AP Lesson 1: World History

Introduction to World History

1) Explain: what is history
2) Identify the different periods in history
3) Analyze the difference of the periods in history
4) Summarize the lesson

HISTORY
Ó Past that was recorded
Ó Study of past / recorded events considered together – events in a period, country or subject
Ó Studies so that we may not commit the same mistakes
Ó Uses primary and secondary resources
i. Who wrote it
ii. What are the physical evidences of history
Ó Significant details from the past
Ó Study / record of past events considered together (events of a particular, country, subject)
Ó Origin of word: Greek word HISTORIA
o Inquiry / knowledge or to know
o HERODOTUS
 Father of history
 Greek historian who first wrote down history
 First one to record the Persian Wars – western perspective
EUROCENTRIC POINT OF VIEW
Æ Based on the history from the POV of Europeans + based on the understanding of the West NOT ASIA)

Ó Interpretive and imaginative study of surviving records of the past (can be written/unwritten)  to determine the meaning
and scope of human existence
o Example: cold war ; proxy war ; WWI ; WWII = Written
Stone age (tools: stones) ; ice age (fossils) ; Mesozoic era (dinosaurs)
Written records – not everything is written = use of fossils and carbon dating to know what year or
when were the fossils were used
ö (+) new/More evidences  changes the whole idea and perspective of history

VIDEO: Why Study History

History is more than just dates and events
In this changing world – it is important to study history than ever before
HISTORY
 Involves the study of humans and their actions
 Understanding past events that _______ the present world
 Why study
o To guarantee that we are not doomed to repeat it  allows us to develop critical thinking skills  can make us ask questions and let us see how
multiple perspectives in a more and new inform world
o Helps us to see how we arrive where we are
o The only constant is change = by knowing what is working and not working in the past - can make us improve and move forward
o Learn from past mistakes
o Gain insights into why people, culture, govts and countries are in their current state
 Rome -- tensions in the W  1979 revolution  Roman leader overthrowned because of another country  fast forward today 
you can understand the tension of two nations involved in that tension
 US – how US constitution today and the rights of the people = has evolved – lets us understand the govt, businesses, culture, and
politics  newer generations can study and can inspire others  lead to more change

Discussion of video:
Why study history:
 Helps us develop critical thinking skills
 So as we won’t repeat the same mistakes before
 So that we would know the events that happened in the past
 Help us allow to gain knowledge from other culture  help us appreciate what we have now
 Understand the present happenings / situation of nations
 To see how important it is to know how we are living today = we should appreciate the sacrifices and discoveries before
PERIODIZATION and DATING SYSTEM
PERIODIZATION
Æ Is a form of historical understanding
Æ Designed as a historiological tool to make the past understandable, meaningful, intelligible by dividing into compartments
o Dividing it into compartments because it’s a big scope – we don’t know when it started
Pre-History History
Æ Artifacts, reports, tablets, shelters, drawings Æ Use of writing system – 3000BC
Æ Refers to an era where the writings were not invented yet and Æ Civilizations began
civilizations have not began yet – unwritten  written records Æ Written record served as basis of historians to study this era
are the basis of this era Æ Ancient civilization, medieval, modern, contemporary
Æ Historians described these events based on archeological Æ Interpretative and imagine study of surviving records, past,
evidence like: fossils, artifacts (historians) written/unwritten  to determine the meaning and scope of
Æ Drawings – basis of lifestyle of ancient humans (hunting and human existence
gathering and people gathering together) Egyptians, Romans
Æ Paleolithic age (old stone age) basic stones + fire When writing system was invented: civilization started
Neolithic age (new stone age) sharp weapons + gather food Philippines writing system ::: Baybayin – but Philippines
Metal age – people live in one place + use of metal: was divided that resulted to easier conquering by Spaniards
silver, bronze (Copper and Tin), gold, copper, tin, iron Sumerians – first civilization – first to use writing system
Code of Hammurabi

In between the two periods:

Invention of writing system

Writing system
Æ Invented in 3000 BC (Paleolithic – old stone age – use of spears, axes – start of agriculture and farming) = some records were lost and
misplaced (missing piece)
Æ Gave us historical accounts of what happened in the past = historical evidences
Æ Sumerians – first civilization to use writing system

Explorations
Æ People go around to explore and discovering other countries

What are other unwritten (fossils, archeological evidences – drawings) are used:
 Stone tablets
 Artifacts
 Stone weapons
 Structures = a lot of structures in the world to be seen – stone henges – believed that it was created during the stone age – mystery: how
did they carry these stones – geometrically organized
 Pictures (drawings)
How were dates created?
Julianne calendar – created after Julius Caesar
o July – named after Caesar
 o August – named after Augustus Caesar

DATING SYSTEM
Before: people decided to divide the eras and made Jesus Christ as the divider
BC AD
Before Christ Anno Domini
Literal meaning: Year of the Lord
After Jesus Christ was born 0AD
Aka After Death of Christ

20th Century Dating system

Not everyone believed Jesus Christ
Creation of BCE and CE (Before common era and common era)
Modern calendar today that we use

LESSON 1 recap
Differentiate Prehistory vs History.
Æ Writing system: prehistory wala, history meron

State events in prehistory and history

Æ prehistory – fire and stone tools; agricultural revolution
Æ history – Fall of Roman empire; Columbus US discovery; French revolution

how are dates created?

 Julius Caesar – Juliane calendar
 Before – people look at stars and sun to tell time and day

What calendar are we following now? Reason for its creation?

 20th Century Dating system
o Not everyone believed Jesus Christ
o Creation of BCE and CE (Before common era and common era)
o Modern calendar today that we use
o Division between BCE and CE is still Jesus Christ

Why are dates important?

 To place and know the events that happened before in the timeline of history

Was Jesus Christ born in 0 AD?

 We don’t know what year exactly – between 0 – 10 AD
 AD – Anno Domini – After death of JC

Why is it important to know the BC-AD and BCE-CE?

 Splitting timeline can make us understand history easier
 Periodization – compartments of history for easier studying and understanding

Explain why learning history is needed? How does knowing events in the past understand our world and make better choices?
 So that we will not repeat the same mistakes that happened before and we would know what to do next basing on the things that
happened before

What can we learn about studying different periods of history? How does breaking history into time periods make it easier to understand in
studying?
 We can learn how inventions of the modern day came about. We can learn understand the past
 Organize and understand easier what events happened – history is a big and it will be too complicated to study it as a whole without using
periodization
 We can learn how human survived and developed to what we are right now.

What is periodization?
 Breaking down of history into compartments for better understanding

BOOK 90-93
Major challenge to historians
Ó challenge: studying the earliest years of humanity’s existence on the planet
 Ó problem: absence of written records – bases for the study of history
o solution: fossils and artifacts – became the primary means of understanding the development of first human communities and
societies
Ó people who study: Archeologist & Anthropologist – work together in sifting thru the remains of prehistoric societies and
understanding how our earliest ancestors lived
o Changes in technology – improvements and changes in the tools human utilized – major milestones in human prehistory
 What was the benchmark for determining the level of development of the earliest societies?
 Transition of human societies from use of stone tools to use of metal = major indicator of highly
advanced and complex level of development + other changes and developments  benchmark for
determining the level of development of the earliest societies

THREE MAJOR PERIODS of HUMAN PREHISTORY

Ó The periods corresponds to a certain tool-making technology prevalent/common among early human societies
Ó New discoveries result to revising the story of human prehistory
Ó According to scholars: major changes in the human community can also define human prehistory:::::

A
1) development of agriculture;
2) emergence of complex societies;
3) invention of written language

Stone age
Ó 2.5mya to about 4000-2000BCE
Ó Ended with the advent of
Bronze age
Cs
Ó Started around 3500BCE
Iron age
Ó Started 1200 BCE

W
metalworking

Three-age system:
Ó Not a definite system that sets the chronology of human prehistory
Ó Metal working – believed to have emerged in different times in several area
o Americas, Africa and Pacific Islands – have unique patterns of development – do not feature advanced metalworking
technologies
o A number of societies have not advanced beyond stone-age tech even into modern times
Ó Most useful in studying the development of early societies in Europe, West Asia, East Asia

STAGES OF MAN’S DEVELOPMENT: Stone age period: divided into three

Paleolithic Period Mesolithic Period Neolithic Period
- Aka old stone age - Benning: around 8000 BCE - The beginning of Neolithic 
- Beginning: emergence of first stone - Considered as the transition period human communities experienced
tools about 2.5mya between Paleolithic and Neolithic significant changes during the
- Significant development: Period prehistoric times
emergence of modern humans as a - Development: human communities
unique specie – separate from the began to adapt to diverse local
earlier hominins + spread communities Æ Milder climatic conditions – allowed
throughout the world Hunting Reasons why plant species to thrive/grow in the
communities
Food collecting became larger
more fertile regions of the planet
- Last Ice Age and its end  resulted Tool making and more (legumes, beans cereals, wild
to profound climatic and geographic complex
grasses) – common plant life in
changes Neolithic times
Climatic changes – had a great
impact on prehistoric societies  Growing population  they have to look for a
humans had already perfected traits wider range of resources  led them to grow
and habits needed to survive plants + domesticate animals 
extreme conditions AGRICULTURE was born

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Æ Aka Agricultural revolution
Æ Between 10,000 to 8000 BCE
Æ Domestication of plants and animals – considered to be the primitive form of genetic engineering
o Crops and animals that had the most desirable traits = selected for farming and breeding
o Overtime: Generations fo crops and livestock underwent selective breeding to preserve more desirable traits
ö Crops with highest yield + resistance to pests and drought = sowed in the next season
ö Livestock with most milk or meat = bred to ensure the next generation would be just as productive
AGRICULTURE
Cultivation and propagation of plants & animals  to provide for human needs
o Agricultural practices – generally involve the cultivation of soil, irrigation, use of fertilizers and pesticides and the livestock
domestication
Development of agriculture --- a gradual process
 o Varied paces or advancements in different parts of the world
o Earliest evidence of farming:
 SW Asia (10,000 BCE)
 China (6000 BCE)
 Americans (5000 BCE)
 Sub-Saharan Africa – last to experience Neolithic Revolution = around 2000 BCE
believed that it took about 8,000 years for agriculture to fully develop throughout the globe
aside from food security, what were the other effects of agriculture?
o Communities became more sedentary – tilling the soil + large herds of animals  sedentary
o Humans reside in areas with the most fertile soil and apt conditions for livestock raising
o Mobile hunting-gathering societies == replaced with permanent villages  large and steadily increasing population

EARLIEST COMMUNITIES (stone age)

West Asia – believed to be the first farming communities in the world
I. Levant and near the Zagros mountains in Iran
II. Abu Hureyra – Syria – 11,500BCE – (+) evidences of farming at around 10,000 to 9000 BCE
III. Jericho – location: West Bank of Jordan River – founded around 9000 BCE
Jericho vs Abu Hureyra: Jericho has more complex structure
 Massive stone wall and tower – built against flooding
IV. Catalhoyuk
Most complete and largest neolithic settlement
Location: Turkey
Time: 7000 BCE
Made up of ::: numerous small, square shaped mud-brick houses + defense walls around it
Settlement was a thriving trade center – simple society with no central government of modern cities
Culture and tradition: wrapping their dead in cloth for burial

Europe
Farming communities developed in Central and Western Europe around 5000 BCE
Early settlements in Dunube River – scattered throughout the central plains of Europe
 Known for:
1) use of distinctive, line-decorated pottery
2) Construction of megaliths
MEGALITHS ::::: structures made of large stones under earthen mounds = used for burial of respected clan leaders

Asia
River valleys of India and China + along the coast of South East Asia
 Where the earliest farming communities were found
 Time: 6000 BCE
 Rice: believed to be cultivated in Asia between 9000 to 7500 BCE
 Aside from agriculture: : : : : : : Also engaged in pottery-making

First farming communities in China

Æ Location: Huang Ho river valley (6500 BCE)
Æ More advance farming – location: Yangtze River 3000 BCE

Americas
North and South America – another center of agricultural development
ö Americans – displayed great proficiency in agriculture – cultivate several crops unique to a region
ö Most important crop: Maize
ö Other crops: sweet potatoes + beans
ö Domesticated animals: llama, alpaca, guinea pig, turkey, duck, dog

Africa
Nile River Valley – earliest farming communities in Africa
o Produce: wild wheat + Barley (7000 BCE)
o Farming villages (6000 BCE)
o Farmers: depended on the regular flooding of the Nile River for irrigation
Ó Irrigation works: only appeared at 3000 BCE – coincides with the unification of Egypt as a state
BRONZE AGE
ö Transition of use of bronze vs copper introduced this new period in the preshistory
Bronze
ö An alloy of copper and tin
ö Appeared around: 3500 to 3000 BCE
 ö Widely used compared to copper
ö resulted in more cultural changes
a) trade intensification to secure raw materials
b) greater emphasis on social stratification in distributing the valuable commodity

IRON AGE
ö technological change with the use of Iron that spread throughout Europe and Middle East
ö between 1500 and 1200 BCE
ö Hittites – group of people in central Anatolia (now: Turkey) – master the use of the new metal IRON
o Iron
 Iron saw widescale use among the people  spread throughout Europe + Middle East
 Introduction of iron societies = high level of culture and technology
ö WARFARE
o Common preoccupation among the growing city-states
o Factors that brought about conflicts:
i. For historians: warfare = inevitable result of the growing idea of the state == fostered by increasingly
advance communities
ii. Stiff competition over scarce resources, manpower, territory
o Results of war:
1. casualties + destruction of communities
2. further advancements in technology – new weaponry
3. introduction to new technology – chariots

BEYOND 3000 BCE

communities further progressed in their development
first civilizations emerged
introduction of writing  led to end of prehistory  gave way to historical timelines

CIVILIZATION
concept used to refer to urbanized, state-level societies
highest form of human progress

Pre-industrial
ö aka ancient civilization
ö societies that relied heavily on manual labor + did not feature modern techs like use of machinery
ö early ideas about civilization: civilization is a state of advancement from a primitive, savage or barbaric lifestyle

indications of a society having a progressed and advanced state of civilization: //// framework of a civilization
1) development of cities with populations (thousands)
2) development of a state – with central government and complex relations among neighboring communities
3) high degree of agricultural production + economic activities  surplus  trade and commerce
4) structured society – divided into four groups with specific functions and privileges
5) emergence of monumental public works and infrastructures (temples, palaces, monuments, long-distance trade, arts,
system of writing, high degree of science and technology)
6) other elements that determine the progress of civilization:
a. advances in science and technology
b. growing complexity of social relations

Geography
Æ an important factor in the development of civilization
o communities emerged in regions with the most ideal conditions for survival and development
 aside from geography – civilizations depended on forces aside from the influence of the immediate environment

Three stages of development of man

1) Paleolithic 3) Neolithic
- An estimate in history where man is 2) Mesolithic - Man settles in one place
already there and gathering - Transition between Paleolithic and
- No exact date as to when man Neolithic periods
walked the world
 Discussion: STAGES OF MAN’S DEVELOPMENT :::::: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
Paleolithic 2M BCE – 8000 BCE Mesolithic Neolithic 8000 BCE
ö Stone age ö Transition age between Paleolithic Æ New stone age
ö Most extensive age and neolithic ö People now settling in one place
ö Covers 400,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE Characteristics: ö Homes near river = fertile soil =
Characteristics of people: 1) Start domesticating animals – start agriculture
1. Use crude or flaked tools or weapons of agriculture ö River – for drinking – their source of
(made of different kinds of stones) 2) Settled in communities life
2. Use of stones for hunting and a. Hunting
fishing – fishing thru use of sphere b. Fishing Characteristics
or their hands c. Food gathering 1. Improve farming and harvesting
3. Use of fire d. Pottery and bow (pots for a. Rice
4. Has small culture – engraving, heating and storing food) b. banana
carving and painting = carve/paint e. Taming dogs 2. Herd animals
what they do in their lives 3) Discovered that seeds can be Cow – milk – cheese
- How they hunt mammoth, fight planted Chicken – egg
with others 4) Domesticate animals – Dog – one of Æ Have steady supply of food – not
5. Have small families – make up a the first tamed animals much hunting anymore
small community Uses of dogs: 3. Grinding stones (axe)
6. Nomadic – roam around for their 1. Protection 4. Permanent homes
needs 2. Hunting 5. Relics
7. Communication: grunting and Hand 3. Emotional support 6. Receptacles
signals – still used in military today 4. Help in farming 7. Claypots, jars, dishes
8. Clothing: animal skin 8. Clay pottery (civilized way of eating)
9. Religion: nature

Neolithic Age vs Neolithic Revolution

Æ Neolithic revolution has more advanced agriculture Changes brought by the neolithic period:
Æ Period with major changes in lifestyle developed (1) Economic change
o Farming (2) Social change
o Domestication of animals (3) Religious change
o Permanent settlement
o Agricultural development
o Irrigation system
o Can produce a lot of crops
o Improved economy – trading
o Religion – improved – created gods and goddesses based on their belief
o Social – improved – workers (ex. People who were expert with something) different kinds of workers
o Settled in one place
o Catalhayuk – located in Turkey
 Ancient civilization - earliest evidences of a neolithic settlement/village
 Built in 6500 BCE
 Archaeologists discovered: Pottery, murals, human and animal remains, tools
o Archeologiest - used walls to trace out rooms to search for artifacts – gave clues about their religion and daily lives
o Saw paintings
o Culture: Their dead were buried on the flood

o Gobeklitepe – OLDEST temple of the world = this temple is older than Catalhayuk (don’t have the capacity to create temple since they were still in the
Mesolithic time)
 South Eastern Turkey
 Changing our understanding of the ancient world
 Location: Edge of fertile crescent
 Structure: massive Limestone pillars
 Built 12,000 years ago – new stone age = humans still lived as hunter-gatherers
 Covers a large area – with layers of structure
 With mysterious symbols and images of the wild
 Center of 2 megaliths = with human-like pillars = represents god + animals = totems or protectors + vulture like bird – lifting a disembodied head =
ritualized sky burials
 Building this will require a lot of man power
 Believed that a lot of people came to Gobekli tepe to worship  will require a steady supply of food  new theory::::: worship gave rise to agriculture
Discovery of Gobekli Tepe
z Changed a lot in history: in history, it is said the agriculture is the source of development of civilization – with the Gobekli
tepe – a big structure – will need a lot of resources and humans  need a lot of food
z Makes the date of the discovery of agriculture wrong
 z Temple is aligned with the sun, moon and stars
o Vultures + symbols + falcon + etc = constellations in the sky === people at that time have a knowledge of time –
hard to comprehend
z People back then can travel without light and compass – they follow the north star – they have knowledge of astronomy

Metal age
ö Smoldering of metals
ö The age after the Neolithic period
ö Brought tremendous progress because of the use of different metals
ö

Why is it important to know the stages of humanity?

Improve our ways
Know our roots

CIVILIZATIONS:
Tibet / Nepal / Mexico America Germany New Zealand
Himalayan mountain

CULTURE
 Represent country
 A unique characteristic
 Differences
 Identity

CULTURE
 Shows uniqueness and identity (who are we
o In one word: our identity who are we as a people: characteristics and knowledge of a group of people
 Covers language (speak and write), religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts
 Origin: colere  cultivate, nutre, grow
 Identifies a particular group of people – how they live = part of tradition
 Infrastructures show who the people are
 CULTURE: Characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people = covers language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music
and arts

CIVILIZATION
 Large group (thousands) of people who live and work together ; has the same characteristics, beliefs, language, writing system, religion
 A society that shares a single culture
o Origin of word: cavitas (latin) = city
 Before there is only one civilization but expanded  became one country
 CIVILIZATION: is a large group of people who live and work together; this is a society that shares a single culture
ELEMENTS OF CIVILIZATION:
I. Advanced cities V. Advanced technology
II. Specialized workers Defined as a complex culture
III. Complex institutions 5 features
IV. Record-keeping

VIDEO: Traits of a Civilization aka aspects of civilization G Ct Cul Bs S J W

ö First civilization: Africa and Asia  People migrated from Africa  toward the east  throughout the world  settled near water
T
ö Before civilization: nomadic – look for food along rivers
o Fresh water – drinking water; food; transportation and protection from enemies because rivers are harder to cross than land
o Agriculture – aka farming – Africa, Asia, Americas = provided food for everyone
 1) Built cities – to protect farms and the people – walls kept out enemies and sheltered people  able to build more farms  can feed more
people
2) Specialized jobs – before everyone hunt and gather – with civilization – people do their own expertise
3) Writing – pass info to another generation to build upon (stone and clay – laws recorded for everyone to see)
4) Laws and government - rules for cities – for peace – Code of Hammurabi – 282 laws on property, relationships, work with punishments
 Punishments – depend on social status: Slaves or free people – slaves – captured from war
5) Social structure – slaves – farmers – artisans – religious leaders – soldiers – nobles and priests – pharaoh
 All had different rules and how to talk to each other (some cannot talk)
 Monarchy – social hierarchy Civilized – how a person acts
VS
People in a civilization – share common culture – dress, arts, food, manners, beliefs Civilization – refers to a city
 Culture
o is naturally developed – everything is built on what others have done before civilized – follow norms, laws
o climate and environment – also influence culture and clothing
o food – what is common in the area
6) Belief systems
o Created within civilizations
o Belief ideas : nature, seasons, flood and drought are part of civilization’s culture
 Myths – stories about how life on Earth began; why sunrise happens; what happens after death
o Belief systems were used to try to teach people about what was thought to be good behavior
o Belief systems led to the creation of RITUALS – for good fortune, better health and sometimes to make rain
o Gave people the feelings of being in control + a sense of purpose of something larger than themselves
o Can have negative effects = disharmony – due to cannot tolerate new ideas
ö Successful civilizations = people stayed in the same place  moving farmlands impossible

7) Advanced technologies – infrastructure and temples (ziggurat - Mesopotamia) = place of worship

a. Writing system – code of Hammurabi - Mesopotamia
b. Wheels  carts

Hanging gardens of Babylonians – Lost due to earthquake – part of ancient wonder of the world
Egyptian pyramids

UNCIVILIZED vs CIVILIZED STONE AGE vs CIVILIZATION

UNCIVILIZED CIVILIZED
 Old fashioned
 Not polite, reasonable
or respectable
Romans: called uncivilized –
barbaric – don’t speak Greek
STONE AGE CIVILIZATION
 Civilized society or  No permanent  Complex culture
country has a well settlements  Cities
developed system of  Depends on hunting,  Political & military
government, culture, gathering, herding for structure
and way of life food  Social hierarchy
 Treats people who  Simpler ways of life  Work specialization
live there fairly  Record keeping and
writing
 Distinct religious
structure
 Artistic and
intellectual activity

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define and explaine: Culture and civilization
2. What are the elements of civilization. Explain
3. Differentiate civilized and uncivilized
4. Stages of man’s development – explain
5. Timeline
TULA: karunungan ng buhay na tumatalakay sa kung
Paano nakikibagay ang mga tao sa pagbabago ng kulutra, kapaligiran, and lipunan

Sa buhay ng tao ay may mga karanasan Kapit bisig, iisa ang adhikain,
Na kailangang iwasan at dapat ayusin Sinasapuso, ang iisang Layunin –
Tamang tandaan, at sa tuwina’y Maging masagana ang buhay ng lahat,
pakaisipin
Mahalagang ingatan tulad ng
Walang maiiwang mahirap o salat.
kayamanan. Kapaligira’y binigyang malasakit,
Likas yama’y maingat na ginagamit;
Mahalagang matanto ng kabataan, Epekto ng mga gawaing pantao,
Ang ating kultura’t pagkakakilanlan, Bantay-sarado sa bawat pagbabago.
Kasama ang kasalukuyang maunlad,
Bayaning nasawi noon, ito’y hangad. At para ‘di isang kahig, isang tuka,
Tao’y nakaisip ring mangibang-bansa
Nagtungo sa bansang hindi tinubuan
Nakaraa’y dapat bigyan ng halaga Para doon ay makipag-sapalaran.
Ipamalas malawak na pang-unawa
Nang pagkakamali’y ‘di maulit muli Kulturang iba sa kanya’y inunawa,
Kaunlaran ay tiyak sa bawat lahi Tinanggap ng buong puso at malaya.
Mayroon mang ‘di pagkakaunawaan,
Sa huli ‘y nakamtan din
kaginhawaan/kapayapaan.

Nabanggit ni Lolo mga karunungan sa
buhay
Na maaring maging gabay sa aking
palagay
Ito ang mga bagay na dapat mong
isabuhay.
Nang maging huwaran ng mahal sa
buhay.

Kasabay sa pagbabago ng lipunan,

Pati ang paglilinang ng kakayahan
pag-iwas din sa mga dagok sa buhay
rason para sa pamilya’y humiwalay.