Lecture 07

We will cover these skills:

 Function in C/C++
 Arguments & Parameters
 User-defıned Functıons
 Call by Value & Reference
 Static variables in C/C++

REZA KALAN 1
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Functions in C/C++ :
Function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
Example 1:
#include <stdio.h> Output

void myFunction() { This body of myFunction ...... !

This body of main Function ...... !
printf("This body of myFunction ...... !");
}

int main() {

myFunction(); // where we call function

printf("\nThis body of main Function ...... !");

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 2
C /C++ Programming/ Functıons
Functions in C/C++ :
A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
We can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
Functions are used to perform certain actions, and they are important for reusing code: Define the code once,
and use it many times.

Syntax:

DR.KALAN 3
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Arguments vs Parameters in C/C++ :

There are four types of user-defined functions divided on the basis of arguments :
 Function with no arguments and no return value.

 Function with no arguments and a return value.

 Function with arguments and no return value.

 Function with arguments and with return value.

DR.KALAN 4
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Arguments vs Parameters in C/C++ :

#include <stdio.h> Input as an integer

Function with arguments and with return value

int sum(int a, int b) // sum: Function definition. a and b are parameters

{
return a + b; // returns results of “a+b” to the function that
// called this function ( in this case “main” function)
}
Returns integer value as well

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 7, results; // local variable declaration

results = sum(x, y); // sum() is called with x & y as arguments

printf(“Sum is: %d", results); // Displaying the result

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 5
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Arguments vs Parameters in C/C++ :

#include <stdio.h>
Function with arguments and no return value.

void sum(int a, int b)

{
printf(“%d”, a + b); // print results of “a+b”

}
Void returns nothing
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 7, results; // local variable declaration

sum(x, y); // sum() is called with x & y as arguments

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 6
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Arguments vs Parameters in C/C++ :

#include <stdio.h> Output

void myFunction(char name[]) { Hello Reza ! welcome to C/++ programming

printf("Hello %s\t! welcome to C/++ programming\n", name); Hello Ali ! welcome to C/++ programming
} Hello Yagmur ! welcome to C/++ programming

int main() {
myFunction("Reza");
myFunction("Ali");
myFunction("Yagmur");

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 7
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Example :

#include <stdio.h> Output

void myFunction(char name[], int age) { Hello Reza. You are 37 years old.
Hello Ali. You are 22 years old.
printf("Hello %s. You are %d years old.\n", name, age); Hello Yagmur. You are 18 years old.
}

int main() {
myFunction("Reza", 37);
myFunction("Ali", 22);
myFunction("Yagmur", 18);

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 8
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Example :
#include <stdio.h> Output

float toCelsius(float fahrenheit) { // Function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius Fahrenheit: 32.00

return (5.0 / 9.0) * (fahrenheit - 32.0); Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: 0.00
}

int main() {
float f_value = 32; // Set a fahrenheit value

float result = toCelsius(f_value); // Call the function with the fahrenheit value

printf("Fahrenheit: %.2f\n", f_value);

printf("Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: %.2f\n", result);

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 9
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Example :
#include <iostream> Output
using namespace std;
Enter a number: -3
int abs (int a){ The absolute value if 'a' is: 3
if (a<0)
return (-a);
else
return a;
}

int main(){
int a;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>a;
cout<<“\n The absolute value of 'a' is: " << abs(a);

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 10
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Example :
Output
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Enter a number: 4
The square of '4' is: 16
int sqr (int a){
return a*a;
}

int main(){
int a;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"The square of '"<< a <<"' is: " << sqr(a);

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 11
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Math Functions in C/C++ :
There is also a list of math functions available, that allows you to perform mathematical tasks on numbers.
To use them, you must include the math.h header file in your program:

#include <iostream> Output

#include <math.h>
4.00
int main (){ 3.00
printf("\n%.2f", ceil(3.4)); 125.00
printf("\n%.2f", floor(3.4)); 5.00
printf("\n%.2f", pow(5, 3));
printf("\n%.2f", sqrt(25));

return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 12
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Call Type & Description :
Call by Value
This method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function.
In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.

Call by Reference
This method copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter.
Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call.
This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument.

DR.KALAN 13
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Call by Value, Example :
#include <iostream> Output

void swap(int x, int y){ After swap, value of a : 100

After swap, value of b : 200
int temp;
temp = x; //save the value of x
x = y; // put y into x
y = temp; // put temp into y
}

int main (){

int a = 100;
int b = 200;
swap(a, b);
printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 14
C /C++ Programming / Functıons
Call by Reference, Example :
#include <iostream> Output

void swap(int *x, int *y){ After swap, value of a : 200

After swap, value of b : 100
int temp;
temp = *x; //save the value at the address x
*x = *y; // put y into x
*y = temp; // put temp into y
}

int main (){

int a = 100;
int b = 200;
swap(&a, &b);
printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 15
C /C++ Programming
Static Variables in C/C++ :
Static variable only initialized one time #include <stdio.h> Output

void static_vars( void ){ i = 1, f = 0.100000, c = c

static int i = 0;
static float f = 0.0; i = 2, f = 0.200000, c = d
static char c = ‘b'; // static char c = '\0';
i++; i = 3, f = 0.300000, c = e
f += 0.1;
c++;
printf("i = %d, f = %f, c = %c\n", i, f, c);
}

int main(){
static_vars();
static_vars();
static_vars();
return 0;
}

DR.KALAN 16