aim to achieve the goal

of conducting a full campaign that features information materials that are defined to the

instructional needs of the respondents, with the aim of raising awareness and knowledge of the

Senior Citizens of selected barangays in Malolos on effectively detecting various fake news and

pieces of information online.

To modify the initial result, post-tests will be done to utilize it to investigate the

comparison between different figures representing which one is fake and which one is not.

Application of suggestions and the results of the post-tests to modify the materials in order to

polish them to the needs of the target recipients are included. The researchers would be able to

accomplish the goals of their study, by seeking cooperation from their partnered agency, to gather

people involved, engage, and help them promote the information materials and their importance

for its user’s advantage.

 Related Literature

The researchers acquired works of literature that were useful and relevant to their

investigation. Foreign literature is composed of information literacy and its importance,

improving senior citizens' digital literacy by identifying hurdles and adopting inclusive solutions.

Furthermore, the local literature contains some cases of the fake news and campaigns that aim to

battle misinformation in the Philippines.

Foreign Literature

What Is Information Literacy?

Information literacy is the ability to access, assess, organize, use, and transmit

information in all of its forms, most notably in circumstances requiring decision-making,

problem-solving, or knowledge acquisition, according to Skyline College Library (2011).

Furthermore, it combines research abilities, critical thinking abilities, computer technology

abilities, and communication abilities. This information can be found on the Skyline College

Library website in the year 2011.

Why is Information Literacy Important?

The McKillop Library (n.d.) defines information literacy as the ability to learn, evaluate,

organize, use, and communicate information using various formats. In today's digital age, where

information is abundant and easily accessible through television, radio, and social media, being

information literate has become crucial. Senior citizens, in particular, stand to benefit

significantly from developing information literacy skills, as it can help them stay connected,

informed, and empowered in various aspects of their lives. This literature review explores the
importance of information literacy for senior citizens and its potential impact on their

employability, social connections, health management, and protection against harmful

misinformation and frauds.

In a rapidly evolving technological landscape, traditional educational systems may not

adequately equip individuals with the necessary skills to navigate and comprehend the vast sea

of information available today. Senior citizens, who may not have had access to comprehensive

digital education during their formative years, could find themselves at a disadvantage in the

modern information-driven world. Understanding information literacy and its components can

help bridge this gap and empower senior citizens to become proficient users of digital information

(McKillop Library, n.d.). Information literacy is not limited to academic or scholastic pursuits;

it extends into professional and employment settings. Senior citizens can enhance their

employability by staying updated with current technologies and effectively using digital

resources for job searches, networking, and skill development. Moreover, information literacy

fosters a mindset of lifelong learning, encouraging seniors to stay curious and engaged with new

knowledge and technologies throughout their lives.

Digital Literacy for Senior Citizens: Building ICT Competencies

According to Kloza (2022.), Internet communications technology (ICT) has become

integral to daily life, but millions of senior citizens struggle to navigate the Internet. As

technology advances, older people are falling behind in ICT competencies, facing accessibility

barriers, harmful misinformation, and sophisticated frauds. It is crucial to build digital literacy

for senior citizens and work towards a more equitable digital world.
 According to a 2022 report by Age UK, a UK-based charity for senior citizens, around

3.4 million people aged 65 and older have never used the internet. Socioeconomic barriers, such

as high broadband costs and lack of infrastructure, prevent billions of people from accessing the

Internet each year.

Age UK surveyed senior citizens about reasons they choose not to engage with digital

technologies, finding that 54% do not own a computer or other ICT-enabled device, 46% are not

interested in or had no need to utilize the internet, 41% have no idea how to utilize the internet,

34% are concerned about scams, and 31% said it was too tough to stay up with technology. As

stated by Alvarez (2023), in 2022 with 771 million people aged 65 and up worldwide, digital

abilities are becoming increasingly vital in everyday life. Digital literacy can provide numerous

benefits, including social connectivity, continued independence, participation in key activities,

access to benefits and services, and leisure and entertainment options. However, digital exclusion

can have the opposite effect, as senior citizens who lack digital literacy skills miss valuable

opportunities and encounter difficulties and unique dangers.

In conclusion, promoting digital literacy among senior citizens is crucial, but many

technology companies fail to adequately address accessibility issues. By addressing these

challenges, researchers can work towards a more equitable digital world for all.

Promoting Media Literacy Among Older People: A Systematic Review

According to Rasi et al. (2020), Media literacy is a broad concept that encompasses

various subsets, such as news literacy and health media literacy. As a result, media literacy

interventions can target many types of media content and information. Media literacy has

traditionally been connected with educating people on how to critically assess and interpret news,
advertisement, and mass media entertainment. Also, it highlighted this study to enhance

comprehension regarding the promotion of media literacy among the elderly.

Media literacy promotion is essential to both media education and media literacy education,

which are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields. Rasi et al. (2020) stated that there is a

lack of extensive research on effective instructional methods for fostering media literacy among

older people. Additionally, in existing studies in regard to media literacy, the learning materials

will be modified to meet the particular needs and interests of older people. Also, a sense of self-

assurance in using digital technology in all forms of media has been deemed imperative for the

elderly as well as social support networks in general. Moreover, this study can contribute to

researchers promoting media literacy and digital empowerment among older individuals.

The More Engaging, The More Enjoyable? Age Matters in Predicting Perceived

Enjoyment with Different Facebook Activities

The exponential rise in popularity of social media platforms revolutionized the daily lives

of all generations of age. Zang and Jung (2022), highlighted the diverse ways of using Facebook

for younger, middle-aged, and older adults and that age plays a significant role in how individuals

utilize the use of platforms to perceive their level of enjoyment.

According to Zang and Jung (2022) in the result of a survey, of 647 Facebook users in the

United States in identifying the four factors of Facebook activities such as broadcasting

(medium), personal interaction, content consumption, and information regulation. As a result,

younger users perceive their enjoyment in broadcasting (medium) and content consumption

activities differently from middle-aged and older users’ engagement of their enjoyment of
personal interaction. Nonetheless, the information regulation activity for younger and middle-

aged results has a negative effect in relation to their enjoyment.

Additionally, younger adults invest their time to achieve their goals in life by acquiring

new knowledge, discovering career paths, and having good interpersonal skills benefiting their

future endeavors. In contrast, older adults prioritize their time and know how to limit and focus

instead on their goals and well-being. Overall, it highlights the usage of social media activities

across different age groups presents a crucial gap.

Fake News as Meta-Mimesis: Imitative Genres and Storytelling in the Philippines, Brazil,

Russia, and Ukraine

According to Horbyk et al., (2021) The contentious relationship between President

Duterte's administration and the media makes it a powerful tool for spreading information and

influencing public opinion. Constructing news likeness in the Philippines uses YouTube as a

strategy by pro-Duterte content creators to counter the media and target the critics of the

government. Rappler and the non-renewal of the franchise of ABS-CBN are part of a broader

strategy to control media narratives and limit critical voices, a prominent media conglomerate.

In line with that, it would be difficult for a typical viewer to mistake this channel for "news."

Fake News: National Security in the Post-Truth Era.

Laws can be used as tools to hold social media users accountable for spreading false

information, especially when there is an intent to deceive and cause harm. The Republic Act

(RA) 10951 in the Philippines is an example of such legislation that aims to address the

challenges posed by misinformation and the potential harm it can cause to public order and the
state's interests. By allowing the state to penalize individuals who knowingly present false

information as genuine news through various publication methods, the law acknowledges the

need to combat the negative consequences of misinformation. (Vase et al., 2018)

Countering Fake News: A Survey of Recent Global Initiatives

Haciyakupoglu et al. (2018) stated that the proposed Senate Bill No. 1492 in the

Philippines recommended penalties for individuals found responsible for disseminating false

content ranging from P100,000 to P5 million and 1 to 5 years in prison. The range of fines and

imprisonment periods demonstrates the intention to treat the spread of fake news as a serious

offense with substantial consequences. If the offender is a public official, the fine, and period of

imprisonment will be doubled. An additional measure aims to address the potential impact on

public trust and the responsibility that comes with positions of authority.

Local Literature

NCSC Reminds Senior Citizens to Be Cautious Amid Spread of ‘Fake News’ on Social

Media

The National Commission of Senior Citizens (NCSC) has issued a public advisory to

warn senior citizens about rumors and disinformation on social media2. NCSC Chair Atty.

Franklin Quijano issued the advisory to warn the elderly about rumors and disinformation issues,

such as the distribution of social pensions to indigent seniors and the transfer of functions and

duties from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to the NCSC. The

2
Taken from the Philippine Information Agency Website, for further reference the article and screenshot of fake news can be
found in Appendices.
NCSC has noticed that some vloggers and trolls copy the NCSC's icon, logo, or website and

share it on various social media platforms to make it appear as official or legitimate. The distorted

post went viral on Facebook on February 27, 2023, causing panic among concerned senior

citizens.

Quijano (2023) clarified that the duties and functions related to senior citizens have not

been transferred from DSWD to NCSC. Quijano also mentioned that the act of increasing the

social pension of indigent senior citizens and appropriations (RA 11916) mandates a 100 percent

increase in the indigent senior citizen's monthly pension from Php.500 to Php.1,000, but it has

not yet taken effect.

Government to Launch Nationwide Campaign Versus Fake News

The article published by The Philippine Star (2023) written by Flores (2023), discussed

the Filipino government’s launching of a nationwide digital media literacy campaign to prevent

spreading of misinformation in the country. According to the article, the campaign’s goal is to

provide the most vulnerable communities in the country with knowledge and tools to prevent

being victimized by misinformation.

Moreover, this campaign’s objective is to spread awareness among Filipinos on how they

can combat fake news and fake news peddlers starting from a certain community which is women

and girls.

Concerning this study, the government’s campaign end goal is to spread awareness and

educate the Filipino masses which is in line with the goal of this study; to generate content
materials on how to detect fake news for senior citizens. This article will help the researchers in

producing the campaign and campaign materials to spread awareness on how to detect fake news

on Facebook for Older adults in the city of Malolos, Bulacan.

We Learn From Each Other: Informal Learning in a Facebook Community of Older

Adults

As concluded by Ebardo et al. (2020), Facebook groups are becoming more popular

among seniors. On these platforms, information is shared through sharing and posting, which can

be thought of as informal online learning. Although research has provided insightful information

regarding seniors' informal learning in online forums, this field of study is still developing. This

study aims to investigate how older persons' overall well-being can be improved by their

participation in these online social interactions. Due in large part to the universality of informal

learning inside its digital environment, Facebook—a pervasive social media—emerges as a cost-

effective medium for furthering initiatives connected to active aging. Establishing reliable

systems for content verification, especially with regard to health and safety, is urgently needed

in the context of rapid information distribution within online communities. Effective solutions

are needed to address the problem of disinformation (Ebardo et al., 2020).

Ebardo et al. (2020) also highlighted that for older persons struggling with cognitive

decline, the phenomena of informal learning inside Facebook communities offers a special

opportunity for lifelong learning that should be efficiently utilized. In conclusion, the study's

methodology takes an ethnographic approach. However, for future studies into online

communities, a thorough knowledge can be acquired by incorporating conventional research

methods like interviews, giving greater insights into the factors influencing older individuals'

participation in informal learning.

How to Effectively Reach Adult and Senior Audiences in social media

This article highlights the importance of accommodating the different preferences and

technological comfort levels of various generations. The same is valid for marketing tactics. For

instance, taking into account the possibility that while memes and pop culture references may

appeal to younger audiences, older audiences like boomers may not be sufficiently engaged.

Gerero (2022) stated that it is crucial to recognize that certain seniors can find it difficult to keep

up with quickly evolving technology, which could cause irritation. Our involvement in this

circumstance goes beyond just producing content. To help them use our products and services

with ease, we should work to offer assistance and support, including tutorials or step-by-step

instructions.

Additionally, the senior digital community is growing on social networking sites. As a

result, including elders in social media planning is crucial, especially when trying to increase the

audience. Social media initiatives that combine compassion and creativity can produce notable

outcomes. We can help create a more fun and user-friendly digital experience for our senior

audience by researching what appeals to them, learning about their browsing patterns, and

perhaps adding custom features tailored for senior citizens (Gerero, 2022). This is in accordance

with the study's main objective, which is to improve seniors' engagement with content materials

and ultimately foster a good Facebook environment.

Digital Inclusion in Older Adults: A Comparison Between Face-to-Face and Blended

Digital Literacy Workshops

According to Martínez-Alcalá et al. (2018), it is important to understand that older people

learn differently, and that educational program design should take this into account. Highlighting

the particular elements that affect the teaching and learning process for this demographic is

equally important as adding well-established learning theories and pedagogical methods

appropriate for older learners. These elements include aging-related physical, mental, and

cognitive changes as well as memory loss, diminished cognitive function, and the depth of life

experiences that older persons contribute. As a major factor influencing the learning process,

motivation plays a crucial role in the design of educational initiatives aimed at this group

(Martínez-Alcalá et al., 2018).

Recent studies have shown that seniors in today's generation actively look for possibilities

for their own personal, social, and academic growth. According to Ruben (2018), present older

adults are passionate about continuing their education, showing a commitment to learning and

realizing that it has the ability to improve their quality of life and community involvement.

Motivation, prior experiences, necessity, self-concept, the value of learning, and orientation are

all components of effective learning strategies for seniors. It is important to recognize that

learning occurs outside of formal contexts; seniors amass significant informal learning

experiences. This emphasizes the need to create learning settings that support various learning

styles and prior experiences. Designing appropriate solutions depends on comprehending how

older folks interact with technology (Martínez-Alcalá et al., 2018).

Fake News: The Global Silencer: The Term Has Become a Useful Weapon in the Dictator’s

Toolkit Against The Media

Fake news is a phenomenon that has a huge influence on our social lives, particularly in

politics. Fake news identification is a new study subject that is gaining popularity; however, it is

fraught with difficulties due to the scarcity of resources (e.g., datasets, posted literature).

According to Marthoz (2018), "attacks are strategic and deliberate, aimed at weakening

opposition voices and, in particular, legacy media." The labeling of prestigious media as 'fake

news outlets by those who are the major emitter of fake news is part of a determined attack

against the system of checks and balances that define and protect liberal democracy, he added.

Socioscientific Perspectives on ‘Fake News’ in the Era of Social Media among Generation

Z Filipinos

In the age of society where social media is the platform for connectivity and information

sharing, perspectives on authentic information, the proliferation of digitized rumors,

misinformation, and disinformation are becoming more worrying, relevant, and relative. The

Philippines Star published that in the October 2018 Pulse Asia survey, 88% of social media users

believed that there was “fake news” on the various social media platforms used by Filipinos.

These alleged “fake news' ' could be text, visual images, audio, and video content posted or shared

on the various social media accounts. Possible issues or topical issues included the current

political climate, Dengvaxia issues, controversies surrounding the death of SAF 44, exposing

bribery and corruption in the various government takeovers and projects, or complaints about

attempts to reverse history during Martial Law. Street commotion, outrageous acts, crimes,

movie and TV series trailers, commercial marketing, online sales, and election campaigns are all

happening in near real-time thanks to social media. Various social media posts allow for greater

transparency in government transactions, making it easy to obtain public scrutiny or public

opinion on specific issues through social media.

Casting shadows of doubt: Perspectives of reputable journalists on fake news

Nowadays people collect information or news from many sources. It is not the traditional

media like TV, radio, and press. The medium also emerges that questions the existence of these

trimedial social networks. Undoubtedly, most people today use social media to get information.

According to a Pew Research Center (2016), survey in collaboration with (John S. and James L.

Knightly) Foundation, most US adults get their information from social media. “It is evident that

social media platforms are now viewed by many as a source of news. Since there are numerous

news sources on social networking sites, care must still be taken to ensure that the information is

correct,” Gottfried, et al. (2016). There are countless messages published on social networking

sites and not all of them are true. It is significant that the spread of false information and

misleading news has undermined public confidence in major newspapers and radio stations.

Unlike in the past, some media are no longer considered trustworthy.

Helping the elderly spot misinformation through the ASEAN Digital Literacy Program

In 2022, the ASEAN Digital Literacy Program recognized the significance of

empowering senior citizens with media literacy skills to combat misinformation effectively.

According to Hilario (2022), by equipping this age group with the necessary knowledge and

tools, the program aimed to bridge the digital divide and enable them to make informed decisions

while consuming and sharing information Through media literacy, senior citizens not only

gained a better understanding of the value of accurate information but also learned how to

differentiate between credible sources and deceptive content.

 The results of the ASEAN Digital Literacy Program were encouraging. Senior citizens,

having acquired media literacy skills, realized the true impact of unintentional inaccuracies in

information. Armed with this newfound knowledge, they actively contributed to building

informed communities and played a pivotal role in debunking misinformation when encountered.

This initiative did not merely benefit the senior citizens themselves but also facilitated cross-

generational and cross-socioeconomic interactions, ultimately fostering a more media-literate

society.

The phenomenon of senior citizens being more prone to sharing fake news on Facebook

highlights the need for targeted interventions to address this issue. Emotional stimulation plays

a key role in the virality of misinformation, emphasizing the importance of media literacy

programs that equip individuals, especially older adults, with critical thinking and fact-checking

skills. The ASEAN Digital Literacy Program exemplifies a successful initiative that empowered

senior citizens to combat misinformation, bridging gaps and fostering informed communities

across various age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds.

 Related Studies

The researchers were able to collect relevant studies that are useful for their study.

Foreign studies focus on the classification of seven categories of Mis and Dis Information, the

perspective of propagation of disinformation on social media, how senior citizens are vulnerable

to sharing misinformation and fake news primarily due to cognitive declines, social changes, and

digital illiteracy, and the potency of applying the RACE theory. On the other hand, local studies

focus on how misinformation is abundant in the Philippines.

Foreign Studies

Spread of Misinformation in Social Networks: Analysis Based on Weibo Tweets

According to Cai (2021), misinformation is abundant on social media, frequently leading

to incorrect decisions, inciting negative public sentiments, and posing major threats to public

safety and social order. Scholars are likewise concerned about the propagation of disinformation

via social networks. To better understand the characteristics of misinformation propagated in

social networks, Cai (2021) used misinformation spread on social media as the research object

and compared it to factual information in the study. This study employs a deep learning method

to perform content analysis and emotion analysis on misinformation and true information

datasets, as well as an analytic network process to examine the differences in network diffusion

characteristics between misinformation and true information. The findings of the study show that

the propagation of disinformation on social media is influenced by content elements and different

emotions, resulting in distinct modifications. The related research findings would be relevant to

the researcher’s study in knowing the body of knowledge in the field and in controlling false

information and preserving network order.

Aging in an Era of Fake News

As cited by Brashier (2020), fake news spreads faster than truths in the age of social

media. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, public awareness about this phenomenon

increased. Fake news, post-truth, and misinformation have since been named "Words of the

Year" by Collins Dictionary. In fact, Americans consider "made-up news" a bigger problem than

climate change, racism, or terrorism. Older adults' Twitter feeds contained the most fake news

during the election, with over 2 percent of exposure coming from fake news sites. Users over 50

were overrepresented among "super sharers," responsible for 80% of fake-news shares. This

finding is concerning, as older adults went on to vote at a higher rate than any other age group.

According to the findings of the study, three possible explanations include cognitive declines,

social changes, and digital illiteracy.

Cognitive deficiencies are the most obvious culprit for older persons' vulnerability to

bogus news. On the contrary, older folks can correctly identify accurate and fraudulent headlines

at first glance. The problem could occur if viral news articles appear often in their news feeds.

Even in these circumstances, some required cognitive activities (recollection) deteriorate with

age, whilst others remain intact (fluency) or improve (knowledge). Importantly, sharing content

is not the same as believing it; young adults demonstrate a willingness to share deceptive

headlines (Brashier,2020). Older persons may spread fake news to achieve specific social aims.

This study suggests that the manipulation of content targeting senior citizens is a cause for

concern, as recognizing and remembering information accurately may pose challenges for this

age group.
Older Adults’ Readiness to Engage with eHealth Patient Education and Self-care

Resources: A Cross-Sectional Survey

A study showed that Filipino senior citizens are not into mobile gadgets. They have less

experience when it comes to digital literacy as well as information literacy. However, the result

of the survey showed that older people are more able to go online for health-related information

than younger people, and the percentage of being victimized by fake news online is higher for

seniors due to their lack of experience when using technologies (Gordon & Hornbrook, 2018).

Misleading Information in Social Media News: How Bias Affects Perceptions

The classification of seven categories of Mis and Dis Information by Wardle (2017) is a

crucial guide for the discerning public. False Connection occurs when headlines, images, or

captions do not correspond with the text. On social media, it is common to see images that are

solely call-to-actions, but the content is useless. False Context occurs when the information's

content is genuine and accurate, but its context is inaccurate. This is frequently observed on

streaming platforms such as YouTube, where Google-produced voices are used to create

misleading videos that irritate viewers due to the prevalence of entertainment-related content.

Misinformation also encompasses Manipulated Content, in which images are manipulated to

deceive the public. These forms of content are intended to be excellent because they are

entertaining, but it is difficult to believe their veracity. These types of content are frequently

included in the Mini Fun Vlogs of well-known vloggers who create them for the sole purpose of

entertaining their audience.

 There is also Satire and Parody, which do not intend to offend but have a high capacity

to delude. Some inexperienced vloggers use this strategy to acquire viewers for personal

consumption. In addition, misleading content includes instances in which deceptive information

is used to frame an issue. It is extremely common on social media today, particularly with the

rise of controversial issues, for people to be captivated by the news they do not understand and

to be deemed skeptical. Following that is the Imposter content, in which they impersonate using

a distinct appearance. This type of false information is commonly employed to impersonate or

confound the general public. Lastly, there is Fabricated Content, which is wholly fraudulent and

intended solely to deceive or injure. This is frequently observed among content providers who

only trade content that the public enjoys and, as a result, frequently goes viral.

It is vital to understand how misinformation spreads on social media. It can be used as a

guide and foundation for controlling fraudulent content on social media while also maintaining

network security. Understanding the laws of disinformation dissemination allows us to detect

and regulate misinformation in advance, limit its spread on social media more effectively, and

decrease the harm that misinformation from the source causes. It will be of great assistance,

especially for Senior Citizens, if they are aware of the several types of Misleading Information,

as this is one of the most important steps and solutions for reducing the rise of this on social

media. In addition, they should be targeted because they are the ones who frequently use social

media websites for entertainment.

Internet Literacy Among the Elderly in Thailand, Educational Media International.

The elders benefit from using the Internet for many purposes, and achieving Internet

literacy is much needed as it is essential for their participation as digital citizens. The study
conducted by Diteeyont and Ku (2021), investigates the levels and influential factors of Internet

literacy among 534 elderlies in Thailand. The results showed that the participants had an average

level of Internet literacy overall. Most of the elderly had solid knowledge and skills in using

digital tools and applying strategies to obtain information from reliable resources online. They

could also communicate and protect their personal information on online platforms. However,

some of the participants lacked experience and skills in identifying spam emails, and they

neglected to report illegal online content and violence to the relevant government sectors. The

participants’ Internet literacy levels did not vary by profession, frequency of Internet access, and

amount of time spent online per day. Instead, it was affected by education level, device type, and

length of experience using the Internet. Future studies may focus on developing effective

strategies to help senior citizens obtain higher levels of Internet literacy and explore qualitative

data on their attitudes, needs, and concerns about Internet use, to build a safe Internet

environment for elderly users.

Forming a Learning Environment Within a Senior-Citizen Community of Practice.

Furthermore, Taiwan’s Senior citizens’ communities of practice (CoPs) focus on the

sharing of experiences and expertise, and engagement with issues of mutual concern. Because

most of their members have a wealth of social experiences, as well as the time and strong

motivation to learn new skills, these CoPs have strong potential to become learning environments

aimed at the sharpening of expertise. To better understand the senior citizens’ interactions in such

an environment, the research team conducted a qualitative study of six CoPs in Taiwan, guided

by the following research question: What are the key factors to constructing the learning

environment of senior citizens’ CoPs? The researchers visited selected CoPs, including two self-

sponsored groups, two interest groups, and two volunteer groups. In total, 24 interviewees were

recruited, and the semi-structured interview method was employed to explore how a learning
environment is created for a senior citizen CoP. The findings highlight that a free-yet-practical

communicative environment with a culture of respect for the individual fosters practice-oriented

mutual engagement and joint enterprise. A facilitation-based method of building up senior-

citizen learning environments is recommended. Collaborative tasks trigger comparisons and self-

reflection. When sense-making activities work well, ample time will be needed to cement these

activities into organizational routines, so that shared repertoires can be formed. The study also

explained how the keys work as a whole (Wen-Bing Gau, 2022)

Information Literacy and its Importance to Senior Citizens

Enwald et al. (2016) stated that the perception of older people about the emergence of

technology is challenging, as they encounter difficulties when using mobile gadgets.

Additionally, it was mentioned in this study that creators or makers should design mobile devices

so that older people can use them easily. In this digital era, the use of new mobile information

technology among older people is still rare. In fact, some sources of what is happening around

us are on the internet, so designers should tailor elderly-friendly services for them.

Moreover, in a study from Iceland, there was a total response rate of 45% gathered from

telephone surveys and internet surveys. The main findings said that some of the participants do

not find it difficult to determine false information on the internet when it comes to health-related

information because they consider health professionals to be the most reliable source. However,

the findings also showed that older people are more familiar with printed materials since it is

easier for them to critique the quality of the content; therefore, it is evident that older people trust

traditional sources more than digital sources (Palsdottir, 2023).

Consuming Fake News: A Matter of Age? The Perception of Political Fake News Stories in

Facebook Ads

According to Loos and Nijenhuis in 2020, social media platforms are increasingly utilized

by individuals across various age groups as a means of accessing information, yet the

proliferation of false or misleading information, commonly referred to as fake news, is also on

the rise. However, the impact of age on the consumption of fake news through social media

remains uncertain. This study delves into the variations across generations in the consumption of

fake news. It accomplishes this by first examining prior empirical research on this subject and

subsequently presenting findings from an empirical investigation conducted between February

and June 2018. During this investigation, a set of 14 politically oriented fake news articles, such

as those related to topics like Brexit and Donald Trump, were circulated as advertisements on the

Facebook platform. The study tracked user engagement with these fabricated pieces of content,

particularly focusing on age groups ranging from 13 to 17, 18 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54,

55 to 64, and 65 and older. The outcomes of the study indicate that the older age groups exhibited

a greater extent of interaction with the articles, and also highlighted that a considerable number

of individuals seemed to accept the headlines at face value without actually clicking on the

associated links. Moreover, it was observed that the pro-Brexit and pro-Trump factions generated

more emotionally charged responses compared to the pro-remain and anti-Trump groups.

Intriguingly, despite Facebook's efforts to curtail the dissemination of fake news on their

platform, all the posts were allowed to be promoted as advertisements. The study concludes by

summarizing its findings, detailing its limitations, and outlining potential avenues for future

research.
'No, auntie, that's false': Challenges and Resources of Female Baby Boomers Dealing with

Fake News on Facebook

The proliferation of false information on social media platforms is experiencing an

upward trend, sparking a heightened interest in equipping news consumers with the tools to

recognize and manage such deceptive content. Research indicates that older individuals tend to

share more fake news on social media. Nevertheless, there exists limited literature that examines

the behavioral patterns of seniors when confronted with fake news. This study investigates the

strategies employed by baby boomer women when encountering fake news on Facebook, as well

as the influence of family members in enhancing their digital literacy to effectively navigate this

phenomenon. Employing qualitative thematic analysis, the study drew insights from interviews.

The findings indicated that participants possessed the ability to discern fake news yet encountered

challenges in doing so due to a lack of supplementary contextual information or uncertainty about

the source's credibility. Additionally, interviewees disclosed that they turned to trusted family

members for guidance in honing their abilities to identify and sift through fake news. (Vargas-

Bianchi, et.al., 2023)

Social Media for New Product Launch: A Study of Social Media Platforms Across the

RACE Planning Framework

Rautela (2021) conducted a study wherein the purpose is to know how effective the

RACE model is as the planning framework for New Product Development (NPD) via social

media. It was shown in the study how the RACE model effectively contributes to the process of

New Product Development (NPD), the model promotes two-way communication between the

messenger and the customer. These days, online tools play a significant role in obtaining the
customers’ insight and how social media changed the way people respond to a certain product or

campaign.

Furthermore, Rautela (2021) included what social media platform can be used to properly

utilize the New Product Development (NPD) using the different tiers of the RACE model such

as using Social Networking Sites (SNS) for the REACH stage of product launch. They concluded

that with the combination of social media and the RACE model, future researchers and managers

could plan to launch campaigns and products with better competency and efficiency.

Furthermore, businesses have begun to actively participate in these platforms as they have

discovered that their users spend a significant amount of time on these platforms. As a result,

social media has become a component of digital marketing. Ratuela (2021) cited that it entails

connecting with the audience through the use of a wide range of digital technology and digital

media. The RACE digital marketing framework, which stands for Reach Act Convert Engage, is

a popular infographic that was created to help marketers plan and manage digital marketing-

related operations in a more structured manner. The study intended to investigate the use of social

media throughout the launch or commercialization phase of a new product or campaign

development.

The RACE Digital Planning framework is used in this study to achieve this goal. The

study also attempts to identify the most effective campaign promotions in each category of the

RACE Planning framework throughout the research.

Local Studies

Digital Disinformation and the Imaginative Dimension of Communication

This study tries to offer an approach that highlights the imaginative dimension of this

communication phenomenon in order to modify current understandings of the development of

digital deception. According to Cabañes (2020), based on notions about the sociality of

communication, it conceptualizes how fake news and political trolling work online in relation to

specific shared understandings people have of their socio-political landscape. It provides the

opportunity to broaden the information-oriented approach to communication used by many

journalistic interventions against digital disinformation. Furthermore, it provides alternatives to

the problematic technique of combating social media influence only by doubling down on

impartiality and truth.

The study emphasizes that counter-disinformation techniques that overemphasize the

informational nature of communication are insufficient. Of course, journalistic fact-checking is

beneficial, as is media literacy (Chua, 2017; Nery, 2019). However, they impose an unfair burden

on individuals. The researchers also need to consider the imaginative dimension of

disinformation as communication. This entails understanding not only the broader societal

narratives with which fake news and political trolling online resonate but also the forces

producing them.

Computing the Linguistic-Based Cues of Fake News in the Philippines Towards its

Detection

According to Fernandez (2019), fake news purposely misleads its audience into accepting

incorrect or prejudiced beliefs. However, as frightening as it may appear to society, it presents a

good classification problem to computer science. This research examines the differences in

writing style between authentic and fake news in the Philippines, as well as how effective these

are as machine learning characteristics. To facilitate this, real and fraudulent news samples from

the Philippines were collected online. The optimal feature set was consistent across all tests and

maintained a precision of 94% on both the feature selection procedure and the final model's test

set. It also achieved a precision of 93% on more recent data acquired that was not part of the

original sample.

Furthermore, in the Philippines, there are statistically significant disparities between

authentic and fake news in terms of word count, sentence count, verb tenses employed, and

readability scores. The combined headline + content feature set outperformed all other feature

sets and was consistent throughout the feature selection process, final model creation, and

validation of new data. Much of its success can be credited to the "Linguistic Dimensions" feature

set, which contains the majority of the strongest predictors and performs nearly as well as the

best feature set. The mutual information score determined that the majority of the significant

attributes revolved around the frequency of words and syllables in news headlines and their

content. The headlines' informalities, such as swear words, online slang, sexual words, non-

fluencies, and filler words, were the least significant. These were almost non-existent in the

extracted news headlines, both authentic and fraudulent. Furthermore, there are numerous other

linguistic variables that have not been discussed in this study, such as grammatical features and

spelling scores. This study can help the researchers in uncovering interesting differences between

reputable and untrustworthy news.

Reliance on Facebook for News and its Influence on Political Engagement

This research investigates the relationship between reliance on Facebook for news,

political awareness, and political participation in the Philippines. We used data from an online

survey of 978 Filipinos conducted from February 1 to March 31, 2016, to evaluate five

hypotheses. The findings confirm the hypothesis that people who rely less on social media for

news have greater levels of perceived political awareness than those who rely more on it for

news. As cited by David et al. (2019) Following political officials or institutions on social media

is associated with higher levels of political interest and engagement, those with more politically

active Facebook friends have higher levels of exposure to political content online, and there is a

positive correlation between Facebook being a source of political information and discussing

politics with others. However, the prediction that people with more politically active friends on

their Facebook network will have higher political awareness and participation than those with

few politically active friends on their Facebook network is not validated.

Facebook's impact in altering politics and citizenship is expected to be larger and more

rapid than in more mature and stable democracies. Facebook has the capacity to bring in and

develop greater audiences for news, but this has also meant that the bar for what counts as "news"

is low for the majority of these new audiences, particularly the senior citizens. It is an evolution

of citizenship and political involvement that will be heavily influenced by Facebook, what it

decides to do, and how it defines its place in the news media ecosystem.

An Analysis of the Legal and Ethical Implications of Online Disinformation in the

Philippines

As cited by Magbanua (2022), online disinformation has become a major issue in the

Philippines, especially during election seasons. This study investigates the legal and ethical
consequences of online disinformation and provides case studies that demonstrate the possible

influence of incorrect information on public opinion and democratic processes. The findings

reveal that, while there are legislative frameworks in place to combat online disinformation,

enforcement remains a difficulty, and there is a need for responsible online behavior and effective

regulation to counteract the spread of misleading information. The ethical implications of online

disinformation highlight the significance of media literacy and responsible reporting, as well as

the need for accountability for those who distribute false information.

In summary, the problem of online disinformation in the Philippines is complicated and

multifaceted, necessitating a diverse approach to address it. This entails effective regulation,

media literacy, and accountability. By tackling these concerns, the researchers can create

effective and comprehensive materials to fight disinformation and fake news for the Senior

Citizens of Malolos.
 Synthesis

The rise of social media has revolutionized information dissemination, but it also raises

the issue of Misleading Information. This phenomenon involves acquiring deceptive knowledge

or inaccurate data, leading to the intentional misrepresentation of facts. The digital age amplifies

this issue, with rapid diffusion and unprecedented propagation speed (Cai & Cui. ,2021) The

researchers must address this pressing issue to prevent future viewers from succumbing to its

seductive deception.

Understanding how disinformation spreads on social media is critical for preventing

fraudulent content and ensuring network security. Understanding disinformation rules allows for

detection and regulation, restricting its spread and reducing the harm caused by misinformation.

To reduce the transmission of false information, senior adults, particularly those who use social

media for fun, should be targeted.

Misinformation and fake news have become common across social media platforms in

this era of information overload and rapid digital breakthroughs. Senior adults have emerged as

one of the most vulnerable categories when it comes to spreading fake news, particularly on

Facebook. The causes of this phenomena, the effect of emotional stimulation on the virality of

misinformation, and a successful program that attempted to empower older adults with media

literacy abilities, thereby preventing misinformation propagation were covered.

Brashier et al (2020) found that senior citizens are four times more likely to share fake

news on Facebook than younger individuals. This behavior was particularly evident during the

2016 US election, where older adults shared fake news from Twitter, often exposed to URLs like

InfoWars. The manipulation of content targeting senior citizens raises concerns, as accurate
information recognition may be challenging for this age group. Weeks and Holbert (n.d) found

that the interestingness or emotional stimulation of content significantly impacts its virality.

Fernandez-Garcia emphasized that eliciting emotional responses, such as mockery or outrage,

can be a powerful catalyst for the spread of fake news. Regardless of the reaction, comments and

reactions fuel the story's dissemination, exacerbating the issue.

The ASEAN Digital Literacy Program produced good outcomes. As cited by Papapicco

(2022) Senior folks who have learned media literacy comprehended the true consequences of

inadvertent information mistakes. Armed with this newfound knowledge, they actively

contributed to the establishment of educated communities and played a critical part in the

debunking of disinformation when it arose. This project benefited not only older individuals but

also cross-generational and cross-socioeconomic relationships, ultimately building a more

media-literate community.

Information literacy is essential for senior citizens to stay connected, informed, and

empowered in today's digital age. As stated by Skyline College (n.d), It helps them navigate

information effectively, maintain strong social connections, manage their health, and protect

themselves from harmful misinformation and frauds. By bridging the information gap, senior

citizens can enhance their employability, social connections, health management, and overall

well-being (McKillop Library, n.d.). By developing critical thinking skills and skepticism

towards suspicious online activities, senior citizens can contribute to a more equitable digital

world.

Seniors are at a higher risk of falling for false messages or advertisements, especially if

they purport to be from a family member or close friend. Hage et al. (2020) found four processes

explaining why older people acquire new internet media later than younger people: cognitive and
physical declines, decline in sensorimotor skills, fluctuating personality traits, and ageism.

Functional limitations, such as restricted cognitive and perceptual ability, hinder many older

people from using technology effectively. Perceptual barriers, such as privacy concerns, lack of

digital literacy skills, and lower educational attainment, also contribute to this delay.

When designing and developing technology, it is crucial to address the various needs of

elderly consumers. Studies have shown that older individuals may choose to stay away from the

Internet due to factors such as web page design not being appropriate for them (Chiu & Liu,

2017) and the belief that they will not learn new things due to poor cognitive function, vision, or

motor function. The culture of online communication and the effects of body image are specific

to the usage of social technologies, and many of these obstacles are comparable to roadblocks to

more widespread technology adoption.

The rise of the internet and internet-enabled platforms has substantially altered the

landscape of marketing communication. Social media has become an essential aspect of daily

life, and businesses have begun to actively participate in these platforms. By using the RACE

theory, the researchers will take advantage of social media, particularly Facebook, when

launching a campaign.

Furthermore, the study would look into the legal and ethical implications of online

disinformation in the Philippines, emphasizing the importance of media literacy and responsible

reporting. Addressing these issues will allow the researchers to provide complete materials to

Malolos' elderly residents to resist deceit and fake news.

 Definition of Terms

This section gives the readers an understanding of the concepts or words that will be

discussed throughout the study. The following words were defined denotatively and

connotatively:

Content consumption- According to Narang and Tuwari (2021). It is defined as the rapid growth

consumption of the internet throughout the experience of the people. The term is described in

this study to see the consequences of growing information under digital consumption.

Demographic Analysis- According to Adam Hayes (2022), Demographics are statistics that

describe populations and their characteristics, on the other hand, Demographic analysis is the

study of a population-based on factors such as age, race, and sex. The term is used in this study

to particularly analyze target respondents and their backgrounds.

Digital Marketing- It is defined by Chaffey (2010) as a type of marketing that involves digital

technologies such as the web, e-mails, digital TV, etc. that aims to create connections with the

customers as well as channel a cycle with them. In this study, digital marketing is used as the

type of marketing strategy to spread content for older adults in Malolos, Bulacan.

Information Literacy - According to McKillop Library (n.d.), it involves learning, evaluating,

organizing, using, and communicating diverse information.

Internet communications technology (ICT) - As cited by Rachtam (2014), ICT significantly

improves older adults' lives through mobile devices, online transactions, internet searches, and

social media connections, enhancing their lives and promoting personal growth.
Media Literacy- According to Addams and Hamm (2001), it refers to the ability to gain personal

thoughts and meaning from various contents we see in television, movies, digital media, etc. The

term is used in this study as the older adult’s knowledge of how mass media operates.

Segmentation- Segmentation is the process of dividing a company’s target market into groups

of potential customers with similar needs and behaviors. (www.bdc.ca) In this study, the term is

described to clearly point out potential beneficiaries that will be benefited from the study and its

goal.

Usability- it is defined by The Interaction Design Foundation in 2016, as a measure of how well

a specific user in a specific context can use a product/design to achieve a defined goal effectively,

efficiently, and satisfactorily. The term is used in this study to know the respondents and their

use of the study.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will explain the procedures that will be followed during this research. The

individuals who participated in the research and sampling techniques, instruments and methods,

the data gathering procedures, and the statistical methods that would be applied to the data.

Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The Purposive Sampling Technique will be used in this study because the researchers

want to focus on specific sample characteristics, and the respondents have been chosen on

purpose. This method is known as judgemental sampling because it requires a judgment of who

is most useful for the study in answering its research question. Therefore, the researchers chose

older adults who have access to Facebook in the City of Malolos Bulacan. Facebook is the social

media platform that the researcher chose due to its large number of users. According to

Quilinguing (2019), In the latest report from We Are Social and Hootsuite, studies showed that

a total of 76 million Filipinos out of 107.3 million have access to the Internet. It showed that 97

percent of these netizens access Facebook.

The researchers will engage the Department of Social Welfare and Development

(DSWD) and the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) to request data regarding the number of

Senior Citizens in each barangay of Malolos City, Bulacan. Ms. Fanny Tantoco, head of the

Federation of Senior Citizens Association of the Philippines Malolos Chapter stated that there

are a total of 40,000 senior citizens in Malolos, Bulacan therefore, the researchers will select

(306) respondents from 51 barangays of the said province, to assess the outcome as the official

respondents of the study.

Research Design

The researchers plan to carry out a descriptive study using an explanatory sequential

design, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Explanatory sequential design

begins with the collecting and analysis of quantitative data, followed by the collection and

analysis of qualitative data, which results in interpretation. This makes it easier to decide which

quantitative findings require more explanation (Shiyanbola et al., 2021). This approach was

chosen because the study aims to gather insights on the appropriate design of content materials

to be produced. To determine their vulnerability to fake news on Facebook, the researchers will

employ the quantitative method by conducting a survey for 306 older adults who are participants

from 51 barangays in Malolos. According to Ponto (2015), survey research is the process of

gathering data from a sample of people based on their answers to questions. This kind of study

permits the use of numerous techniques for participant recruitment, data collection, and

instrumentation.

Additionally, the topic or issue of this study will be identified and described by the

researchers using a mixed-method approach. Harvard Catalyst (n.d) states that using mixed

methods intentionally combines or integrates both quantitative and qualitative research

techniques to capitalize on the advantages of each. By combining inductive and deductive

thinking, mixed method approaches enable researchers to use a variety of techniques while

overcoming the limitations of exclusively quantitative and qualitative research. The researchers

will be able to more fully understand how to produce and evaluate effective content materials to

detect fake news on Facebook as a result of having a more in-depth and clear analysis of the

features and vulnerability of older adults regarding false news cases.

 Accordingly, the researchers will utilize the qualitative approach. In qualitative research,

participants' experiences, viewpoints, and actions are gathered. Instead of addressing how many

or how much, it addresses hows and whys. It could be set up as an independent study that just

uses qualitative data, or it might be a component of mixed-methods research that uses both

qualitative and quantitative data (Tenny, 2022). Interviews with the key informants—one (1)

print media expert, one (1) social media expert, and one (1) video content specialist—will be

conducted to help gain knowledge that will be essential in developing content that will help senior

citizens in the City of Malolos detect fake news on Facebook.

These methodologies and procedures will assist the researchers in gathering data for the

production and evaluation of content materials that the researchers are proposing for production

to assist older adults in detecting fake news on Facebook.

Research Instrument

Salkind (2010) defined research instrumentation as tools or means that are used to

measure variables or items of interest in the data-collection process. Instrumentation is the way

of collecting the needed data from the respondents which will serve as the feasibility of the

research. In the book Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities (2006), instrumentation

is defined as a tool that enables the researchers to discover new learnings and make the production

of knowledge more efficient.

The researchers will be using a mixed method in conducting this study. In interviewing

the experts, a structured interview will be used. A structured interview is quantitative because its

method approaches a step-by-step process and it ensures that each interview is organized and
planned (Bika, n.d). For the interview, the researchers will use open-ended questions to gather

details about how older adults were exposed on Facebook and if they encounter misinformation

on the said social media platform which is Facebook.

The researchers will also use a survey method: pre-assessment and post-assessment

questionnaires. The survey method is defined as “questioning individuals on a topic or topics and

then describing their responses” (Jackson, 2011). The pre-survey contains true or false questions

to determine if the participants are using Facebook and how vulnerable they are when it comes

to fake news. Then, the respondents will determine if the information provided by the researchers

is false or reliable. On the other hand, the post-survey consists of questions the same as the pre-

survey that would assess if the materials made by the researchers were effective and beneficial

to them.

Procedure

The researchers will work with the Federation of Senior Citizens Association of the

Philippines (FSCAP) Malolos chapter. The head of the organization, Ms. Fanny Tantoco, will be

the focus of the initial interview to determine the organization's needs, goals, and areas where

the researchers can provide assistance.

Moreover, the researchers will utilize the mixed-method approach of quantitative and

qualitative designs as both methods are necessary for creating an awareness campaign for the

organization. The integration of the quantitative method is for determining the level of awareness

of the selected respondents through random sampling. Qualitative Research will be utilized by

doing an in-depth interview with FSCAP head, Ms. Fanny Tantoco. On receiving the data, the
researchers will assess if senior citizens are vulnerable to fake news on Facebook to a total of

306 older adults in the City of Malolos, Bulacan. Thereafter, researchers will interpret the

gathered data to determine the needed materials and content to ensure effectiveness. This covers

the researchers' goal to prevent senior citizens from being a victim of fake news in social media.

In order to aid the organization's need and to gain potential sponsorship for the Federation

of Senior Citizens Association of the Philippines (FSCAP) the researchers will produce two

outputs: (1) video materials to disseminate through the Malolos City Information Office

Facebook page; and (2) printed infographics. The first material, which is video, will be produced

in AVP format. It is designed to highlight an informative video that will serve as an appealing

approach for the beneficiaries and raise awareness on how to assess misleading information

among senior citizens. The last output is printed infographics designed to be visually appealing

and easy to understand for senior citizens. It will contain tips and samples of misleading

information. Finally, to test the efficiency of the contents and materials that will be produced a

post-survey will be conducted on the sample size of 306 from the population of senior citizens

in the City of Malolos, Bulacan. The materials to be provided will be assessed by their effect on

senior citizens.
Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use Slovin’s Formula and Weighted Mean to analyze and interpret the data

that will be gathered from the respondents in this study. The researchers will seek guidance and

assistance from a statistician to help interpret the data of the study.

1. Slovin’s Formula will be used to determine the appropriate sample size for a given

population size and margin of error in the survey.

Slovin’s Formula n = N / (1 + Ne^2)

Where:

n = sample size

N = population size

e = margin of error (expressed as a decimal)

2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution. This statistical tool will be used to observe

the relative frequencies and percentage of the respondents’ profile and responses. The formula

for Frequency and Percentage Distribution is as follows:

P=fN (100)

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

N = total number of respondents

100 = constant multiplier

 2. Weighted Mean Formula will be used to interpret the data from a four-point Likert

Scale.

Weighted Mean Formula x = ΣwX

Σw

Where:

x = mean

ΣwX = sum of all scores

w= weight
 Definition of Terms

Descriptive Study - According to Dr. As Omair (2015), descriptive study designs are simply

useful to describe the desired properties of the examined sample. It may also attempt to

extrapolate results from a representative sample to a larger population.

Quantitative Research - According to Smith, J.A. (2020), quantitative data refers to numerical

information that can be measured and analyzed statistically. It deals with quantities,

measurements, and objective observations.

Qualitative Research - As quoted by Ospina (2004), this is "a type of systematic empirical

investigation of meaning. It requires gathering and analyzing non-numerical data.

Purposive Sampling Technique - This technique requires conducting research that relies on

choosing participants "on purpose" based on their characteristics and judgment that will be

needed in a sample (Nikolopoulou, 2022).

Pre-Assessment Questionnaire - It is composed of questions about what participants know and

are able to do prior to instruction. The gathered information from the pre-assessment will

determine the range within which the participants met the learning material objectives that the

researcher developed (Selecting Pre and Post Assessment Strategie, n.d).

Post Assessment Questionnaire- Stearns (n.d.) stated that post-assessment consists of questions

that help the researcher evaluate the materials developed in this study. It is usually at the end of

the data gathering that the researcher will measure if the materials are effective.
Research Instrument - Salkind (2010), defined research instruments as tools or means that are

used to measure variables or items of interest in the data-collection process. It will be used to

collect and gather all the data needed in this study.

Sequential Mixed Method - As stated by Creswell et al. (2003) the sequential mixed-methods

explanatory design consists of two well-differentiated phases: the quantitative and qualitative.
 Notes to Chapter 3

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Bertram, R. M. (2016). The Likert Scale: Advantages and Limitations. Journal of the Society for

Social Work and Research, 7(3), 511-527.

Bika, N. (n.d). How to conduct a structured interview. Resources for Employers.

https://resources.workable.com/tutorial/conduct-structured-interview

Cresswell, J & Plano Clark, V. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research.

Sage Publications.

Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (2000). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE

Publications, Inc

Jackson, S.L. (2011). Research methods and statistics: A critical approach. Retrieved from

https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/su rvey-method/#_ftn1.

Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). What is purposive sampling? | definition & examples. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/purposive-sampling/
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Ponto, J. (2015, April 1). Understanding and evaluating survey research. PubMed

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Quilling, K. (2019) The problem with fake news: UP experts speak on the impact of

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Stearns, C. (n.d). Post-assessment activities. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/post-

assessment-activities.html

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The use of a midpoint on the Likert scale. Performance Improvement, 56(10), 15-23.

Creswell, J. (2003). Research Design Qualitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage

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 APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Collected Fake News alerts in the City of Malolos

Actual Fake News Alert of Malolos City Information Office. The post refuted the disseminated

fake news post wherein Malolos Mayor Atty. Christian D. Natividad would give away Php.

500,00 pesos for a raffle draw.

Malolos City Information Office debunked the circulating Facebook post regarding COVID 19-

Vaccination

Several individuals rebutted the circulating Facebook post last July 29,2023 wherein water

dams in Bulacan would release water in the province of Bulacan.

Appendices 2. NCSC Reminds Senior Citizens to Be Cautious Amid Spread of ‘Fake News’

on Social Media

Taken from Philippine Information Agency website.

Actual Facebook Fake News Post. Photo grabbed from Facebook.