2012 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering and Technology (STUDENT)

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 6 - 9 October 2012

Variability in surface electromyography of right arm biceps brachii muscles between

male adolescent, vicenarian and tricenarian with distinct electrode placement

Nizam Uddin Ahamed Kenneth Sundaraj R. Badlishah Ahmad

School of Mechatronic Engineering, School of Mechatronic School of Computer &
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Communication Engineering,
Perlis, Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Pedis, Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Pedis, Kangar,
Perlis, Malaysia
ahamed1557@hotmail.com kenneth@unimap.edu.my badli@unimap.edu.my

S.A.M Matiur Rahaman Md. Anamul Islam Md. Asraf Ali

College of Computer Science and School of Computer &
Information System, Najran Communication Engineering,
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Universiti Malaysia Perlis,
Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
sammatiurrahman@yahoo.com ziltu57@gmail.com
School of Computer &
Communication Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar,
Pedis, Malaysia
asrafbabu@hotmail.com

Abstract- The aim of this paper was to verify and measure the
variability in surface electromyography (sEMG) of upper arm
biceps brachii muscle during isometric contraction. Nine healthy
right arm dominated males from three age-groups (adolescents,
vicenarian, and tricenarian) were selected for
Electrodes were placed horizontally on three individual locations
of the subjects' biceps brachii muscle, i.e., on the muscle belly of
the biceps brachii, and on the upper and lower portion of the
muscle belly. Average EMG (mean), standard deviation (SD), and
coefficient of variations (CV, %) were calculated to verify the
consistency of the different age groups' muscle
Moreover, EMG mean values were analyzed with two-way
repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVA) to monitor
significant intra- and inter-muscle coordination. An online, three­
channel connected and touch-proof wireless sensor was used to
record the EMG signal. The results revealed muscle variability
and consistency as well as the significant superiority on the
biceps brachii muscle. This findings attempt to fulfill the gaps
left by previous experiments based on EMG variability, subject's
age variation, electrode placement, muscle contractions, etc. and
to identify areas for further researche in the
rehabilitation, sports, and other biomedical concerns.
Keywords- Age, biceps brachii, EMG, electrode, variability,
wireless sensor
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the long time, surface electromyography (sEMG) has
been the leading and the right way to record and analyze the
human muscle activity and obviously applicable for the biceps
brachii muscle [1]. It is only the possible technique to get the
right signal during the proper contraction of the muscle [2].
The effect of EMG signal analysis varies on different ageing
subject's muscle and also depend on the electrode as well as
the placement locations on the muscle [3]. Because, it is a one
of the complicated physiological signals that present
information about the central and peripheral properties of the
human neuromuscular system [4]. However, one latest article
from Merletti et al. focused on a more clear idea about the
recent progress of EMG signal detection and processing
techniques[5].
According to the researches definition and the classification
the study.
of gerontological study; the adolescents age range is within 13
to 19 years, then vicenarian is between 20 to 29 and lastly,
tricenarian is within 30 to 39 years[6-10]. So, far researchers
investigated about the muscle characteristics, variability and
coordination on different age groups. For example, Narici et
activities. al. discussed about the muscle changes on different ages [9,
11]. Kasprisin et al. studied the variability of EMG on
brachioradialis and biceps brachii muscle during two types of
contractions[I2]. Their experiment was done on vicenerian
and tricenerian subjects. Tracy et al. evaluated the reliability
of sub maximal contractions with the knee extensor muscles in
young and old adults[13]. Granata et al. measured intra­
session and inter-session variability in the EMG signals from
the lower limb muscles. The comparison was done between
fields of the healthy-normal children and adult subjects[I4]. EMG
force variability was done by Vaillancourt et al. and their
ageing variations were young, old and 0Ider-old[15]. Pincivero
et al. evaluated the gender and muscle differences in
electromyographic signal during maximal voluntary
contractions of the quadriceps femoris [16]. However, so far
variability of EMG related many individual investigations
performed on different age group subjects, sensors type,
biceps muscle, different types of contractions, variations of
protocols etc.[17, 18].
Another important issue in this paper is the electrode
placement on different muscle locations and their outcomes.
We have reviewed and gathered some good recommendations
based on the results of inter electrode placement. Like,
Merletti, Zipp, Hermens, Rainoldi, Jensen, Wong et al.
discussed and recommended about the effect of inter electrode
placement on various muscle in the human body [19-26]. One
more key point for this study is isometric contraction. For

978-1-4673-1705-4/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

24
isometric contraction, there is no change in the length of the
contracting muscle[27]. In our experiment, subject holds the
hand-held dynamometer with a fixed elbow position and there
was no movement during data recording. Biceps brachii muscle
has an optimum length at which the maximum isometric force
can be produced[28].
However, in this paper, we tried to quantify the variability
of EMG signal in three different age groups BB muscle and
compared the results among intra- and inter- muscle. In this
experiment, we have selected nine healthy subjects (three
subjects for each group), used three-channel connected
wireless EMG sensor, performed the isometric contraction
with a fixed elbow position, selected three electrode placement
site, adjusted the sampling rate at 100 Hz and chosen only
dominate arm (right arm BE). Lastly, some good results
revealed from this study and we further analyzed with the
offline data.
The paper is organized as follows: section II analyzes the
methods, the equipment and the experimental protocol for data
recording, section III presents and compares the results, section
IV presents the overall discussion of the study, while section V
concludes the paper.
II. METHODS
Nine right arms dominated male subjects with standard
BMI, participated in the study. All the subjects were
knowledgeable of the methods before providing informed
consent and agreed to take part in the experiment. They have
no history of muscle disorders on BB. Table I shows the
demographic characteristics of all the participants.
TABLE I. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE SUBJECTS.
Groups Age Weight Height BMI
(years) (kg) (em)
Adolescents IS.4±6 6S±3 167±3 23.0±2
Vicenarian 2S.3±4 71±7 170±7 22.9±4
Tricenarian 3S.2±7 67±4 166±4 21.0±S
To assess the muscle strength, we used the electronic hand
dynamometer (Camry, China, model: EH101-37, weight
capacity: 90 kg\200 LB, precision ± 1 kg). During the test and
data collection, subject was requested to seat on the chair and
his right was on the table. The position of the arm during the
data recording was 90°. This angle measurement was
considered as, from the shoulder to elbow and then elbow to
palm which was calculated by a digital inclinometer (Figure
1). Subject was gripped the dynamometer and produced force
with maximum voluntary contraction. Figure 1 shows the full
experimental setup for data collection. The average grasping
range was 20 kg. Data was recorded three times from each
subject and there was a 5 minutes rest between each
experiment. Subject was requested to remove their shirt,
wristwatch, and any other ornaments from his right arm.
Additionally, since the EMG recording system was wireless
and Bluetooth related, any air conditioning, mobile phones
and fans were switched off to avoid unnecessary signals, cross
talk and connection detachment. All recording and analysis of
the EMG signals were completed according to the
recommendations provided by SENIAM (Surface
Electromyography for the Noninvasive Assessment of
Muscles) and ISEK (International Society of
Electrophysiology and Kinesiology) [22, 29].
A touch proof, wireless, Bluetooth-enabled, three-channel
EMG signal recorded device, SHIMMER™ Model SH-SHIM­
KIT-004 (Real-time Technologies Ltd., Ireland), was used to
record the electromyography signals from each subject's BB.
Two channels (one negative and another positive) were used
as active, while the third one was used as the reference
channel. This device has double functionality because it has
both an IEEE 802.15.4 wireless communication (contains a
chipcon CC2420 radio transceiver and a gigaAnt 2.4 GHz
™
Rufa antenna) and a Bluetooth® radio modules. The built-in
frequency range of the device is 5 to 482 Hz with an EMG
amplifier gain of 682 dB. The raw EMG signal was recorded
at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. There was a set of EMG
sensor and one Bluetooth-enabled laptop computer was used
in the experiment. The distance between the EMG daughter
board device (sensor connected to the muscle) placement area
on the body and the laptop was 2 feet.
Figure I. EMG signals were recorded from a tricenerian subject. a) hand­
dynamometer, b) bluetooth enabled laptop, c) wireless EMG sensor, d)
electrode placed at lower part of muscle belly, e) reference electrode, 1) online
EMG signal operated by the Gill software.
Three silver-silver chloride surface electrodes were placed
on the right arm biceps brachii to record EMG signals. Three
electrode placement locations were chosen to evaluate the
EMG variability: i) over the muscle belly (M); ii) the lower
part of the muscle belly (L) between the biceps muscle
endplate region and the distal tendon insertion; and iii) the
placement of two electrodes over the medial belly of each long
and short head (U), parallel to the muscle fibers and below the
proximal bicep tendon [21, 30]. Figure 2 demonstrates
electrode placement on a subject during data collection. As
shown in the figure, the distance between the center of the
electrodes located at U and M and between the electrodes at M
and L is 4 cm, whereas the distance between the center of the
electrodes at U and L is 8 cm, with 2 cm between each pair.
The fixed reference electrode was placed on the bony region
located below the elbow and slightly over the joint (i.e. on the
25
back of the right ann). It should be noted that data was
collected for all three locations at different times; not at the
same times for each placement location.
different muscles. Here, vicenerian's muscle belly (7.60%)
shows the most consistent than the other locations, whereas
EMG signals in tricenerian lower portion have highest
variability (29.1S%). If we consider individual age group
EMG result variability, the consistency order of adolescents
muscle is middle of the muscle, then upper and lastly lower
portion (9.97%, 13.9S% and 14.47%). Same steady order
found in tricenerian's biceps brachii muscle; such as muscle
belly (14.38%), upper (26.99%) and lower (29.1S%). Last age
group which is vicenarian generates small variation among the
muscle variability; here middle part (7.60%) shows high
dependability than lower (14.02%) and upper (18.01%)
section.

TABLE II. THE VARIABILITY (CV%), AVERAGE EMG VALUE (MEAN) AND
STANDAARD DEVIATION FOR THE EACH LOCATION OF THREE AGE GROUPS.

Age Group Electrode Mean SD CV (%) Total

Placement CV (%)
Lower (L) 2.35 0.34 14.47
Adolescents Middle (M) 3.41 0.34 9.97 38.39
(A) UDDer (U) 3.01 0.42 13.95
Figure 2. Electrodes placement on three locations of the biceps brachii Lower (L) 3.21 0.45 14.02
muscle. Vicenarian Middle (M) 4.21 0.32 7.60 39.63
(V) Upper (U) 3.61 0.65 18.01
The electromyography amplitude (mV) measurements from Lower (L) 2.23 0.65 29.15
Tricenarian Middle (M) 3.13 0.45 14.38 70.52
the three electrode locations on each subject's BB muscle
(T) Upper (U) 2.89 0.78 26.99
were recorded during isometric contraction. The average EMG
value (Mean), standard deviation (SO) and coefficient of
Finally, the significant values among the intra- and inter­
variation (CV; standard deviation divided by the mean then
muscle reflect in Table III. Among the nine results on intra
multiplied one hundred) were calculated for the EMG signal
muscle activity; four results show the main effect (p<O.OS) and
from each electrode location on the BB muscle. Two-way
reaming five have no interaction with each other p>O.OS. On
repeated measures analysis of variance (electrode placement X
the other hand, twenty seven differentiate results found among
age group) was used to evaluate the intra- and inter-muscle
the inter muscle investigation. Here, eleven results show the
activity. The average (mean) value was considered for this
interactions between each other (p<O.OS), while other sixteen
analysis and the significant level was set at 9S%, i.e. pSO.OS
results have no significant value (p>O.OS).
for all the assessments. The statistical software was used for
this analysis was Minitab (MINITAB® Release 14.12.0).
IV. DISCUSSION

III. RESULTS Perfect, authentic and computationally capable means of

identifying the EMG signal variability has been the subject of
We have summarized all the results of EMG signal in two
significant research effort in current years. Since the long
tables (Table II & III) and illustrates in a figure (Figure 3). .
time, surface electromyography (sEMG) is a painless (non­
Table II presents the mean, SO and the coefficient of variation
invasive) technique to record the data and it has an extensive
(CV%) of the three age groups three distinct muscle locations,
application in medical science, sports, rehabilitation,
whereas Table III described the significant values of intra- and
kinesiology, fatigue studies, ergonomics etc. [31-33]. So far,
inter-muscle activity; i.e. whether p value is less than or
numbers of previous studies have been conducted to uncover
greater than O.OS.
the effects of bicep brachii muscles; where researcher uses
First, we are considering the EMG average (mean) and SO
more than a single electrode to place on the muscle. The main
value for all groups different muscle locations. Middle of the
r�ason of this paper was to find the changes of EMG signal on
muscle of the three groups produced the highest EMG signal
dIfferent muscle location and those are monitored on three
than the other two locations (A: 3.41 mY, V: 4.21mV and T:
different age groups. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient
3.13mV). Then the upper portion and lastly, the lower part of
of variation and significant difference based on average value
the muscle belly generated most amplitude (mV) during
were calculated to show the reliability within the different
contraction. The subjects from vicenerian show the maximum
muscle.
amplitudes in three locations than other two age groups same
location.
After that, the most important results of this investigation
were to measure the variability of the EMG signal from

26
TABLE III. THE SIGNIFICANT VALUE (p<0.05 OR 1'>0.05 ) AMONG THE significant differences were found from the three age groups.
INTRA- AND INTER- MUSCLE ACTIVITY OF THE THREE AGE GROUPS.
For instance, there was a relation between A(L) vs.V(L), A(L)
Intra- muscle p-value vs.V(M), A(L) vs.T(U), A(M) vs.V(U), A(M) vs.T(M), A(U)
A(L) vs. A(M) 11<0.05 vs.V(U), A(U) vs.T(L), A(U) vs.T(M), VeL) vs.T(M), V(M)
A(L) vs. A(U) 11>0.05
vs.T(M), and V(U) vs.T(L). Remaining results were not
A(M) vs A(U) 11<0.05
Vel) vs. V(M) p>0.05 significantly related with each other. From Table III, it is also
Vel) vs. V(U) 11>0.05 obvious that, majority of the adolescents muscles are
V(M) vs. V(U) 0<0.05 significantly related to other groups muscle.
T(L) vs. T(M) p>0.05 Finally, these findings have vital implications for future
T(L) vs. T(U) 0>0.05
research as the variability and significant value measurement of
T(M) vs. T(U) 11<0.05
Inter-muscle
other upper arm muscles. We hope, our results will helpful for
A(L) vs. Vel) 11<0.05 rehabilitation, sports science and other biomedical concerns
A(L) vs. T(L) p>0.05 related to biceps brachii muscle. Some limitations were sought
A(L) vs. V(M) 11<0.05 in our research, like number of age groups as well as subjects
A(L) vs. V(U) 11>0.05
were few, only used three channels connected data acquisition
A(L) vs. T(M) 0>0.05
system (sensor), chosen right hand and single muscle
A(L) vs. T(U) 11<0.05
A(M) vs. Vel) p>0.05 contraction.
A(M) vs. V(M) p>0.05
A(M) vs. V(U) 0<0.05
A(M) vs. T(L) 11>0.05
A(M) vs. T(M) 0<0.05 30
�
A(M) vs. T(U) p>0.05 >
2- 25
A(U) vs. Vel) p>0.05 "
A(U) vs. V(M) p>0.05 ..§ 20
. ;:=!
A(U) vs. V(U) 0<0.05 ;;

A(U) vs. T(L) 11<0.05 r: !5

0

A(U) vs. T(M) 0<0.05 c; 10

A(U) vs. T(U)
Vel) vs. T(L)
p>0.05
p>0.05
� 0
:.J
Vel) vs. T(M) 11<0.05 0
Vel) vs. T(U) 0>0.05
A {L) T(1))
V(M) vs. T(L) 11>0.05
V(M) vs. T(M) 0<0.05
V(M) vs. T(U) p>0.05
V(U) vs. T(L) 0<0.05 Figure 3. The coefficient of variation (CV%) in mean amplitude value of
V(U) vs. T(M) p>0.05 biecps bracii EMG acivity during contraction.

V(U) vs. T(U) p>0.05

The significant values arc highlighted by bold fonl.
V. CONCLUSION

It has been observed that, muscle belly in all three groups
have the more consistency (CV %) EMG values that other two
electrode placement locations. Among these, adolescents
muscle belly has the steadier (7.60%) than others. According
to the highest order of variability, upper part of muscle belly
(U) is maximum, then lower part (L) and lastly middle of the
muscle (M). Then, if we consider the variability of three age
groups, tricenarian (T) has greater variability (70.52%) than
other two groups. Whereas as, adolescents (A) and vicenarian
(V) has low dissimilarity (38.39% and 39.63% respectively).
Figure 2 also illustrates the muscle variability with respect of
The electromyography (EMG) data collected by the wireless
sensor enhanced the knowledge on biceps brachii muscle
activity at different locations. Even though there were certain
limitations, we strongly believe that the results presented here
are adequately applicable because all the generated EMG data
were evaluated using the same measurement technique. In
summary, our study discovered that muscle activity varies with
electrode placement locations and wireless sensor and also,
with the age of the individuals.
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