Asme V 2013.pdf - 3

2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 22, SE-94
STANDARD GUIDE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
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SE-94
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 94-04(2010).)
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341
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ARTICLE 22, SE-94 2013 SECTION V
Standard Guide for

Radiographic Examination
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 1.4.)
film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice 1.6 If an NDT agency is used, the agency shall be qualified
without discussing the technical background which justifies the in accordance with Practice E543.
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard
2. Referenced Documents
documents of other societies is included for additional infor-
mation on the subject. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined;
Testing
radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage;
sponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
reference radiograph documents.
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice Used for Radiology
E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032. E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards— amination of Electronic Devices
Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph docu- graphic Film Processing
ments for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
between producer and purchaser. E1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-
1.4 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection tallic Castings
against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this E1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-
document. For information on this important aspect of ments
radiography, reference should be made to the current document E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and eters
Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, Industrial Radiographic Films
and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
radiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI E1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In-
43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state dustrial Radiographs
regulations for agreement states. E1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the from 4 to 25 MeV
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
Industrial Radiography
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2.2 ANSI Standards: 5.1.5 Film system class,

PH1.41 Specifications for Photographic Film for Archival 5.1.6 Source to film distance,
Records, Silver-Gelatin Type, on Polyester Base 5.1.7 Image quality indicators (IQI’s),
PH2.22 Methods for Determining Safety Times of Photo- 5.1.8 Screens and filters,
graphic Darkroom Illumination 5.1.9 Geometry of part or component configuration,
PH4.8 Methylene Blue Method for Measuring Thiosulfate
5.1.10 Identification and location markers, and
and Silver Densitometric Method for Measuring Residual
Chemicals in Films, Plates, and Papers 5.1.11 Radiographic quality level.
T9.1 Imaging Media (Film)—Silver-Gelatin Type Specifica-
tions for Stability 6. Radiographic Quality Level
T9.2 Imaging Media—Photographic Process Film Plate and 6.1 Information on the design and manufacture of image
Paper Filing Enclosures and Storage Containers quality indicators (IQI’s) can be found in Practices E747,
2.3 Federal Standards: E801, E1025, and E1742.
Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1020.40, Safety
6.2 The quality level usually required for radiography is
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Requirements of Cabinet X-Ray Systems

2 % (2-2T when using hole type IQI) unless a higher or lower
Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.96, Ion-
quality is agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
izing Radiation (X-Rays, RF, etc.)
At the 2 % subject contrast level, three quality levels of
2.4 Other Document:
inspection, 2-1T, 2-2T, and 2-4T, are available through the
NBS Handbook ANSI N43.3 General Radiation Safety In-
design and application of the IQI (Practice E1025, Table 1).
stallations Using NonMedical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma
Other levels of inspection are available in Practice E1025 Table
Sources up to 10 MeV
1. The level of inspection specified should be based on the
3. Terminology service requirements of the product. Great care should be taken
in specifying quality levels 2-1T, 1-1T, and 1-2T by first
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
determining that these quality levels can be maintained in
refer to Terminology E1316.
production radiography.
4. Significance and Use NOTE 2—The first number of the quality level designation refers to IQI
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this thickness expressed as a percentage of specimen thickness; the second
number refers to the diameter of the IQI hole that must be visible on the
guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, radiograph, expressed as a multiple of penetrameter thickness, T.
and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as
the recording media. 6.3 If IQI’s of material radiographically similar to that being
examined are not available, IQI’s of the required dimensions
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration but of a lower-absorption material may be used.
special benefits and limitations resulting from the use of
nonfilm recording media or readouts such as paper, tapes, 6.4 The quality level required using wire IQI’s shall be
xeroradiography, fluoroscopy, and electronic image intensifi- equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 unless a higher
cation devices. Although reference is made to documents that or lower quality level is agreed upon between purchaser and
may be used in the identification and grading, where supplier. Table 4 of Practice E747 gives a list of various
applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal hole-type IQI’s and the diameter of the wires of corresponding
castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards EPS with the applicable 1T, 2T, and 4T holes in the plaque IQI.
of acceptance for any material or production process. Radiog- Appendix X1 of Practice E747 gives the equation for calcu-
raphy will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the lating other equivalencies, if needed.
effect of all details of techniques, such as geometry, film,
filtration, viewing, etc., is obtained and maintained. 7. Energy Selection
5. Quality of Radiographs 7.1 X-ray energy affects image quality. In general, the lower
the energy of the source utilized the higher the achievable
5.1 To obtain quality radiographs, it is necessary to consider radiographic contrast, however, other variables such as geom-
as a minimum the following list of items. Detailed information etry and scatter conditions may override the potential advan-
on each item is further described in this guide. tage of higher contrast. For a particular energy, a range of
5.1.1 Radiation source (X-ray or gamma), thicknesses which are a multiple of the half value layer, may be
5.1.2 Voltage selection (X-ray), radiographed to an acceptable quality level utilizing a particu-
5.1.3 Source size (X-ray or gamma), lar X-ray machine or gamma ray source. In all cases the
5.1.4 Ways and means to eliminate scattered radiation, specified IQI (penetrameter) quality level must be shown on
the radiograph. In general, satisfactory results can normally be
obtained for X-ray energies between 100 kV to 500 kV in a
range between 2.5 to 10 half value layers (HVL) of material
thickness (see Table 1). This range may be extended by as
much as a factor of 2 in some situations for X-ray energies in
the 1 to 25 MV range primarily because of reduced scatter.
343
TABLE 1 Typical Steel HVL Thickness in Inches (mm) for processing system. Users may obtain a classification table from
Common Energies the film manufacturer for the film system used in production
Thickness, radiography. A choice of film class can be made as provided in
Energy
Inches (mm)
Test Method E1815. Additional specific details regarding
120 kV 0.10 (2.5)
150 kV 0.14 (3.6)
classification of film systems is provided in Test Method
200 kV 0.20 (5.1) E1815. ANSI Standards PH1.41, PH4.8, T9.1, and T9.2 pro-
250 kV 0.25 (6.4) vide specific details and requirements for film manufacturing.
400 kV (Ir 192) 0.35 (8.9)
1 MV 0.57 (14.5)
2 MV (Co 60) 0.80 (20.3) 10. Filters
4 MV 1.00 (25.4)
6 MV 1.15 (29.2) 10.1 Definition—Filters are uniform layers of material
10 MV 1.25 (31.8) placed between the radiation source and the film.
16 MV and higher 1.30 (33.0)
10.2 Purpose—The purpose of filters is to absorb the softer
components of the primary radiation, thus resulting in one or
several of the following practical advantages:
8. Radiographic Equivalence Factors
10.2.1 Decreasing scattered radiation, thus increasing con-
8.1 The radiographic equivalence factor of a material is that trast.
factor by which the thickness of the material must be multi- 10.2.2 Decreasing undercutting, thus increasing contrast.
plied to give the thickness of a “standard” material (often steel) 10.2.3 Decreasing contrast of parts of varying thickness.
which has the same absorption. Radiographic equivalence
factors of several of the more common metals are given in 10.3 Location—Usually the filter will be placed in one of
Table 2, with steel arbitrarily assigned a factor of 1.0. The the following two locations:
factors may be used: 10.3.1 As close as possible to the radiation source, which
8.1.1 To determine the practical thickness limits for radia- minimizes the size of the filter and also the contribution of the
tion sources for materials other than steel, and filter itself to scattered radiation to the film.
8.1.2 To determine exposure factors for one metal from 10.3.2 Between the specimen and the film in order to absorb
exposure techniques for other metals. preferentially the scattered radiation from the specimen. It
should be noted that lead foil and other metallic screens (see
9. Film 13.1) fulfill this function.
9.1 Various industrial radiographic film are available to 10.4 Thickness and Filter Material— The thickness and
meet the needs of production radiographic work. However, material of the filter will vary depending upon the following:
definite rules on the selection of film are difficult to formulate 10.4.1 The material radiographed.
because the choice depends on individual user requirements. 10.4.2 Thickness of the material radiographed.
Some user requirements are as follows: radiographic quality 10.4.3 Variation of thickness of the material radiographed.
levels, exposure times, and various cost factors. Several 10.4.4 Energy spectrum of the radiation used.
methods are available for assessing image quality levels (see 10.4.5 The improvement desired (increasing or decreasing
Test Method E746, and Practices E747 and E801). Information contrast). Filter thickness and material can be calculated or
about specific products can be obtained from the manufactur- determined empirically.
ers.
9.2 Various industrial radiographic films are manufactured 11. Masking
to meet quality level and production needs. Test Method E1815 11.1 Masking or blocking (surrounding specimens or cov-
provides a method for film manufacturer classification of film ering thin sections with an absorptive material) is helpful in
systems. A film system consist of the film and associated film reducing scattered radiation. Such a material can also be used
TABLE 2 Approximate Radiographic Equivalence Factors for Several Metals (Relative to Steel)
Energy Level
Metal 192 60
100 kV 150 kV 220 kV 250 kV 400 kV 1 MV 2 MV 4 to 25 MV Ir Co
Magnesium 0.05 0.05 0.08
Aluminum 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.35
Aluminum alloy 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.35 0.35
Titanium 0.54 0.54 0.71 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Iron/all steels 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Copper 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
Zinc 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
Brass 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Inconel X 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
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Monel 1.7 1.2

Zirconium 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0
Lead 14.0 14.0 12.0 5.0 2.5 2.7 4.0 2.3
Hafnium 14.0 12.0 9.0 3.0
Uranium 20.0 16.0 12.0 4.0 3.9 12.6 3.4
344
to equalize the absorption of different sections, but the loss of 13.2.1 Lead oxide screens perform in a similar manner to
detail may be high in the thinner sections. lead foil screens except that their equivalence in lead foil
thickness approximates 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm).
12. Back-Scatter Protection 13.2.2 Copper screens have somewhat less absorption and
12.1 Effects of back-scattered radiation can be reduced by intensification than lead screens, but may provide somewhat
confining the radiation beam to the smallest practical cross better radiographic sensitivity with higher energy above 1 MV.
section and by placing lead behind the film. In some cases 13.2.3 Gold, tantalum, or other heavy metal screens may be
either or both the back lead screen and the lead contained in the used in cases where lead cannot be used.
back of the cassette or film holder will furnish adequate 13.3 Fluorescent Screens—Fluorescent screens may be used
protection against back-scattered radiation. In other instances, as required providing the required image quality is achieved.
this must be supplemented by additional lead shielding behind Proper selection of the fluorescent screen is required to
the cassette or film holder. minimize image unsharpness. Technical information about
12.2 If there is any question about the adequacy of protec- specific fluorescent screen products can be obtained from the
tion from back-scattered radiation, a characteristic symbol manufacturers. Good film-screen contact and screen cleanli-
(frequently a 1⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thick letter B) should be attached ness are required for successful use of fluorescent screens.
to the back of the cassette or film holder, and a radiograph Additional information on the use of fluorescent screens is
made in the normal manner. If the image of this symbol provided in Appendix X1.
appears on the radiograph as a lighter density than background, 13.4 Screen Care—All screens should be handled carefully
it is an indication that protection against back-scattered radia- to avoid dents and scratches, dirt, or grease on active surfaces.
tion is insufficient and that additional precautions must be Grease and lint may be removed from lead screens with a
taken. solvent. Fluorescent screens should be cleaned in accordance
with the recommendations of the manufacturer. Screens show-
13. Screens
ing evidence of physical damage should be discarded.
13.1 Metallic Foil Screens:
13.1.1 Lead foil screens are commonly used in direct 14. Radiographic Image Quality
contact with the films, and, depending upon their thickness,
and composition of the specimen material, will exhibit an 14.1 Radiographic image quality is a qualitative term used
intensifying action at as low as 90 kV. In addition, any screen to describe the capability of a radiograph to show flaws in the
used in front of the film acts as a filter (Section 10) to area under examination. There are three fundamental compo-
preferentially absorb scattered radiation arising from the nents of radiographic image quality as shown in Fig. 1. Each
specimen, thus improving radiographic quality. The selection component is an important attribute when considering a
of lead screen thickness, or for that matter, any metallic screen specific radiographic technique or application and will be
thickness, is subject to the same considerations as outlined in briefly discussed below.
10.4. Lead screens lessen the scatter reaching the film regard- 14.2 Radiographic contrast between two areas of a radio-
less of whether the screens permit a decrease or necessitate an graph is the difference between the film densities of those
increase in the radiographic exposure. To avoid image unsharp- areas. The degree of radiographic contrast is dependent upon
ness due to screens, there should be intimate contact between both subject contrast and film contrast as illustrated in Fig. 1.
the lead screen and the film during exposure. 14.2.1 Subject contrast is the ratio of X-ray or gamma-ray
13.1.2 Lead foil screens of appropriate thickness should be intensities transmitted by two selected portions of a specimen.
used whenever they improve radiographic quality or penetram- Subject contrast is dependent upon the nature of the specimen
eter sensitivity or both. The thickness of the front lead screens (material type and thickness), the energy (spectral composition,
should be selected with care to avoid excessive filtration in the hardness or wavelengths) of the radiation used and the intensity
radiography of thin or light alloy materials, particularly at the and distribution of scattered radiation. It is independent of
lower kilovoltages. In general, there is no exposure advantage time, milliamperage or source strength (curies), source distance
to the use of 0.005 in. in front and back lead screens below 125 and the characteristics of the film system.
kV in the radiography of 1⁄4-in. (6.35-mm) or lesser thickness 14.2.2 Film contrast refers to the slope (steepness) of the
steel. As the kilovoltage is increased to penetrate thicker film system characteristic curve. Film contrast is dependent
sections of steel, however, there is a significant exposure upon the type of film, the processing it receives and the amount
advantage. In addition to intensifying action, the back lead of film density. It also depends upon whether the film was
screens are used as protection against back-scattered radiation exposed with lead screens (or without) or with fluorescent
(see Section 12) and their thickness is only important for this screens. Film contrast is independent, for most practical
function. As exposure energy is increased to penetrate greater purposes, of the wavelength and distribution of the radiation
thicknesses of a given subject material, it is customary to reaching the film and, hence is independent of subject contrast.
increase lead screen thickness. For radiography using radioac- For further information, consult Test Method E1815.
tive sources, the minimum thickness of the front lead screen 14.3 Film system granularity is the objective measurement
should be 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) for iridium-192, and 0.010 in. of the local density variations that produce the sensation of
(0.25 mm) for cobalt-60. graininess on the radiographic film (for example, measured
13.2 Other Metallic Screen Materials: with a densitometer with a small aperture of # 0.0039 in. (0.1
345
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Radiographic Image Quality

Radiographic Contrast Film System Radiographic Definition
Granularity
Subject Film • Grain size and Inherent Geometric
Contrast Contrast distribution Unsharpness Unsharpness
Affected by: Affected by: within the Affected by: Affected by:
• Absorption • Type film emulsion • Degree of • Focal spot
differences of film • Processing screen-film or source
in specimen • Degree of conditions contact physical size
(thickness, development (type and activity • Total film • Source-to-film
composition, (type of of developer, thickness distance
density) developer, temperature • Single or • Specimen-
• Radiation time, of developer, double emulsion to-film
wavelength temperature etc.) coatings distance
• Scattered and activity • Type of • Radiation • Abruptness of
radiation of developer, screens (that is, quality thickness
degree of fluorescent, • Type and changes in
agitation) lead or none) thickness specimen
• Film density • Radiation of screens • Motion of
• Type of quality (that is, (fluorescent, specimen or
screens (that is, energy level, lead or none) radiation
fluorescent, filtration, etc. source
lead or none) • Exposure
quanta (that is,
Reduced or intensity, dose,
enhanced by: etc.)
• Masks and
diaphragms
• Filters
• Lead screens
• Potter-Bucky
diaphragms
FIG. 1 Variables of Radiographic Image Quality
mm)). Graininess is the subjective perception of a mottled U g 5 Ft/d o (1)

random pattern apparent to a viewer who sees small local
density variations in an area of overall uniform density (that is, where:
the visual impression of irregularity of silver deposit in a
Ug = geometric unsharpness,
processed radiograph). The degree of granularity will not affect
F = maximum projected dimension of radiation source,
the overall spatial radiographic resolution (expressed in line t = distance from source side of specimen to film, and
pairs per mm, etc.) of the resultant image and is usually do = source-object distance.
independent of exposure geometry arrangements. Granularity
is affected by the applied screens, screen-film contact and film NOTE 3—do and t must be in the same units of measure; the units of Ug
processing conditions. For further information on detailed will be in the same units as F.
perceptibility, consult Test Method E1815. NOTE 4—A nomogram for the determination of Ug is given in Fig. 3
(inch-pound units). Fig. 4 represents a nomogram in metric units.
14.4 Radiographic definition refers to the sharpness of the Example:
image (both the image outline as well as image detail). Given:
Radiographic definition is dependent upon the inherent un- Source-object distance (do) = 40 in.,
sharpness of the film system and the geometry of the radio- Source size (F) = 500 mils, and
Source side of specimen to film distance (t) = 1.5 in.
graphic exposure arrangement (geometric unsharpness) as Draw a straight line (dashed in Fig. 3) between 500 mils on the F scale and
illustrated in Fig. 1. 1.5 in. on the t scale. Note the point on intersection (P) of this line with
14.4.1 Inherent unsharpness (Ui) is the degree of visible the pivot line. Draw a straight line (solid in Fig. 3) from 40 in. on the do
detail resulting from geometrical aspects within the film-screen scale through point P and extend to the Ug scale. Intersection of this line
system, that is, screen-film contact, screen thickness, total with the Ug scale gives geometrical unsharpness in mils, which in the
example is 19 mils.
thickness of the film emulsions, whether single or double-
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coated emulsions, quality of radiation used (wavelengths, etc.) Inasmuch as the source size, F, is usually fixed for a given
and the type of screen. Inherent unsharpness is independent of radiation source, the value of Ug is essentially controlled by the
exposure geometry arrangements. simple do/t ratio.
14.4.2 Geometric unsharpness (Ug) determines the degree Geometric unsharpness (Ug) can have a significant effect on
of visible detail resultant from an “in-focus” exposure arrange- the quality of the radiograph; therefore source-to-film-distance
ment consisting of the source-to-film-distance, object-to-film- (SFD) selection is important. The geometric unsharpness (Ug)
distance and focal spot size. Fig. 2(a) illustrates these condi- equation, Eq 1, is for information and guidance and provides a
tions. Geometric unsharpness is given by the equation: means for determining geometric unsharpness values. The
346
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FIG. 2 Effects of Object-Film Geometry
347
FIG. 3 Nomogram for Determining Geometrical Unsharpness (Inch-Pound Units)
amount or degree of unsharpness should be minimized when perpendicular to the central beam. Different parts of the object
establishing the radiographic technique. image will be distorted different amount depending on the
extent of the film to central beam offset (Fig. 2(d)).
15. Radiographic Distortion
15.1 The radiographic image of an object or feature within 16. Exposure Calculations or Charts
an object may be larger or smaller than the object or feature 16.1 Development or procurement of an exposure chart or
itself, because the penumbra of the shadow is rarely visible in calculator is the responsibility of the individual laboratory.
a radiograph. Therefore, the image will be larger if the object 16.2 The essential elements of an exposure chart or calcu-
or feature is larger than the source of radiation, and smaller if lator must relate the following:
object or feature is smaller than the source. The degree of 16.2.1 Source or machine,
reduction or enlargement will depend on the source-to-object 16.2.2 Material type,
and object-to-film distances, and on the relative sizes of the 16.2.3 Material thickness,
source and the object or feature (Fig. 2(b) and (c)). 16.2.4 Film type (relative speed),
15.2 The direction of the central beam of radiation should 16.2.5 Film density, (see Note 5),
be perpendicular to the surface of the film whenever possible. 16.2.6 Source or source to film distance,
The object image will be distorted if the film is not aligned 16.2.7 Kilovoltage or isotope type,
348
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FIG. 4 Nomogram for Determining Geometrical Unsharpness (Metric Units)
NOTE 5—For detailed information on film density and density measure- 16.5 The exposure chart should be corrected when the
ment calibration, see Practice E1079. processing chemicals are changed to a different manufacturer’s
16.2.8 Screen type and thickness, brand or the time-temperature relationship of the processor
16.2.9 Curies or milliampere/minutes, may be adjusted to suit the exposure chart. The exposure chart,
16.2.10 Time of exposure, when using a dry processing method, should be corrected
16.2.11 Filter (in the primary beam), based upon the time-temperature changes of the processor.
16.2.12 Time-temperature development for hand process-
ing; access time for automatic processing; time-temperature 17. Technique File
development for dry processing, and 17.1 It is recommended that a radiographic technique log or
16.2.13 Processing chemistry brand name, if applicable. record containing the essential elements be maintained.
16.3 The essential elements listed in 16.2 will be accurate 17.2 The radiographic technique log or record should con-
for isotopes of the same type, but will vary with X-ray tain the following:
equipment of the same kilovoltage and milliampere rating.
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17.2.1 Description, photo, or sketch of the test object

16.4 Exposure charts should be developed for each X-ray illustrating marker layout, source placement, and film location.
machine and corrected each time a major component is 17.2.2 Material type and thickness,
replaced, such as the X-ray tube or high-voltage transformer. 17.2.3 Source to film distance,
349
17.2.4 Film type, 19.2 Location Markers:

17.2.5 Film density, (see Note 5), 19.2.1 Location markers (that is, lead or high-atomic num-
17.2.6 Screen type and thickness, ber metals or letters that are to appear as images on the
17.2.7 Isotope or X-ray machine identification, radiographic film) should be placed on the part being
17.2.8 Curie or milliampere minutes, examined, whenever practical, and not on the cassette. Their
17.2.9 IQI and shim thickness, exact locations should also be marked on the surface of the part
17.2.10 Special masking or filters, being radiographed, thus permitting the area of interest to be
17.2.11 Collimator or field limitation device, located accurately on the part, and they should remain on the
17.2.12 Processing method, and part during radiographic inspection. Their exact location may
17.2.13 View or location. be permanently marked in accordance with the customer’s
17.3 The recommendations of 17.2 are not mandatory, but requirements.
are essential in reducing the overall cost of radiography, and 19.2.2 Location markers are also used in assisting the
serve as a communication link between the radiographic radiographic interpreter in marking off defective areas of
interpreter and the radiographic operator. components, castings, or defects in weldments; also, sorting
good and rejectable items when more than one item is
18. Penetrameters (Image Quality Indicators) radiographed on the same film.
18.1 Practices E747, E801, E1025, and E1742 should be 19.2.3 Sufficient markers must be used to provide evidence
consulted for detailed information on the design, manufacture on the radiograph that the required coverage of the object being
and material grouping of IQI’s. Practice E801 addresses IQI’s examined has been obtained, and that overlap is evident,
for examination of electronic devices and provides additional especially during radiography of weldments and castings.
details for positioning IQI’s, number of IQI’s required, and so 19.2.4 Parts that must be identified permanently may have
forth. the serial numbers or section numbers, or both, stamped or
written upon them with a marking pen with a special indelible
18.2 Test Methods E746 and E1735 should be consulted for ink, engraved, die stamped, or etched. In any case, the part
detailed information regarding IQI’s which are used for deter- should be marked in an area not to be removed in subsequent
mining relative image quality response of industrial film. The fabrication. If die stamps are used, caution is required to
IQI’s can also be used for measuring the image quality of the prevent breakage or future fatigue failure. The lowest stressed
radiographic system or any component of the systems equiva- surface of the part should be used for this stamping. Where
lent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) performance. marking or stamping of the part is not permitted for some
18.2.1 An example for determining and EPS performance reason, a marked reference drawing or shooting sketch is
evaluation of several X-ray machines is as follows: recommended.
18.2.1.1 Keep the film and film processing parameters
constant, and take multiple image quality exposures with all 20. Storage of Film
machines being evaluated. The machines should be set for a 20.1 Unexposed films should be stored in such a manner
prescribed exposure as stated in the standard and the film that they are protected from the effects of light, pressure,
density equalized. By comparison of the resultant films, the excessive heat, excessive humidity, damaging fumes or vapors,
relative EPS variations between the machines can be deter- or penetrating radiation. Film manufacturers should be con-
mined. sulted for detailed recommendations on film storage. Storage
18.2.2 Exposure condition variables may also be studied of film should be on a “first in,” “first out” basis.
using this plaque.
18.2.3 While Test Method E746 plaque can be useful in 20.2 More detailed information on film storage is provided
quantifying relative radiographic image quality, these other in Guide E1254.
applications of the plaque may be useful. 21. Safelight Test
19. Identification of and Location Markers on 21.1 Films should be handled under safelight conditions in
Radiographs accordance with the film manufacturer’s recommendations.
19.1 Identification of Radiographs: ANSI PH2.22 can be used to determine the adequacy of
19.1.1 Each radiograph must be identified uniquely so that safelight conditions in a darkroom.
there is a permanent correlation between the part radiographed 22. Cleanliness and Film Handling
and the film. The type of identification and method by which
identification is achieved shall be as agreed upon between the 22.1 Cleanliness is one of the most important requirements
customer and inspector. for good radiography. Cassettes and screens must be kept
19.1.2 The minimum identification should at least include clean, not only because dirt retained may cause exposure or
the following: the radiographic facility’s identification and processing artifacts in the radiographs, but because such dirt
name, the date, part number and serial number, if used, for may also be transferred to the loading bench, and subsequently
unmistakable identification of radiographs with the specimen. to other film or screens.
The letter R should be used to designate a radiograph of a 22.2 The surface of the loading bench must be kept clean.
repair area, and may include − 1, − 2, etc., for the number of Where manual processing is used cleanliness will be promoted
repair. by arranging the darkroom with processing facilities on one
350
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side and film-handling facilities on the other. The darkroom Other recommendations of the manufacturer to be followed are
will then have a wet side and a dry side and the chance of replenishment rates, renewal of solutions, and other specific
chemical contamination of the loading bench will be relatively instructions.
slight.
25.5 Agitation—Shake the film horizontally and vertically,
22.3 Films should be handled only at their edges, and with ideally for a few seconds each minute during development.
dry, clean hands to avoid finger marks on film surfaces. This will help film develop evenly.
22.4 Sharp bending, excessive pressure, and rough handling 25.6 Stop Bath or Rinse—After development is complete,
of any kind must be avoided. the activity of developer remaining in the emulsion should be
neutralized by an acid stop bath or, if this is not possible, by
23. Film Processing, General
rinsing with vigorous agitation in clear water. Follow the film
23.1 To produce a satisfactory radiograph, the care used in manufacturer’s recommendation of stop bath composition (or
making the exposure must be followed by equal care in length of alternative rinse), time immersed, and life of bath.
processing. The most careful radiographic techniques can be
nullified by incorrect or improper darkroom procedures. 25.7 Fixing—The films must not touch one another in the
fixer. Agitate the hangers vertically for about 10 s and again at
23.2 Sections 24-26 provide general information for film the end of the first minute, to ensure uniform and rapid fixation.
processing. Detailed information on film processing is pro- Keep them in the fixer until fixation is complete (that is, at least
vided in Guide E999. twice the clearing time), but not more than 15 min in relatively
fresh fixer. Frequent agitation will shorten the time of fixation.
24. Automatic Processing
24.1 Automatic Processing—The essence of the automatic 25.8 Fixer Neutralizing—The use of a hypo eliminator or
processing system is control. The processor maintains the fixer neutralizer between fixation and washing may be advan-
chemical solutions at the proper temperature, agitates and tageous. These materials permit a reduction of both time and
replenishes the solutions automatically, and transports the films amount of water necessary for adequate washing. The recom-
mechanically at a carefully controlled speed throughout the mendations of the manufacturers as to preparation, use, and
processing cycle. Film characteristics must be compatible with useful life of the baths should be observed rigorously.
processing conditions. It is, therefore, essential that the recom- 25.9 Washing—The washing efficiency is a function of wash
mendations of the film, processor, and chemical manufacturers water, its temperature, and flow, and the film being washed.
be followed. Generally, washing is very slow below 60°F (16°C). When
24.2 Automatic Processing, Dry—The essence of dry auto- washing at temperatures above 85°F (30°C), care should be
matic processing is the precise control of development time exercised not to leave films in the water too long. The films
and temperature which results in reproducibility of radio- should be washed in batches without contamination from new
graphic density. Film characteristics must be compatible with film brought over from the fixer. If pressed for capacity, as
processing conditions. It is, therefore, essential that the recom- more films are put in the wash, partially washed film should be
mendations of the film and processor manufacturers be fol- moved in the direction of the inlet.
lowed. 25.9.1 The cascade method of washing uses less water and
gives better washing for the same length of time. Divide the
25. Manual Processing wash tank into two sections (may be two tanks). Put the films
25.1 Film and chemical manufacturers should be consulted from the fixer in the outlet section. After partial washing, move
for detailed recommendations on manual film processing. This the batch of film to the inlet section. This completes the wash
section outlines the steps for one acceptable method of manual in fresh water.
processing. 25.9.2 For specific washing recommendations, consult the
25.2 Preparation—No more film should be processed than film manufacturer.
can be accommodated with a minimum separation of 1⁄2 in. 25.10 Wetting Agent—Dip the film for approximately 30 s in
(12.7 mm). Hangers are loaded and solutions stirred before a wetting agent. This makes water drain evenly off film which
starting development. facilitates quick, even drying.
25.3 Start of Development—Start the timer and place the 25.11 Residual Fixer Concentrations— If the fixing chemi-
films into the developer tank. Separate to a minimum distance cals are not removed adequately from the film, they will in time
of 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and agitate in two directions for about 15 cause staining or fading of the developed image. Residual fixer
s. concentrations permissible depend upon whether the films are
25.4 Development—Normal development is 5 to 8 min at to be kept for commercial purposes (3 to 10 years) or must be
68°F (20°C). Longer development time generally yields faster of archival quality. Archival quality processing is desirable for
film speed and slightly more contrast. The manufacturer’s all radiographs whenever average relative humidity and tem-
recommendation should be followed in choosing a develop- perature are likely to be excessive, as is the case in tropical and
ment time. When the temperature is higher or lower, develop- subtropical climates. The method of determining residual fixer
ment time must be changed. Again, consult manufacturer- concentrations may be ascertained by reference to ANSI
recommended development time versus temperature charts. PH4.8, PH1.28, and PH1.41.
351
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25.12 Drying—Drying is a function of (1) film (base and film. The following sections provide general information for
emulsion); (2) processing (hardness of emulsion after washing, storage of radiographs.
use of wetting agent); and (3) drying air (temperature, 29.2 Envelopes having an edge seam, rather than a center
humidity, flow). Manual drying can vary from still air drying at seam, and joined with a nonhygroscopic adhesive, are
ambient temperature to as high as 140°F (60°C) with air preferred, since occasional staining and fading of the image is
circulated by a fan. Film manufacturers should again be caused by certain adhesives used in the manufacture of
contacted for recommended drying conditions. Take precaution envelopes (see ANSI PH1.53).
to tighten film on hangers, so that it cannot touch in the dryer.
Too hot a drying temperature at low humidity can result in 30. Records
uneven drying and should be avoided. 30.1 It is recommended that an inspection log (a log may
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26. Testing Developer consist of a card file, punched card system, a book, or other
record) constituting a record of each job performed, be
26.1 It is desirable to monitor the activity of the radio- maintained. This record should comprise, initially, a job
graphic developing solution. This can be done by periodic number (which should appear also on the films), the identifi-
development of film strips exposed under carefully controlled cation of the parts, material or area radiographed, the date the
conditions, to a graded series of radiation intensities or time, or films are exposed, and a complete record of the radiographic
by using a commercially available strip carefully controlled for procedure, in sufficient detail so that any radiographic tech-
film speed and latent image fading. niques may be duplicated readily. If calibration data, or other
27. Viewing Radiographs records such as card files or procedures, are used to determine
the procedure, the log need refer only to the appropriate data or
27.1 Guide E1390 provides detailed information on require- other record. Subsequently, the interpreter’s findings and
ments for illuminators. The following sections provide general disposition (acceptance or rejection), if any, and his initials,
information to be considered for use of illuminators. should also be entered for each job.
27.2 Transmission—The illuminator must provide light of
an intensity that will illuminate the average density areas of the 31. Reports
radiographs without glare and it must diffuse the light evenly 31.1 When written reports of radiographic examinations are
over the viewing area. Commercial fluorescent illuminators are required, they should include the following, plus such other
satisfactory for radiographs of moderate density; however, high items as may be agreed upon:
light intensity illuminators are available for densities up to 3.5 31.1.1 Identification of parts, material, or area.
or 4.0. Masks should be available to exclude any extraneous 31.1.2 Radiographic job number.
light from the eyes of the viewer when viewing radiographs 31.1.3 Findings and disposition, if any. This information can
smaller than the viewing port or to cover low-density areas. be obtained directly from the log.
27.3 Reflection—Radiographs on a translucent or opaque 32. Identification of Completed Work
backing may be viewed by reflected light. It is recommended
that the radiograph be viewed under diffuse lighting conditions 32.1 Whenever radiography is an inspective (rather than
to prevent excess glare. Optical magnification can be used in investigative) operation whereby material is accepted or
certain instances to enhance the interpretation of the image. rejected, all parts and material that have been accepted should
be marked permanently, if possible, with a characteristic
28. Viewing Room identifying symbol which will indicate to subsequent or final
28.1 Subdued lighting, rather than total darkness, is prefer- examiners the fact of radiographic acceptance.
able in the viewing room. The brightness of the surroundings 32.2 Whenever possible, the completed radiographs should
should be about the same as the area of interest in the be kept on file for reference. The custody of radiographs and
radiograph. Room illumination must be so arranged that there the length of time they are preserved should be agreed upon
are no reflections from the surface of the film under examina- between the contracting parties.
tion.
33. Keywords
29. Storage of Processed Radiographs 33.1 exposure calculations; film system; gamma-ray; image
29.1 Guide E1254 provides detailed information on controls quality indicator (IQI); radiograph; radiographic examination;
and maintenance for storage of radiographs and unexposed radiographic quality level; technique file; X-ray
352
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. USE OF FLUORESCENT SCREENS
X1.1 Description—Fluorescent intensifying screens have a uniformity, and layer thickness, is minimized by using screens
cardboard or plastic support coated with a uniform layer of having small, evenly spaced crystals in a thin crystalline layer.
inorganic phosphor (crystalline substance). The support and Fluorescent screens are highly sensitive to longer wavelength
phosphor are held together by a radiotransparent binding scattered radiation. Consequently, to maximize contrast when
material. Fluorescent screens derive their name from the fact this non-image forming radiation is excessive, fluorometallic
that their phosphor crystals “fluoresce” (emit visible light) intensifying screens or fluorescent screens backed by lead
when struck by X or gamma radiation. Some phosphors like screens of appropriate thickness are recommended. Screen
calcium tungstate (CaWO4) give off blue light while others technology has seen significant advances in recent years, and
known as rare earth emit light green. today’s fluorescent screens have smaller crystal size, more
uniform crystal packing, and reduced phosphor thickness. This
X1.2 Purpose and Film Types—Fluorescent screen expo- translates into greater screen/film speed with reduced unsharp-
sures are usually much shorter than those made without screens ness and mottle. These improvements can represent some
or with lead intensifying screens, because radiographic films meaningful benefits for industrial radiography, as indicated by
generally are more responsive to visible light than to direct
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the three examples as follows:
X-radiation, gamma radiation, and electrons.
X1.3.1 Reduced Exposure (Increased Productivity)—There
X1.2.1 Films fall into one of two categories: non-screen are instances when prohibitively long exposure times make
type film having moderate light response, and screen type film conventional radiography impractical. An example is the in-
specifically sensitized to have a very high blue or green light spection of thick, high atomic number materials with low curie
response. Fluorescent screens can reduce conventional expo- isotopes. Depending on many variables, exposure time may be
sures by as much as 150 times, depending on film type. reduced by factors ranging from 2× to 105× when the appro-
priate fluorescent screen/film combination is used.
X1.3 Image Quality and Use—The image quality associ-
ated with fluorescent screen exposures is a function of X1.3.2 Improved Safety Conditions (Field Sites)—Because
sharpness, mottle, and contrast. Screen sharpness depends on fluorescent screens provide reduced exposure, the length of
phosphor crystal size, thickness of the crystal layer, and the time that non-radiation workers must evacuate a radiographic
reflective base coating. Each crystal emits light relative to its inspection site can be reduced significantly.
size and in all directions thus producing a relative degree of X1.3.3 Extended Equipment Capability —Utilizing the
image unsharpness. To minimize this unsharpness, screen to speed advantage of fluorescent screens by translating it into
film contact should be as intimate as possible. Mottle adversely reduced energy level. An example is that a 150 kV X-ray tube
affects image quality in two ways. First, a “quantum” mottle is may do the job of a 300 kV tube, or that iridium 192 may be
dependent upon the amount of X or gamma radiation actually used in applications normally requiring cobalt 60. It is possible
absorbed by the fluorescent screen, that is, faster screen/film for overall image quality to be better at the lower kV with
systems lead to greater mottle and poorer image quality. A“ fluorescent screens than at a higher energy level using lead
structural” mottle, which is a function of crystal size, crystal screens.
353
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
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354
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN, MANUFACTURE

AND MATERIAL GROUPING CLASSIFICATION OF WIRE
IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI) USED FOR
RADIOLOGY
ð13Þ
SE-747
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(Identical with ASTM Specification E747-04(2010).)
355
Standard Practice for

Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of
Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1. Scope N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-

1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-
classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indica- Chromium-Tungsten Alloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and
tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images. Wire
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
radiology. dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness 2.2 Other Standards:
range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.). EN 462–1 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Radiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-
as standard. Type)-Determination of Image Quality Value
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms in Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology, shall
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. apply to the terms used in this practice.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Wire IQI Requirements

2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be deter-
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, mined by a set of wires conforming to the following require-
and Shapes ments:
B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, and 4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloys
Shapes [Metric] (Withdrawn 2002) identified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials may
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube be used in accordance with 7.3.
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and 4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order of
Wire increasing diameter. The diameter sizes specified in Table 1 are
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS established from a consecutive series of numbers taken in
N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, general from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricated
in accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 and
Tables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirements
of Annex A1 may be used as an alternate provided all other
requirements of this practice are met.
4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than those
shown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractual
agreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 is
modified in size, it must contain the grade number, set identity,
and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wires
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356
TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers 5.1.3 Select the applicable IQI’s that represent the required
SET A SET B IQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm) 6. Image Quality Levels
A
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6
0.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
6.1 The quality level required using wire penetrameters
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8 shall be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 for
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9 hole-type IQI’s unless a higher or lower quality level is agreed
0.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
upon between purchaser and supplier. Table 4 provides a list of
SET C SET D various hole-type IQI’s and the diameter of wires of corre-
Wire Diameter
Wire Identity
Wire Diameter
Wire Identity sponding equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) with the
in. (mm) in. (mm)
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 16
applicable 1T, 2T, and 4T holes in the IQI. This table can be
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 17 used for determining 1T, 2T, and 4T quality levels. Appendix
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18 X1 gives the equation for calculating other equivalencies if
0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 19
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 20
needed.
0.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21 6.2 In specifying quality levels, the contract, purchase order,
A
The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed upon product specification, or drawing should clearly indicate the
between the purchaser and the supplier.
thickness of material to which the quality level applies. Careful
consideration of required quality levels is particularly impor-
TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, mm
tant.
Wire Diameter (d), mm Tolerance, mm 7. Material Groups
0.000 < d# 0.125 ±0.0025
0.125 < d # 0.25 ±0.005 7.1 General:
0.25 < d # 0.5 ±0.01 7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups based
0.50 < d # 1.6 ±0.02
1.6 < d#4 ±0.03
on their radiographic absorption characteristics: groups 03, 02,
4.0 < d#8 ±0.05 and 01 for light metals and groups 1 through 5 for heavy
metals.
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum
TABLE 3 Wire Diameter Tolerances, in. (Al), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01
Wire Diameter (d), in. Tolerance, in. respectively, for their predominant alloying constituent. The
0.000 < d # 0.005 ±0.0001 materials are listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.
0.005 < d # 0.010 ±0.0002 7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper-base, nickel-
0.010 < d # 0.020 ±0.0004
0.020 < d # 0.063 ±0.0008
base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. The
0.063 < d # 0.160 ±0.0012 materials increase in radiation absorption with increasing
0.160 < d # 0.320 ±0.0020 numerical designation.
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations have been
used for clarification of the pertinent materials.
that are the next size larger and the next size smaller as 7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group are to
specified in the applicable set listed in Table 1. be made are designated in each case and these IQI’s are
4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbers applicable for all materials listed in that group. In addition, any
made of industrial grade lead or of a material of similar group IQI may be used for any material with a higher group
radiographic density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs. number, provided the applicable quality level is maintained.
1-8 or Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractual 7.2 Materials Groups:
agreement. 7.2.1 Materials Group 01:
4.1.5 European standard EN 462-1 contains similar provi- 7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
sions (with nominal differences-see Table A1.1) for wire image titanium or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constitu-
quality indicators as this standard (E747). International users of ent.
these type IQI standards who prefer the use of EN 462-1 for 7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi-
their particular applications should specify such alternate nant alloying constituent.
provisions within separate contractual arrangements from this 7.2.2 Materials Group 02:
standard. 7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
aluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloying
5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement constituent.
5.1 When selecting IQI’s for procurement, the following 7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predomi-
factors should be considered: nant alloying constituent.
5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to be 7.2.3 Materials Group 03:
examined. 7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of the magnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloying
material(s) to be examined. constituent.
357 --`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

TABLE 4 Wire Sizes Equivalent to Corresponding 1T, 2T, and 4T Holes in Various Hole Type Plaques
Plaque Thickness, Plaque IQI Identification Diameter of wire with EPS of hole in plaque, in. (mm)A
in. (mm) Number 1T 2T 4T
0.005 (0.13) 5 0.0038 (0.09) 0.006 (0.15)
0.006 (0.16) 6 0.004 (0.10) 0.0067 (0.18)
0.008 (0.20) 8 0.0032 (0.08) 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20)
0.009 (0.23) 9 0.0035 (0.09) 0.0056 (0.14) 0.009 (0.23)
0.010 (0.25) 10 0.004 (0.10) 0.006 (0.15) 0.010 (0.25)
0.012 (0.30) 12 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (0.20) 0.012 (0.28)
0.015 (0.38) 15 0.0065 (0.16) 0.010 (0.25) 0.016 (0.41)
0.017 (0.43) 17 0.0076 (0.19) 0.012 (0.28) 0.020 (0.51)
0.020 (0.51) 20 0.010 (0.25) 0.015 (0.38) 0.025 (0.63)
0.025 (0.64) 25 0.013 (0.33) 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81)
0.030 (0.76) 30 0.016 (0.41) 0.025 (0.63) 0.040 (1.02)
0.035 (0.89) 35 0.020 (0.51) 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27)
0.040 (1.02) 40 0.025 (0.63) 0.040 (0.02) 0.063 (1.57)
0.050 (1.27) 50 0.032 (0.81) 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03)
0.060 (1.52) 60 0.040 (1.02) 0.063 (1.57) 0.100 (2.54)
0.070 (1.78) 70 0.050 (1.27) 0.080 (2.03) 0.126 (3.20)
0.080 (2.03) 80 0.063 (1.57) 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06)
0.100 (2.50) 100 0.080 (2.03) 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08)
0.120 (3.05) 120 0.100 (2.54) 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)
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0.140 (3.56) 140 0.126 (3.20) 0.200 (5.08) 0.320 (8.13)
0.160 (4.06) 160 0.160 (4.06) 0.250 (6.35)
0.200 (5.08) 200 0.200 (5.08) 0.320 (8.13)
0.240 (6.10) 240 0.250 (6.35)
0.280 (7.11) 280 0.320 (8.13)
A
Minimum plaque hole sizes were used as defined within Practice E1025.
FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1
7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is the 7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, stainless
predominant alloying constituent. steels, and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston).
7.2.4 Materials Group 1:
7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.
358
FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2

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FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1
7.2.5 Materials Group 2: 7.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 %

7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of nickel-maraging steel.
aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B150M) or 7.2.7 Materials Group 4:
equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 of 7.2.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of 70
Specification B150M) or equivalent. to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class A or B of Specifi-
7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel- cation B164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel alloy
aluminum bronzes. (Alloy G of Specification B161) or equivalent.
7.2.6 Materials Group 3: 7.2.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper series, or
7.2.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of copper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-zinc
nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) (Inconel). alloys). Group 4 IQI’s may include the leaded brasses since
(See Specification B166).
359
FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2
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FIG. 5 Set C/Alternate 1
leaded brass increases in attenuation with increase in lead NOTE 1—In developing the eight listed materials groups, a number of
content. This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI. other trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. For
the purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materials
7.2.8 Materials Group 5: are listed and categorized, by group, as follows:
7.2.8.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of tin (1) Group 2—Haynes Alloy IN-100.
bronze (Alloy D of Specification B139/B139M). (2) Group 3—Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D, G.E. Alloy SEL,
7.2.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal and valve Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93,
bronze, or leaded-tin bronze of higher lead content than valve
bronze. Group 5 IQI’s may include bronze of higher lead
content since leaded bronze increases in attenuation with
increase in lead content. This would be equivalent to using a
lower group IQI.
360
FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2
FIG. 7 Set D/Alternate 1
Inconel X, Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816. NOTE 2—The committee formulating these recommendations recom-
(3) Group 4—Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and Multimeter mend other materials may be added to the materials groups listed as the
Alloy Rene 41. need arises or as more information is gained, or that additional materials
(4) Group 5—Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy groups may be added.
Alloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy,
Haynes Stellite No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. Image quality indicators
7.3 Method for Other Materials:
(IQI’s) of any of these materials are considered applicable for the 7.3.1 For materials not herein covered, IQI’s of the same
materials that follow it. materials, or any other material, may be used if the following
361 --`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 8 Set D/Alternate 2
requirements are met. Two blocks of equal thickness, one of 8.1.1 IQI identification alternate, if used.
the material to be examined (production material) and one of 8.1.2 Material type.
the IQI material, shall be radiographed on one film by one 8.1.3 Conformance to specified tolerances for dimensional
exposure at the lowest energy level to be used for production.
values.
Transmission densitometer measurements of the radiographic
image of each material shall be made. The density of each 8.1.4 ASTM standard designation, for example, ASTM
image shall be between 2.0 and 4.0. If the image density of the E747—(year designation) used for manufacturing.
IQI material is within 1.00 to 1.15 times (−0 % to + 15 %) the
image density of the production material, IQI’s made of that 9. Precision and Bias
IQI material may be used in radiography of that production 9.1 Precision and Bias—No statement is made about the
material. The percentage figure is based on the radiographic precision or bias for indicating the quality of images since the
density of the IQI material.
results merely state whether there is conformance to the criteria
7.3.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQI’s of similar
for success specified in this practice.
composition as the material being examined.
8. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Certification 10. Keywords
8.1 Documents shall be provided by the IQI manufacturer 10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic; radiol-
attesting to the following: ogy; X-ray and gamma radiation
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362
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. ALTERNATE IQI IDENTIFICATION
A1.1 The use of IQI’s with identifications as shown on Figs. acceptable alternate provided all other requirements of Practice
A1.1-A1.9 and as listed in Table A1.1 is permitted as an E747 are satisfied.
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FIG. A1.1 Set A/Alternate 1
363
FIG. A1.2 Set A/Alternate 2
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FIG. A1.3 Set B/Alternate 1
364
FIG. A1.4 Set B/Alternate 2

--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. A1.5 Set C/Alternate 1
365
FIG. A1.6 Set C/Alternate 2
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FIG. A1.7 Set D/Alternate 1
366
FIG. A1.8 Set D/Alternate 2
NOTE 1—All other IQI requirements as shown on Figs. 1-8 or Figs. A1.1-A1.8 apply.
FIG. A1.9 Alternate Identification Locations and Letter, Number Size-Typical All Sets (A, B, C, D)
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367
TABLE A1.1 Penetrameter Sizes

Wire Diameter in. (mm)
SET A ASTM Wire Identity CEN Alternate Wire No. EN 462-1A SET B ASTM Wire Identity CEN Alternate Wire No. EN 462-1A
0.0032(0.08) 1 W 17 0.010(0.25) 6 W 12
0.0040(0.1) 2 W 16 0.013(0.33) 7 W 11
0.0050(0.13) 3 W 15 0.016(0.41) 8 W 10
0.0063(0.16) 4 W 14 0.020(0.51) 9 W9
0.0080(0.2) 5 W 13 0.025(0.64) 10 W8
0.010(0.25) 6 W 12 0.032(0.81) 11 W7
SET C ASTM Wire Identity CEN Alternate Wire No. EN 462-1A SET D ASTM Wire Identity CEN Alternate Wire No. EN 462-1A
0.032(0.81) 11 W7 0.100(2.5) 16 W2
0.040(1.02) 12 W6 0.126(3.2) 17 W1
0.050(1.27) 13 W5 0.160(4.06) 18 ...
0.063(1.6) 14 W4 0.20(5.1) 19 ...
0.080(2.03) 15 W3 0.25(6.4) 20 ...
0.100(2.50) 16 W2 0.32(8.1) 21 ...
A
As governed under provisions of paragraph 4.1.5 of this practice.
APPENDIX
X1. CALCULATING OTHER EQUIVALENTS
X1.1 The equation to determine the equivalencies between T = plaque thickness, in. (mm), and
wire and (hole type) IQI’s is as follows: H = diameter of hole, in. (mm).
F 3 d 3 l 5 T 2 H 2 ~ p/4 ! X1.2 It should be noted that the wire and plaque (hole type)
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where: IQI sensitivities cannot be related by a fixed constant.
F = form factor for wire, 0.79, X1.3 Figs. X1.1 and X1.2 are conversion charts for hole
d = wire diameter, in. (mm), type IQI’s containing 1T and 2T holes to wires. The sensitivi-
l = effective length of wire, 0.3 in. (7.6 mm),
ties are given as a percentage of the specimen thickness.
368
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FIG. X1.1 Conversion Chart for 2-T Quality Level Holes to % Wire Sensitivity
369
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FIG. X1.2 Conversion Chart for 1-T Quality Level Holes to % Wire Sensitivity
370
STANDARD GUIDE FOR CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF

INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM PROCESSING
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SE-999
(Identical with ASTM Specification E999-05.)
371
STANDARD GUIDE FOR

CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF
INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
PROCESSING
SE-999
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 999-05.)
1. Scope E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-

1.1 This guide establishes guidelines that may be used eters
for the control and maintenance of industrial radiographic E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
film processing equipment and materials. Effective use Industrial Radiographic Films
of these guidelines aid in controlling the consistency and
quality of industrial radiographic film processing. E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2 Use of this guide is limited to the processing of 2.2 ANSI Standard:
films for industrial radiography. This guide includes proce- ANSI PH 4.8 Methylene Blue Method for Measuring Thio-
dures for wet-chemical processes and dry processing tech- sulfate and Silver Densitometric Method for Measuring
niques. Residual Chemicals in Films, Plates, and Papers
1.3 The necessity of applying specific control proce-
dures such as those described in this guide is dependent, 3. Terminology
to a certain extent, on the degree to which a facility adheres 3.1 Definitions — For definitions of terms used in this
to good processing practices as a matter of routine pro- guide, see Terminology E 1316.
cedure.
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1.4 If a nondestructive testing agency, as described in 4. Significance and Use

Practice E 543, is used to perform the examination, the
4.1 The provisions in this guide are intended to control
testing agency shall meet the requirements of Practice E
the reliability or quality of the image development process
543.
only. The acceptability or quality of industrial radiographic
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of films processed in this manner as well as the materials or
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is products radiographed remain at the discretion of the user,
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish or inspector, or both. It is further intended that this guide
appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices be used as an adjunct to and not a replacement for Guide
and determine the applicability of federal and local codes E 94.
prior to use.
5. Chemical Mixing for Manual and Automatic
2. Referenced Documents Processes
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 Any equipment that comes in contact with pro-
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing cessing solutions should be made of glass, hard rubber,
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive polyethylene, PVC, enameled steel, stainless steel, or other
Testing chemically inert materials. This includes materials such as
372
plumbing, mixing impellers, and the cores of filter car- be removed by using the specially formulated cleaning
tridges. Do not allow materials such as tin, copper, steel, agents recommended by the chemical or equipment manu-
brass, aluminum, or zinc to come into contact with pro- facturer.
cessing solutions. These materials can cause solution con-
tamination that may result in film fogging or rapid
oxidation. 6. Storage of Solutions
6.1 In Original Containers — Follow the manufactur-
5.2 Mixing Chemicals: er’s storage and capacity recommendations packaged with
5.2.1 Do not mix powdered chemicals in processor the chemicals. Do not use chemicals that have been stored
tanks, since undissolved particles may be left in the square longer than recommended.
corners of the tank. Mix solutions in separate containers
made from materials specified in 5.1. 6.2 In Replenisher or Process Tanks — Wherever possi-
ble, protect solutions in tanks with floating lids and dust
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5.2.2 Carefully follow the manufacturer’s package
covers. In addition to preventing contaminants from enter-
directions or formulas for mixing the chemicals. Start with
ing solutions, floating lids and dust covers help to minimize
the correct volume of water at the temperature specified
oxidation and evaporation from the surface of the solutions.
in the instructions, and add chemicals in the order listed.
Evaporation can concentrate solutions and reduce tempera-
WARNING: During the mixing and use of photographic processing tures causing precipitation of some of the solution constit-
chemicals, be sure to observe all precautionary information on chemi- uents.
cal containers and in instructions.
6.2.1 Store replenisher solutions for small volume
5.3 Contamination of Solutions: operations in airtight containers. The caps of these contain-
5.3.1 Thoroughly clean all mixing equipment imme- ers should be free of corrosion and foreign particles that
diately after use to avoid contamination when the next could prevent a tight fit.
solution is mixed. When mixing fixer from powder, make
6.3 Temperature — Store all solutions at normal room
sure to add the powder carefully to the water in the mixing
temperature, between 40 to 80°F (4 to 27°C). Storing solu-
tank so that fixer dust does not get into other processing
tions, particularly developer, at elevated temperatures can
solutions. When mixing any chemical, protect nearby tank
produce rapid oxidation resulting in loss of activity and a
solutions with floating lids and dust covers. The use of a
tendency to stain the film. Storage at too low a temperature,
vent hood is recommended as a safety precaution.
particularly of fixer solutions, can cause some solutions to
5.3.2 The water supply should either be distilled or crystallize, and the crystals may not redissolve even with
filtered so that it is clean and sediment-free. heating and stirring.
5.3.3 If large tanks are used for mixing, carefully 6.4 Deterioration — Radiographic film processing
mark the volume levels to be certain that volumes are
chemicals can deteriorate either with age or with usage.
correct.
Carefully follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for
5.3.4 Use of impeller-type mixers provides rapid, storage life and useful capacity. Discard processing solu-
thorough mixing. When positioning the impeller, special tions when the recommended number of films have been
caution should be taken in choosing angle and depth to processed or the recommended storage life of the prepared
minimize the amount of air being drawn into the solution. solution has been reached, whichever occurs first.
Over-mixing of the solutions can cause oxidation, espe-
cially with developers, and should be avoided. Rinse the 6.5 Contamination:
shaft, impeller, and mounting clamp with water after use. 6.5.1 Liquid chemicals are provided in containers
with tight-fitting tops. To avoid contamination, never inter-
5.4 Maintaining Equipment: change the top of one container with another. For this
5.4.1 Immediately clean all mixing equipment reason, it is common practice for radiographic film pro-
after use. cessing chemical manufacturers to color code the container
5.4.2 In addition to cleaning equipment immediately tops, that is, red for developer and blue for fixer.
after use, wash any mixing apparatus that has been idle 6.5.2 Clearly label replenisher storage tanks with the
for a long period of time to eliminate dust and dirt that solution that they contain and use that container only with
may have accumulated. that solution. If more than one developer or one fixer
5.4.3 Processing hangers and tanks should be free formulation are being used, a separate replenisher tank
of corrosion and chemical deposits. Encrusted deposits that should be dedicated to each chemical. Differences in devel-
accumulate in tanks, trays, and processing equipment and oper or fixer formulations from one manufacturer to
that are difficult to remove by conventional cleaning can another may contaminate similar solutions.
373
7. Processing the solution to be seasoned. Use three 14 by 17-in. (35 by

7.1 Manual Processing: 43-cm) films, or equivalent, pergallon (3.8 L) of developer.
7.1.1 Follow the temperature recommendations from NOTE 1 — Seasoning films may be new films or films that may not be
the film or solution manufacturer and check thermometers. generally suitable for production purposes due to excessive gross fog
(base plus fog) density, expiration of shelf life, or other reasons.
Check thermometers and temperature-controlling devices
periodically to be sure that the process temperatures are 7.1.6 Handle all films carefully during the processing
correct. Process temperatures should be checked at least cycle and allow adequate time for the film to sufficiently
once per shift. Keep the temperature of the stop (if used), drain before transferring it to the next solution. The use
fixer, and wash water within ±5°F (±3°C) of the developer of a stop bath or clear water rinse between developing and
temperature. fixing may also be appropriate. The stop bath or clear
water rinse serves to arrest development and also aids in
WARNING: An unprotected mercury-filled thermometer should
minimizing the amount of developer carried over into the
never be used for radiographic film processing applications because
fixer solution. Insufficient bath-to-bath drain time may
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accidental breakage could result in serious mercury contamination.

cause excessive solution carry-over which can contaminate
7.1.2 Control of processing solution temperature and and shorten the life of solutions in addition to causing
immersion time relationships are instrumental considera- undesirable effects on processed radiographs.
tions when establishing a processing procedure that will
consistently produce radiographs of desired density and 7.1.7 When washing films, a wettening agent may
quality. The actual time and temperature relationships be appropriate to use to prevent water spots and streaking
established are governed largely by the industrial radio- during drying.
graphic films and chemicals used and should be within the WARNING: Prior to placing films in the dryer, ensure that the dryer
limits of the manufacturer’s recommendations for those is clean and that adequate heat and ventilation are provided. During
materials. When determining the immersion time for each drying, visually examine the films to determine the length of time
solution, assure that the draining time is included. Draining required for sufficient drying.
time should be consistent from solution to solution. The 7.2 Automated Processing:
darkroom timers used should be periodically checked for
7.2.1 Immersion time and solution temperature rela-
accuracy.
tionships can be more closely controlled with automatic
7.1.3 Agitate at specified intervals for the times rec- processing since the equipment provides external gages
ommended by the film or solution manufacturer. for monitoring purposes. As a general guideline, follow the
7.1.4 During film processing certain constituents manufacturer’s recommendations for industrial processing
within the solutions undergo chemical transformations that materials. However, the actual procedure used should be
render them useless for further processing functions. In based on the variables encountered by the user and his
addition, some solution adheres to the film and is carried particular needs. Check solutions daily or with established
on into the next solution during processing. In order to frequency based upon usage to ensure that temperatures
compensate for these reductions in solution activity and are within the manufacturer’s recommendations. Check the
volume, add replenishment solution. The volume of replen- processor’s thermometer with a secondary thermometer
ishment necessary is governed primarily by the number, during normal maintenance procedures to verify correct
size, and density of films processed. Manufacturer’s recom- processing temperatures within the manufacturer’s speci-
mendations for replenishment are based on these criteria fications.
and will generally provide suitable results for the expected 7.2.2 Transport speed should be checked during nor-
life of the solution. In any case, maintain solution levels mal maintenance procedures by measuring the time it takes
to ensure complete immersion of the film. for a given length of film to pass a specific point. (For
7.1.5 The functional constituents in a freshly mixed example, if the indicated machine speed is 2 ft/min, place
developer solution tend to overreact on the initial films two marks on a length of film 1 ft apart. The second mark
processed and may develop unexposed areas on the films. should pass a specific location, such as the entrance to the
For this reason, measures should be taken to stabilize the processor, exactly 30 s after the first mark has passed the
activity of the solution and thus season the developer. same point.) An optional method for measuring processor
This can be accomplished by the use of developer starter speed is to install a tachometer on the main drive motor
solution or by processing a series of seasoning films (see and determine desired RPM/processing speed relation-
Note 1) in the freshly mixed solution. When using devel- ships.
oper starter solution follow the manufacturer’s recommen- 7.2.3 Agitation is provided by the action of the proc-
dations for the product. When using seasoning films expose essor rollers, recirculation pumps, wash water flow, and
the films with visible light and then develop these films in no external agitation is needed.
374
7.2.4 For processors with replenishment systems, (2) Incoming dryer air that is either too humid or too
use the replenishment rates recommended by the film or cold can adversely affect film drying in the convection
solution manufacturer. dryer.
7.2.4.1 Accurate replenishment increases the use- (3) Check if oven-temperature devices or IR radiators,
ful life of solutions to a great extent by replacing ingredi- or both, are operational in infrared dryers.
ents that are depleted and maintains the process at a (4) The fixer solution activity may not be in accordance
constant, efficient level. to manufacturing recommendations and should be tested
in accordance with 8.6.
7.2.4.2 Replenisher rates should be verified during
normal maintenance procedures to ensure that correct vol- 7.3 Dry Processing:
umes are being injected into the solutions. For installations 7.3.1 Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for
processing very large amounts of film (in excess of two thermal processor warm-up requirements.
tank turnovers of replenisher per week), checks on replen- 7.3.2 Follow time-temperature recommendations
ishment rates should be made more frequently. Processor from the manufacturer.
manufacturer’s recommendations will generally provide an
adequate procedure for checking replenishment volumes.
8. Activity Testing of Solutions for Manual and
7.2.5 For seasoning freshly mixed developer solu- Automatic Processing
tion, refer to the provisions in 7.1.5. 8.1 To establish a reliable procedure for determining
7.2.6 Always fill the fixer tank first, following the the activity of processing solutions, it will be necessary to
manufacturer’s instructions, then rinse and fill the devel- provide a minimal amount of equipment and the proper
oper tank. This minimizes the possibility of fixer acciden- selection and storage of radiographic control films.
tally splashing into the developer solution. When replacing 8.2 Sensitometric Step Tablets:
or removing processor racks, always use a splash guard to
8.2.1 A metallic step wedge or other suitable
further reduce the possibility of contamination.
object(s) of uniform material and varying thickness(es), of
7.2.7 Drying: either aluminum or steel can be used with a given X-ray or
7.2.7.1 Make sure the dryer is clean and that no gamma-ray exposure to create a sensitometric control strip.
foreign material has settled on the rollers. Routinely exam- 8.2.2 Electronic sensitometers and pre-exposed sen-
ine the ventilation system to ensure that air paths are not sitometric control strips are also commercially available.
blocked and that films are uniformly dried. There are two The user of electronic sensitometers (film exposed to white
types of dryer systems used in automatic film processors light) should be aware that such usage, when accompanied
for industrial radiographic films: by an appropriate white-light sensitive industrial film,
(1) Convection dryers are circulating air systems with results in greater response. Consequently, maintenance of
thermostatic controls. Normal drying temperatures range developing parameters must be at a higher and more fre-
from 80 to 120°F when relative humidity (RH) conditions quent level.
are approximately 40 to 75%. Relative humidities above
8.3 Radiographic Monitoring Films — Radiographic
75% may require higher temperatures.
films are made in batches where the characteristics may
(2) Infrared (IR) dryers are based principally on absorp- vary slightly between batches. These changes from emul-
tion rather than temperature. Relative humidity has no sion to emulsion may be detectable and could be confused
adverse affect on infrared drying. Infrared energy levels with the changes in the radiographic processing system.
are preset by the manufacturer and provide a range of dryer
settings. 8.3.1 Monitoring films must be properly stored to
ensure that the film characteristics of the first sheet will
7.2.7.2 The dryer efficiency can be tested by pro- be the same as the last sheet used. See Guide E 1254.
cessing six consecutive 14 by 17-in. (35 by 43-cm) produc-
8.3.2 A monitoring film should be the same brand
tion films, or equivalent, and examining them immediately
and type predominantly used in the facilities processing
after the drying cycle is complete. If damp or undried areas
system.
are observed, increase the dryer setting. Should an increase
in dryer temperature for convection dryers or an increase 8.3.3 The first sensitometric film processed through
in energy for infrared dryers not dry the film, the following freshly mixed and seasoned chemistry (see 7.1.5) will
conditions should be investigated: become the reference or standard for a box of control film.
(1) Wash water that is too warm will cause excessive 8.3.4 Subsequent monitoring films are then produced
emulsion swelling. This can adversely affect film drying on an as-needed basis and compared to the reference film
in convection dryers. to determine sensitometric changes within the processor.
375
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Generally, the higher the film volume processed, the more appear as dull, nonreflective areas that may be yellowish
often QA checks should be performed. in color depending on the actual lack of fixer activity.
8.3.5 If a monitoring film produces unusually high 8.7 Wash:
or low densities exceeding the tolerance limits, then the 8.7.1 Proper washing is necessary to remove residual
processing and sensitometric exposure conditions should fixer from the film. If not removed from the film, these
be rechecked and repeated, if necessary. If the results are chemicals will cause subsequent damage (staining) and
still out of tolerance, the cause must be located and cor- deterioration of the radiographic image, especially in low-
rected. Generally, a small adjustment in replenishment rates density areas.
is necessary until a sensitometric film processor activity
8.7.2 The effectiveness of washing may be checked
balance is established.
using the residual thiosulphate chemicals test described in
8.3.6 Whenever a new monitoring film becomes nec- Guide E 94 or ANSI PH4.8.
essary to change from one emulsion to another, two films
8.7.3 If physical examination of the films after wash-
each (from the new box and the old box) should be exposed
ing shows dirt or scum that was not present before washing,
and processed simultaneously to adjust for normal film
the wash tanks should be drained and cleaned. Drain wash
manufacturing sensitometric variations.
tanks whenever they are not being used. In order to mini-
8.4 Densitometer: mize washing artifacts, it is recommended that scavenger
8.4.1 A transmission densitometer should be used films be processed at start up to clear out scum and foreign
capable of reading densities from 0.0 to 4.0, with an aper- material; the use of algaecides is also recommended to
ture on the order of 1.0 to 3.0 mm in diameter. The densi- retard the growth of organisms within the wash bath.
tometer should be calibrated in accordance with Practice 8.7.4 The newer cold-water-type processors do not
E 1079. require a control valve to regulate water temperatures.
However, many older-type processors require that the
8.5 Developer: incoming water temperature be set within certain limits of
8.5.1 The developer activity should be checked by the developer temperature. Exceeding these limits may not
processing a pre-exposed sensitometric strip, a radiograph allow the processor to adequately control the developer
of a step wedge, or a test part for measuring four film temperature, which may cause density variations.
densities, one at base + fog (unexposed area of film) and
three between 1.5 and 4.0 in three areas of interest (high,
9. Records
medium, and low densities). These four areas are also
known as the Aim Film densities. 9.1 Accurate records should be kept of the following
items:
8.5.2 The film densities in the areas of interest being
monitored should be within ±10% of the original monitor- 9.1.1 Brand name and model of processor, if used.
ing film density. Variations within this range are generally 9.1.2 Brand names and batch number of chemicals
considered normal and should not adversely affect radio- used.
graphic quality. 9.1.3 Time of development.
8.6 Fixer: 9.1.4 Temperature of processing chemicals.
8.6.1 Fixer solution activity can be determined by 9.1.5 Date new chemicals were placed in use.
measuring the clearing time. After the fixer solution has 9.1.6 Replenishment rates.
reached an operating temperature, place an unprocessed
X-ray film into the fixer solution and measure the time
required to remove the silver halide crystals; this is known 10. Maintenance
as the clearing time. Removal of the X-ray film silver 10.1 Maintenance schedules provided by the manufac-
halide crystals can be observed when the X-ray film turns turer for preventive maintenance should be adhered to in
from a reflective color to a clear transluscent film in the order to assure consistent chemical and mechanical opera-
fixer. Clearing time should be 25% less than the fixer tion as set forth by the manufacturer.
immersion time. The film should be periodically agitated
during manual processing. 11. Keywords
8.6.2 If physical examination shows unfixed spots 11.1 automatic processing; film; manual processing;
or areas, the fixer should be discarded. Unfixed areas may processing; radiographic; solutions
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376
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN, MANUFACTURE,

AND MATERIAL GROUPING CLASSIFICATION OF
HOLE-TYPE IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI) USED
FOR RADIOLOGY
ð13Þ
SE-1025
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377
Standard Practice for

Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification
of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
1. Scope E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-

1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping sponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
classification, and manufacture of hole-type image quality E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
images. Used for Radiology
E1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation
radiology. from 4 to 25 MeV
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
as standard. E2662 Practice for Radiologic Examination of Flat Panel
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aero-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the space Applications
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.2 Department of Defense (DoD) Documents:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- MIL-I-24768 Insulation, Plastics, Laminated, Thermoset-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ting; General Specification for
2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology

2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms relating to gamma
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and X-radiology in Terminology E1316, Section D, shall apply
and Shapes to the terms used in this practice.
B150/B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar,
and Shapes 4. Hole-Type IQI Requirements
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) used to determine
Wire
radiologic-image quality levels shall conform to the following
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS
requirements.
N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025,
4.1.1 All image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be fabricated
N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
from materials or alloys identified or listed in accordance with

Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-
7.3. Other materials may be used in accordance with 7.4.
Chromium-Tungsten Alloy (UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and
4.1.2 Standard Hole-Type IQIs:
Wire
4.1.2.1 Standard Hole-Type Image quality indicators (IQIs)
shall dimensionally conform to the requirements of Fig. 1.
4.1.3 Modified Hole-Type IQI:
4.1.3.1 The rectangular IQI may be modified in length and
width as necessary for special applications, provided the hole
size(s) and IQI thickness conform to Fig. 1 or 4.1.4, as
applicable.
378
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 1—Tolerances for IQI thickness and hole diameter.

NOTE 2—Tolerances for True T-hole Diameter IQI thickness and hole diameter shall be 610 %.
NOTE 3—XX identification number equals T in .001 inches.
NOTE 4—IQIs No. 1 through 9 for Standard Hole Type IQI’s (4.1.2) are not 1T, 2T, and 4T.
NOTE 5—Holes shall be true and normal to the IQI. Do not chamfer.
Identification
Number T
(Note 3) A in. (mm) B in. (mm) C in. (mm) D in. (mm) E in. (mm) F in. (mm) Tolerances (Note 2)
1–4 1.500 (38.1) 0.750 (19.05) 0.438 (11.13) 0.250 (6.35) 0.500 (12.7) 0.250 (6.35) ±10%
±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.030 (0.76)
5–20 1.500 (38.1) 0.750 (19.05) 0.438 (11.13) 0.250 (6.35) 0.500 (12.7) 0.250 (6.35) ±0.0005 (0.127)
±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.030 (0.76)
21–50 1.500 (38.1) 0.750 (19.05) 0.438 (11.13) 0.250 (6.35) 0.500 (12.7) 0.250 (6.35) ±0.0025 (0.635)
±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.015 (0.38) ±0.030 (0.76)
51–160 2.250 (57.15) 1.375 (34.93) 0.750 (19.05) 0.375 (9.53) 1.000 (25.4) 0.375 (9.53) ±0.005 (0.127)
±0.030 (0.762) ±0.030 (0.762) ±0.030 (0.762) ±0.030 (0.762) ±0.030 (0.762) ±0.030 (0.762)
Over 160 1.330T 0.830T ... ... ... ... ±0.010 (0.254)
±0.005 (0.127) ±0.005 (0.127)
FIG. 1 IQI Design
379
4.1.3.2 The IQI’s shall be identified as specified in 4.1.5 to

4.1.5.2, as applicable, except that the identification numbers
may be placed adjacent to the IQI if placement on the IQI is
impractical.
4.1.3.3 When modified IQI’s are used, details of the modi-
fication shall be documented in the records accompanying the
examination results.
4.1.4 True T-hole Diameter IQI:
4.1.4.1 It may be desirable for non-film applications to use
true T-hole diameter IQI’s for numbers 1 through 9.
4.1.4.2 Hole sizes for true T-hole diameter IQI’s may be
made by using laser or an electric discharge machining (EDM)
process and shall be within 610 % of 1T, 2T and 4T (See Fig.
1, Note 3 for T)
4.1.4.3 When true T-hole-diameter IQI’s are used, details of
the modifications shall be documented in the records accom-
panying the examination results.
4.1.5 Both the rectangular and the circular IQIs shall be
identified with number(s) made of lead or a material of similar
radiation opacity. The number shall be bonded to the rectan-
gular IQI’s and shall be placed adjacent to circular IQI’s to
provide identification of the IQI on the image. The identifica-
tion numbers shall indicate the thickness of the IQI in
thousandths of an inch, that is, a number 10 IQI is 0.010 in.
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
thick, a number 100 IQI is 0.100 in. thick, etc. Additional
identification requirements are provided in 7.2.
4.1.5.1 Alternative Identification Method—It may be desir-
able for non-film applications to eliminate the lead number
identifiers and replace them with either material addition or
material removal methods as stated below:
(1) Material Addition Method—Numbers may be made of
the same material as that of the IQI and of sufficient thickness
to be clearly discernable within the radiologic image.
(2) Material Removal Method—Numbers may be cut into
the IQI in such a manner as to be clearly discernable in the
radiologic image. Processes such as laser etching, chemical
etching, precision stamping, etc., may be used to create the
numbers within the IQI.
4.1.5.2 Alloy-group identification shall be in accordance
with 7.2. Rectangular IQI’s shall be notched as shown in Fig.
2, except the corner notch for Group 001 is at a 45 degree
angle. Round IQI’s shall be vibrotooled or etched as shown in
Fig. 3. NOTCH TOLERANCES
Width +15°
4.1.5.3 True T-hole diameter IQI identification numbers −0°
shall be rotated 90° as compared to Standard Hole Type IQIs. (A) Depth +1⁄16 in. (1.588mm)
See Fig. 4. −1⁄32 in. (0.794 mm)
FIG. 2 Rectangular IQI Notch Identification and Material Group-
ing
5. IQI Procurement
5.1 When selecting IQI’s for procurement, the following
NOTE 1—This practice does not recommend or suggest specific IQI sets
factors should be considered: to be procured. Section 5 is an aid in selecting IQI’s based on specific
5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to be needs.
examined.
5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of the 6. Image Quality Levels
material(s) to be examined. 6.1 Image quality levels are designated by a two part
5.1.3 Determine the Image Quality Level requirements as expression; X-YT. The first part of the expression, X, refers to
described in Section 6 and Table 1. the IQI thickness expressed as a percentage of the specimen
5.1.4 Select the applicable IQI’s that represent the required thickness. The second part of the expression, YT, refers to the
IQI thickness and alloy(s). diameter of the required hole and is expressed as a multiple of
380
TABLE 1 Typical Image Quality Levels

Standard Image Quality Levels
Minimum
Image Quality Perceptible Equivalent IQI
IQI Thickness
Levels Hole Sensitivity, %A
Diameter
2-1T 1⁄50 (2 %) of Specimen Thickness 1T 1.4
2-2TB 2T 2.0
2-4T 4T 2.8
Special Image Quality Levels
1-1T 1⁄100 (1 %) of Specimen Thickness 1T 0.7
1-2T 2T 1
FIG. 3 Circular IQI Identification
4-2T 1⁄25 (4 %) of Specimen Thickness 2T 4
A
Equivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI, expressed as a percentage
of the part thickness, in which the 2T hole would be visible under the same
conditions.
B
For Level 2-2T Radiologic—The 2T hole in an IQI, 1⁄50 (2 %) of the specimen
thickness, is visible.
contains provisions whereby wire sizes equivalent to corre-

sponding 1T, 2T and 4T holes for various plaque thicknesses
are provided. Appendix X1 of Practice E747 also provides
FIG. 4 True T-hole Diameter Type IQI Identification Orientation
methods for determining equivalencies between wire and hole
type IQI’s. This is not an alternative IQI provision for the
originally specified IQI requirements of this practice, but may
the IQI thickness, T (for example, the image quality level 2-2T be useful for establishing technical image equivalency on a
means that the IQI thickness, T, is no more than 2 % of the case basis need with specific customer approvals.
specimen thickness and that the diameter of the required IQI
hole is 2 × T). 6.6 Test Methods E746 and E1735 provide additional tools
for determining relative image quality response of industrial
NOTE 2—Standard Hole Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI’s) less than radiological systems when exposed to energy levels described
number 10 have hole sizes 0.010, 0.020, and 0.040 in. diameter regardless
of the IQI thickness. Therefore, Standard Hole Type IQI’s less than
within those test methods. Both of these test methods use the
number 10 do not represent the quality levels specified in 6.1 and Table 1. “equivalent penetrameter sensitivity” (EPS) concept to provide
The equivalent IQI sensitivity (EPS) can be calculated using the equation statistical image quality information that allows the imaging
in Appendix X1. system or other exposure components to be assessed on a
6.2 Typical image quality level designations are shown in relative basis. These test methods are not alternative IQI
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Table 1. The level of inspection specified should be based on provisions for the originally specified IQI requirements of this
service requirements of the product. Care should be taken in practice, but may be useful on a case basis with specific
specifying True T-hole Diameter Type IQI’s (4.1.4) and/or customer approvals, for establishing technical image equiva-
image quality levels 2-1T, 1-1T, and 1-2T by first determining lency of certain aspects of the radiological imaging process.
that these levels can be maintained in production.
7. Material Groups
6.3 In specifying image quality levels, the contract, pur-
chase order, product specification, or drawing should state the 7.1 General:
proper two-part expression and clearly indicate the thickness of 7.1.1 Materials have been designated in nine groups based
the material to which the level refers. In place of a designated on their radiation absorption characteristics: Group 001 for
two–part expression, the IQI number and minimum discernible non-metals. Groups 03, 02, and 01 for light metals and Groups
hole size shall be specified. 1 through 5 for heavy metals.
7.1.2 The non-metals group, typically in the form of fiber-
6.4 Appendix X1 of this practice provides a method for reinforced phenolic resin, are identified as 001 since these
determining equivalent IQI sensitivity (EPS) in percent. Under materials have the least radiation absorption of all the material
certain conditions (as described within the purchaser-supplier groups.
agreement), EPS may be useful in relating a discernible hole 7.1.3 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum
size of the IQI thickness with the section thickness radio- (A1), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respec-
graphed for establishing an overall technical image quality tively for their predominant alloying constituent. The materials
equivalency. This is not an alternative IQI provision for the are listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.
originally specified IQI requirement of this practice, but may 7.1.4 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper base, nickel
be a useful tool for establishing technical image equivalency on base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. The
a case basis need with specific customer approvals. materials increase in radiation absorption with increasing
6.5 Practice E747 contains provisions for wire IQI’s that use numerical designation.
varying length and diameter wires to effect image quality NOTE 3—The metals groups were established experimentally at 180 kV
requirements. The requirements of Practice E747 are different on 3⁄4-in. (19-mm) thick specimens. They apply from 125 kV to the
from this standard; however, Practice E747 (see Table 4) multivolt range. The non-metal group was established experimentally at a
381
range of 15 to 60 kV on 0.100-in to 0.250-in (2.54-mm to 6.35-mm) thick 7.3.6.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel-
specimens using MIL-I-24768 thermosetting plastic laminated insulation aluminum bronzes.
materials type FBE and FBG.
7.1.5 Common trade names or alloy designations have been 7.3.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
used for clarification of the pertinent materials. nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. NO6600) (Inconel).
7.1.6 The materials from which the IQI for the group are to (Specification B166.)
be made are designated in each case, and these IQI’s are 7.3.7.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 %
applicable for all materials listed in that group. In addition, any nickel-maraging steel.
group IQI may be used for any material with a higher group 7.3.8 Materials Group 4:
number, provided the applicable quality level is maintained. 7.3.8.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of 70
7.2 Identification System: to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Specification B164) or
7.2.1 A notching system has been designated for the nine equivalent.
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
materials groups of IQI’s and is shown in Fig. 2 for rectangular 7.3.8.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper series, or
IQI’s. copper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-zinc
7.2.2 For circular IQI’s, a group designation shall be vibro- alloys). Group 4 IQI’s may be used on the leaded brasses, since
tooled or etched on the IQI to identify it by using the letter “G” leaded brass increases in attenuation with increase in lead
followed by the group number, for example, G4 for a Group 4 content. This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.
IQI. For identification of the group on the image, correspond- 7.3.9 Materials Group 5:
ing lead characters shall be placed adjacent to the circular IQI, 7.3.9.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
just as is done with the lead numbers identifying the thickness. phosphor bronze (Specification B139/B139M).
An identification example is shown in Fig. 3. 7.3.9.2 Use on bronzes including gun-metal and valve
bronze, leaded-tin bronze of higher lead content than valve
7.3 Materials Groups:
bronze. Group 5 IQI’s may be used on bronze of higher lead
content since leaded bronze increases in attenuation with
7.3.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) may be made from
increase in lead content. This would be equivalent to using a
phenolic resin laminate materials specified in MIL-I-24768, or
lower group IQI.
any of the materials listed in Practice E2662.
7.3.1.2 Use on polymer matrix composite materials or other NOTE 4—In developing the nine listed materials groups, a number of
low density non-metal materials at low energies, typically other trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. For
the purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materials
below 50 kV. are listed and categorized, by group, as follows:
7.3.2 Materials Group 03: (1) Group 2—Haynes Alloy IN-100.
7.3.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of (2) Group 3—Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D, G.E. Alloy SEL,
magnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloying Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93,
constituent. Inconel X, Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy NO. S-816.
(3) Group 4—Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and Multimeter Alloy
7.3.2.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is the Rene 41.
predominant alloying constituent. (4) Group 5—Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy Alloy B,
7.3.3 Materials Group 02: Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy, Haynes Stellite
7.3.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. IQIs of any of these materials are considered
aluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloying applicable for the materials that follow it.
(5) Group 001—Garolite
constituent. NOTE 5—The committee formulating these recommendations, recom-
7.3.3.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predomi- mended other materials may be added to the materials groups listed as the
nant alloying constituent. need arises or as more information is gained, or that additional materials
7.3.4 Materials Group 01: groups may be added.
7.3.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of 7.4 Radiologically Similar IQI Materials:
titanium or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constitu- 7.4.1 For materials not herein covered, IQI’s of radiographi-
ent. cally similar materials may be used when the following
7.3.4.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi- requirements are met. Two blocks of equal thickness, one of
nant alloying constituent. the material to be examined (production material) and one of
7.3.5 Materials Group 1: the IQI material, shall be radiographed on one film by one
7.3.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of exposure at the lowest energy level to be used for production
carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel. radiography. Film density readings shall be between 2.0 and
7.3.5.2 Use on all carbon steel, all low-alloy steels, all
stainless steels, manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Super-
ston).
7.3.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
aluminum bronze (Specification B150/B150M).
382
4.0 for both materials. If the film density of the material to be 9. Precision and Bias
radiographed is within the range of 0 to +15 % of the IQI
9.1 Precision and Bias—No statement is made about the
material, the IQI material shall be considered radiographically
similar and may be used to fabricate IQI’s for examination of precision or bias for indicating the quality of radiological
the production material. images since the results merely state whether there is confor-
7.4.1.1 Radiological similarity tests may be performed with mance to the criteria for success specified in this practice.
non-film radiological systems, however, the minimum and
maximum pixel values for both materials shall be within the 10. Keywords
range established for production examinations. 10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic; radiol-
7.4.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQI’s of radio- ogy; X-ray and gamma radiation
logically less dense material than the subject material being
examined.
8. IQI Certification
8.1 Records shall be available that attest to the conformance
of the material type, grouping (notches), and dimensional
tolerances of the IQI’s specified by this practice.
APPENDIX
X1. EQUIVALENT IQI (PENETRAMETER) SENSITIVITY (EPS)
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X1.1 To find the equivalent IQI sensitivity (percent), the a = equivalent IQI sensitivity, %,
hole size (diameter in inches), of the IQI thickness (inches), for X = section thickness to be examined, in.,
a section thickness (inches), the following equation may be T = IQI Thickness, in., and
used: H = hole diameter, in.
where:
a = 100
X
Œ TH
2
,
383
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
384
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION OF METALLIC CASTINGS
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ð13Þ
SE-1030
385
Standard Test Method for

Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedure for safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
radiographic examination of metallic castings using radio- responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
graphic film as the recording medium. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-
rations inherent with cast products, it is necessary to recognize 2. Referenced Documents
potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
graphic coverage on castings. Radiography of areas where
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
geometry or part configuration does not allow achievement of
E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
complete coverage with practical radiographic methods shall
and Magnesium Castings
be subject to mutual agreements between purchaser and
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 41⁄2-in.
supplier. The use of alternative nondestructive methods for
(50.8 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings
areas that are not conducive to practical radiography shall also
E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
be specifically agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
for Aerospace Applications
1.3 The radiographic method is highly sensitive to volumet- E272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-
ric discontinuities that displace a detectable volume of cast Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
material. Discontinuities that do not displace an appreciable E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (41⁄2 to 12-
volume of material, however, such as cracks or other planar- in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
type indications, may not be detected with radiography unless E310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
the radiation beam is coincidentally aligned with the planar E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
orientation of the discontinuity. In view of this limitation, it (50.8 mm) in Thickness
may be considered appropriate to use the radiographic method E505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
in conjunction with additional nondestructive methods that and Magnesium Die Castings
maintain reliable detection capabilities for these types of E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
discontinuities. The use of additional methods shall be specifi- Testing
cally agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier. E689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
1.4 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad- E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog- ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
nized that, for special applications, specific techniques using

more or less stringent requirements may be required than those E802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to
specified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographic 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) in Thickness
techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
supplier (also see Section 5). graphic Film Processing
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
as standard.
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
eters
386
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed 5.1.6 Records—Record retention (see 12.1) shall be speci-
Industrial Radiographic Films fied.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings 6. Apparatus
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for 6.1 Radiation Sources:
Industrial Radiography 6.1.1 X Radiation Sources—Selection of appropriate X-ray
2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards: voltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi- ing the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4 and economically permissible exposure time. The suitability of
CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive these X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment of
Testing Personnel required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with all
2.3 Other Standards: other requirements stipulated herein. Guide E94 contains
NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification and provisions concerning exposure calculations and charts for the
Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel use of X-ray sources.
CEN 444 Non-Destructive Testing-General Principles for 6.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources—Isotope sources, when
Radiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X-and used, shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-
Gamma-rays graphic sensitivity.
ISO 5579 Non-Destructive Testing-Radiographic Examina- 6.2 Film Holders and Cassettes—Film holders and cassettes
tion of Metallic Materials by X-and Gamma-rays—Basic shall be light-tight and shall be handled properly to reduce the
Rules likelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexible
vinyl, plastic, or any durable material; or, they may be made
3. Terminology from metallic materials. In the event that light leaks into the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test film holder and produces images on the film extending into the
method, see Terminology E1316. area of interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film holder
exhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse or
4. Significance and Use discarded. Film holders and cassettes should be routinely
4.1 The requirements expressed in this test method are examined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.
intended to control the quality of the radiographic images, to 6.3 Intensifying Screens:
produce satisfactory and consistent results, and are not in- 6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:
tended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materials 6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-
or products. ally used for all production radiography. Lead-foil screens shall
be of the same approximate area dimensions as the film being
5. Basis of Application used and they shall be in direct contact with the film during
5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by the exposure.
purchaser and supplier: 6.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser-supplier
5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation—If speci- agreement or within the footnotes below Table 1, the lead foil
fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT) screens in this table shall be used.
agencies shall be qualified and evaluated in accordance with 6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, used for screens
Practice E543. The applicable version of Practice E543 shall be should be visually examined for dust, dirt, oxidation, cracking
specified in the contractual agreement. or creasing, foreign material or other condition that could
5.1.2 Personnel Qualification—NDT personnel shall be render undesirable nonrelevant images on the film.
qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT 6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic, or Other Metallic
personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ Screens:
ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar document. 6.3.2.1 Fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screens
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall may be used. However, they must be capable of demonstrating
be specified in the contractual agreement between the using the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity. Fluorescent or --`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
parties. fluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image quality

5.1.3 Apparatus—General requirements (see 6.1 through (see Test Method E94, Appendix X1.)
6.9) shall be specified. 6.3.2.2 Screen Care—All screens should be handled care-
5.1.4 Requirements—General requirements (see 8.1, 8.2, fully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or dirt on active
8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified. surfaces. Screens that render false indications on radiographs
5.1.5 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3, 9.7.4, and shall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.
9.7.7) shall be specified. 6.3.3 Other Screens—European Standard CEN 444 contains
similar provisions for intensifying screens as this test method.
International users of these type screens who prefer the use of
CEN 444 or ISO 5579 for their particular applications should
specify such alternate provisions within separate contractual
arrangements from this test method.
387
TABLE 1 Lead Foil Screens

keV Range Front ScreenA Back Screen Minimum
0 to 150 keVB 0.000 to 0.001 in. (0 to 0.025 mm) 0.005 in. (0.127 mm)
150 to 200 keV; Ir 192, Se-75 0.000 to 0.005 in. (0 to 0.127 mm) 0.005 in. (0.127 mm)C
200 keV to 2 MeV; Co60 0.005 to 0.010 in. (0.126 to 0.254 mm) 0.010 in. (0.254 mm)
2 to 4 MeV 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.254 to 0.508 mm) 0.010 in. (0.254 mm)
A
The lead screen thickness listed for the various voltage ranges are recommended thicknesses and not required thicknesses. Other thicknesses and materials may be
used provided the required radiographic quality level, contrast, and density are achieved.
B
Prepacked film with lead screens may be used from 80 to 150 keV. No lead screens are recommended below 80 keV. Prepacked film may be used at higher energy levels
provided the contrast, density, radiographic quality level, and backscatter requirements are achieved. Additional intermediate lead screens may be used for reduction of
scattered radiation at higher energies.
C
No back screen is required provided the backscatter requirements of 9.5 are met.
6.4 Filters—Filters shall be used whenever the contrast 8. Requirements

reductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or the 8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by
extent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on production the applicable job order or contract, radiographic examination
radiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure to shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
meet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval
stipulated by the job order or contract (see Guide E94). of written procedures shall be dictated by a purchaser and
6.5 Masking—Masking material may be used, as necessary, supplier agreement. The procedure details should include at
to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting (see least those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, a
Guide E94). radiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shall
6.6 Penetrameters (IQI)—Unless otherwise specified by the be prepared similar to that shown in Appendix X1 and shall be
applicable job order or contract, only those penetrameters that available for review during interpretation of the film.
comply with the design and identification requirements speci- 8.2 Radiographic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by
fied in Practice E747 or Practice E1025 shall be used. a purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radiographic
6.7 Shims and Separate Blocks—Shims or separate blocks coverage shall be the maximum practical volume of the
made of the same or radiographically similar materials (as casting. Areas that require radiography shall be designated as
defined in Method E1025) may be used to facilitate penetram- illustrated in Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 of Appendix X1. When the
eter positioning. There is no restriction on shim or separate shape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography is
block thickness provided the penetrameter and area-of-interest impractical, these areas shall be so designated on drawings or
density tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met. sketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples of casting
geometries and configurations that may be considered imprac-
6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification Markers—
tical to radiograph are illustrated in Appendix X2.
Lead numbers and letters are used to designate the part number
and location number. The size and thickness of the markers 8.3 Radiographic Film Quality—All radiographs shall be
shall depend on the ability of the radiographic technique to free of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
image the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule, ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of any
markers 1⁄16-in. (1.58-mm) thick will suffice for most low- discontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If any
energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography; doubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited by
for higher-energy radiography it may be necessary to use the film, the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.
markers that are 1⁄8-in. (3.17-mm) or more thick. 8.4 Radiographic Quality Level—The applicable job order
6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement Apparatus—Either or contract shall dictate the requirements for radiographic
a transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison film quality level. (See Practice E1025 or Practice E747 for
shall be used for judging film density requirements. Step guidance in selection of quality level.)
wedge comparison films or densitometer calibration, or both, 8.5 Acceptance Level—Radiographic acceptance levels and
shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step-wedge associated severity levels shall be stipulated by the applicable
film traceable to the National Institute of Standards and contract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplier
Technology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordance agreement.
with Practice E1079.
8.6 Radiographic Density Limitations—Radiographic den-
7. Reagents and Materials sity in the area of interest shall be within 1.5 to 4.0 for either
single or superimposed viewing.
7.1 Film Systems—Only film systems having cognizant
engineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re- 8.7 Film Handling:
quirements of Test Method E1815 shall be used to meet the 8.7.1 Darkroom Facilities—Darkroom facilities should be
requirements of this test method. kept clean and as dust-free as practical. Safelights should be
388
those recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographic and film orientations and examples of casting geometries and
materials used and should be positioned in accordance with the configurations on which radiography is impractical or very
manufacturer’s recommendations. All darkroom equipment difficult.
and materials should be capable of producing radiographs that 9.5 Back-Scattered Radiation Protection:
are suitable for interpretation. 9.5.1 Back-Scattered Radiation—(secondary radiation ema-
8.7.2 Film Processing—Radiographic film processing shall nating from surfaces behind the film, that is, walls, floors, etc.)
be controlled in accordance with Guide E999. serves to reduce radiographic contrast and may produce
8.7.3 Film Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities shall pro- undesirable effects on radiographic quality. A 1⁄8-in. (3.17-mm)
vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not lead sheet placed behind the film generally furnishes adequate
cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radio- protection against back-scattered radiation.
graph. The viewing light shall be of sufficient intensity to 9.5.2 To detect back-scattered radiation, position a lead
review densities up to 4.0 and be appropriately controlled so letter “B” (approximately 1⁄8-in. (3.17-mm) thick by 1⁄2-in.
that the optimum intensity for single or superimposed viewing (12.7-mm) high) on the rear side of the film holder. If a light
of radiographs may be selected. image (lower density) of the lead letter “B” appears on the
8.7.4 Storage of Radiographs—When storage is required by radiograph, it indicates that more back-scatter protection is
the applicable job order or contract, the radiographs should be necessary. The appearance of a dark image of the lead letter
stored in an area with sufficient environmental control to “B” should be disregarded unless the dark image could mask or
preclude image deterioration or other damage. The radiograph be confused with rejectable casting defects.
storage duration and location after casting delivery shall be as
agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. (See Guide 9.6 Penetrameter (IQI) Placement—Place all penetrameters
E1254 for storage information.) (IQI) being radiographed on the source side of the casting.
Place penetrameters (IQI) in the radiographic area of interest,
9. Procedure unless the use of a shim or separate block is necessary, as
9.1 Time of Examination—Unless otherwise specified by the specified in 9.7.6.
applicable job order or contract, radiography may be per- 9.7 Number of Penetrameters (IQI):
formed prior to heat treatment and in the as-cast, rough- 9.7.1 One penetrameter (IQI) shall represent an area within
machined, or finished-machined condition. which radiographic densities do not vary more than +30 %
9.1.1 Penetrameter (IQI) Selection—Unless otherwise to –15 % from the density measured through the body of the
specified in the applicable job order or contract, penetrameter penetrameter (IQI).
(IQI) selection shall be based on the following: if the thickness 9.7.2 When the film density varies more than –15 %
to be radiographed exceeds the design thickness of the finished to +30 %, two penetrameters (IQI) shall be used as follows: if
piece, the penetrameter (IQI) size shall be based on a thickness one penetrameter (IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity represent-
which does not exceed the design thickness of the finished ing the most dense portion of the exposure, and the second
piece by more than 20 % or 1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm), whichever is penetrameter (IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity representing
greater. In no case shall the penetrameter (IQI) size be based on the least dense portion of the exposure, then these two
a thickness greater than the thickness to be radiographed. penetrameters (IQI) shall qualify the exposure location within
9.2 Surface Preparation—The casting surfaces shall be these densities, provided the density requirements stipulated in
prepared as necessary to remove any conditions that could 8.6 are met.
mask or be confused with internal casting discontinuities. 9.7.3 For cylindrical or flat castings where more than one
film holder is used for an exposure, at least one penetrameter
9.3 Source-to-Film Distance—Unless otherwise specified in (IQI) image shall appear on each radiograph. For cylindrical
the applicable job order or contract, geometric unsharpness shapes, where a panoramic type source of radiation is placed in
(Ug) shall not exceed the following in Table 2. the center of the cylinder and a complete or partial circumfer-
9.4 Direction of Radiation—The direction of radiation shall ence is radiographed using at least four overlapped film
be governed by the geometry of the casting and the radio- holders, at least three penetrameters (IQI) shall be used. On
graphic coverage and quality requirements stipulated by the partial circumference exposures, a penetrameter (IQI) shall be
applicable job order or contract. Whenever practicable, place placed at each end of the length of the image to be evaluated
the central beam of the radiation perpendicular to the surface of on the radiograph with the intermediate penetrameters (IQI)
the film. Appendix X2 provides examples of preferred source placed at equal divisions of the length covered. For full
TABLE 2 Source-to-Film Distance

Material Thickness Ug MaximumA
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Under 1 in. (25.4 mm) 0.010 in. (0.254 mm)

1 through 2 in. (25.4 through 50.8 mm) 0.020 in. (0.508 mm)
Over 2 through 3 in. (over 50.8 through 76.2 mm) 0.030 in. (0.762 mm)
Over 3 through 4 in. (over 76.2 through 101.6 mm) 0.040 in. (1.016 mm)
Greater than 4 in. (greater than 101.6 mm) 0.070 in. (1.778 mm)
A
Geometric unsharpness values shall be determined (calculated) as specified by the formula in Guide E94.
389
circumferential coverage, three penetrameters (IQI) spaced 9.10 Subsequent Exposure Identification— All repair radio-
120° apart shall be used, even when using a single length of graphs after the original (initial) shall have an examination
roll film. status designation that indicates the reason. Subsequent radio-
9.7.4 When an array of individual castings in a circle is graphs made by reason of a repaired area shall be identified
radiographed, the requirements of 9.7.1 or 9.7.2, or both, shall with the letter “R” followed by the respective repair cycle (that
prevail for each casting. is, R-1 for the first repair, R-2 for the second repair, etc.).
9.7.5 If the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity does not Subsequent radiographs that are necessary as a result of
show on any one film in a multiple film technique (see 9.11), additional surface preparation should be identified by the
but does show in composite (superimposed) film viewing, letters “REG.”
interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film
9.11 Multiple Film Techniques—Two or more films of equal
viewing for the respective area.
or different speeds in the same cassette are allowed, provided
9.7.6 When it is not practicable to place the penetrameter(s)
prescribed quality level and density requirements are met (see
(IQI) on the casting, a shim or separate block conforming to the
9.7.2 and 9.7.5).
requirements of 6.7 may be used.
9.7.6.1 The penetrameter (IQI) shall be no closer to the film 9.12 Radiographic Techniques:
than the source side of that part of the casting being radio- 9.12.1 Single Wall Technique—Except as provided in
graphed in the current view. 9.12.2, radiography shall be performed using a technique in
9.7.6.2 The radiographic density measured adjacent to the which the radiation passes through only one wall.
penetrameter (IQI) through the body of the shim or separate 9.12.2 Double Wall Technique—For castings with an inside
block shall not exceed the density measured in the area of diameter of 4 in. or less, a technique may be used in which the
interest by more than 15 %. The density may be lighter than the radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed
area of interest density, provided acceptable quality level is for acceptance on the same film. An adequate number of
obtained and the density requirements of 8.6 are met. exposures shall be taken to ensure that required coverage has
9.7.6.3 The shim or separate block shall be placed at the been obtained.
corner of the film holder or close to that part of the area of
interest that is furthest from the central beam. This is the worst 9.13 Safety—Radiographic procedures shall comply with
case position from a beam angle standpoint that a discontinuity applicable city, state, and federal regulations.
would be in.
9.7.6.4 The shim or separate block dimensions shall exceed 10. Radiograph Evaluation
the penetrameter (IQI) dimensions such that the outline of at 10.1 Film Quality—Verify that the radiograph meets the
least three sides of the penetrameter (IQI) image shall be quality requirements specified in 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 9.5.2 and 9.7.
visible on the radiograph.
9.7.7 Film Side Penetrameter (IQI)—In the case where the 10.2 Film Evaluation—Determine the acceptance or rejec-
penetrameter (IQI) cannot be physically placed on the source tion of the casting by comparing the radiographic image to the
side and the use of a separate block technique is not practical, agreed upon acceptance criteria (see 8.5).
penetrameters (IQI) placed on the film side may be used. The
applicable job order or contract shall dictate the requirements 11. Reference Radiographs
for film side radiographic quality level (see 8.4). 11.1 Reference Radiographs E155, E186, E192, E272,
9.8 Location Markers—The radiographic image of the loca- E280, E310, E446, E505, E689, E802, and E1320 are graded
tion markers for the coordination of the casting with the film radiographic illustrations of various casting discontinuities.
shall appear on the film, without interfering with the These reference radiographs may be used to help establish
interpretation, in such an arrangement that it is evident that the acceptance criteria and may also be useful as radiographic
required coverage was obtained. These marker positions shall interpretation training aids.
be marked on the casting and the position of the markers shall
be maintained on the part during the complete radiographic 12. Report
cycle. The RSS shall show all marker locations. 12.1 The following radiographic records shall be main-
9.9 Radiographic Identification—A system of positive iden- tained as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier:
tification of the film shall be used and each film shall have a 12.1.1 Radiographic standard shooting sketch,
unique identification relating it to the item being examined. As 12.1.2 Weld repair documentation,
a minimum, the following additional information shall appear 12.1.3 Film,
on each radiograph or in the records accompanying each
12.1.4 Film interpretation record containing as a minimum:
radiograph:
(1) Identification of organization making the radiograph, 12.1.4.1 Disposition of each radiograph (acceptable or
(2) Date of exposure, rejectable),
(3) Identification of the part, component or system and, 12.1.4.2 If rejectable, cause for rejection (shrink, gas, etc.),
where applicable, the weld joint in the component or system, 12.1.4.3 Surface indication verified by visual examination
and (mold, marks, etc.), and
(4) Whether the radiograph is an original or repaired area. 12.1.4.4 Signature of the film interpreter.
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
390
13. Precision and Bias 14. Keywords

13.1 No statement has been made about either the precision 14.1 castings; gamma-ray; nondestructive testing; radio-
or bias of this test method since the result merely states graphic; radiography; X-ray
whether there is conformance to the criteria for success
specified in the procedure.
APPENDIXES
X1. RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH (RSS)
X1.1 The radiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS) pro- (1) Radiographic location designation,
vides the radiographic operator and the radiographic interpreter (2) Source type and size,
with pertinent information regarding the examination of a (3) Finished thickness,
casting. The RSS is designed to standardize radiographic (4) Thickness when radiographed,
methodologies associated with casting examination; it may (5) Penetrameters,
also provide a means of a purchaser and supplier agreement, (6) Source to film distance,
prior to initiation of the examination on a production basis. The (7) Film type and quantity,
use of a RSS is advantageous due to the many configurations (8) Film size,
associated with castings and the corresponding variations in (9) Required penetrameter (IQI) quality level,
techniques for examination of any particular one. The RSS (10) Radiographic acceptance standard, and
provides a map of location marker placement, directions for (11) Applicable radiographic severity level.
source and film arrangement, and instructions for all other
X1.2.2 The sketch(es) should provide the following:
parameters associated with radiography of a casting. This
information serves to provide the most efficient method for X1.2.2.1 Location marker placement.
controlling the quality and consistency of the resultant radio- X1.2.2.2 Location of foundry’s identification pad or symbol
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
graphic representations. on the casting.
X1.2.2.3 Designation of areas that require radiography (as
X1.2 The RSS usually consists of an instruction sheet and applicable).
sketch(es) of the casting: the instruction sheet specifies the X1.2.2.4 Designation of areas that are considered impracti-
radiographic equipment, materials, and technique-acceptance cal or very difficult to radiograph (see 1.2 and 8.2).
parameters for each location; the sketch(es) illustrate(s) the X1.2.2.5 Radiographic source and film arrangement and
location, orientation, and the source and film arrangement for radiation beam direction for each location.
each location. Figs. X1.1-X1.3 of this appendix provide a
typical instruction sheet and sketch sheets. As a minimum, the NOTE X1.1—The RSS should designate the involved locations and
RSS should provide the following information. All spaces shall stipulate that the technique for those locations is typical, for sections of the
be filled in unless not applicable; in those cases, the space shall casting on which a continuing series of locations are to be radiographed
with the same basic source and film arrangement for each location.
be marked NA.
X1.2.3 Fig. X1.1 of this appendix provides a sample RSS
X1.2.1 The instruction sheet should provide the following:
that has been developed for a typical production application,
X1.2.1.1 Company preparing RSS and activity performing
and Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 provide sample RSS sketches that
radiography.
have been developed for a typical production application.
X1.2.1.2 Casting identification including:
(1) Drawing number, X1.2.4 The RSS may not provide what is considered to be
(2) Casting identification number, the most effective means of technique control for all radio-
(3) Descriptive name (for example, pump casting, valve graphic activities, but, in any event, some means of technique
body, etc.), standardization should be employed. As a general rule, it is a
(4) Material type and material specification, beneficial practice for the supplier to solicit purchaser approval
(5) Heat number, and of the radiographic methodology prior to performing produc-
(6) Pattern number. tion radiography. This generally entails the demonstration of
X1.2.1.3 Surface condition at time of radiography (as cast, the adequacy of the methodology by submitting the proposed
rough machined, finished machined). technique parameters and a corresponding set of pilot radio-
X1.2.1.4 Spaces for approval (as applicable). graphs to the purchaser for review. Purchaser approval of the
X1.2.1.5 Radiographic Technique Parameters for Each Lo- technique shall be addressed in the applicable job order or
cation: contract.
391
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. X1.1 Sample Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS)
392
FIG. X1.2 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches (RSS)

Views Illustrating Layout of Source and Film Placement
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`
393
FIG. X1.3 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches (RSS)

Views Illustrating Layout and Extent of Coverage
X2. PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT FOR FLANGE RADIOGRAPHY AND EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT
ARE CONSIDERED IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH
X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment for Flange geometric configuration of these areas require. The following
Radiography—The effective use of radiography for assessing figures (see Figs. X2.1-X2.3) describe source and film align-
material soundness in casting areas where a flange joins a body ments that can be employed and discusses the limits and
is somewhat limited by the source and film alignment that the benefits of each.
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 394
NOTE 1—For general application, this alignment provides the most effective compromise of quality radiography and maximum obtainable coverage.
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment
NOTE 1—This alignment provides a suitable alternative when other casting appendages (bosses, flanges, etc.) project into the radiation path as
illustrated in Fig. X2.2 when this alignment is used, additional losses in coverage (as opposed to Fig. X2.1) should be expected and noted accordingly
on the applicable RSS.
FIG. X2.2 Permissible Source and Film Alignment when Fig. X2.1 Cannot Be Applied Due to Casting Geometry
NOTE 1—This alignment is permissible if the radiation source energy and film multi-load capabilities are sufficient to afford compliance with the
technique requirements stipulated herein. This alignment will generally require the use of filters or masking to reduce the influence of radiation that
undercuts the thicker areas and reduces overall radiographic quality.
FIG. X2.3 Allowable Source Film Alignment as Governed by Source Energy and Multi-Film Load Acceptable Density Latitude
395
X3. EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH
X3.1 Certain casting geometry configuration are inacces- involve the juncture of two casting sections. The following
sible for conventional source and film arrangements that will illustrations (see Fig. X3.1 and Fig. X3.2) provide typical
provide meaningful radiographic results. These areas generally examples of such areas.
FIG. X3.1 Areas Involving Flanges
FIG. X3.2 Areas Involving Other Junctures

--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
396
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SIZE

OF IRIDIUM-192 INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC SOURCES
ð13Þ
SE-1114
(Identical with ASTM Specification E1114-09e1.)
397
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic
Sources
1. Scope 2.2 Other International Standards:

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size of EN 12679:2000 Industrial Radiography—Radiographic
an Iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination is Method for the Determination of the Source Size for
based upon measurement of the image of the Iridium metal Radioisotopes
source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and 3. Terminology
comparison to the measurement of the image of a reference
sample in the same radiograph. 3.1 For definitions of terms relating to this test method, refer
to Terminology E1316.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 4. Significance and Use
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
unsharpness is dependent upon the size of the source, the
with the standard.
distance between the source and the object to be radiographed,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the film or digital detector. This test method allows the user to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- determine the size of the source and to use this result to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- establish source to object and object to film or detector
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of
geometric unsharpness.
2. Referenced Documents NOTE 1—The European standard CEN EN 12579 describes a simplified
2.1 ASTM Standards: procedure for measurement of source sizes of Ir-192, Co-60 and Se-75.
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio- The resulting source size of Ir-192 is comparable to the results obtained by
this test method.
graphic Film Processing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 5. Apparatus
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
5.1 Subject Iridium-192 Source, the source size of which is
Industrial Radiography
to be determined. The appropriate apparatus and equipment for
E2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of
the safe storage, handling, and manipulation of the subject
Computed Radiology Systems
source, such as a radiographic exposure device (also referred to
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-
as a gamma ray projector or camera), remote control, source
tal Detector Arrays
guide tube, and source stop are also required.
5.2 Reference Sample (see Figs. 1-3)—The reference sample
shall be of material which is not radioactive. The recom- --`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
mended material is Iridium. However, substitutes such as

platinum, tungsten or other material of similar radiopacity may
be used. The sample should be of the same geometric shape as
the subject source, should be approximately the same size as
398
FIG. 1 Reference Sample in Standard Source Encapsulation
FIG. 2 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
FIG. 3 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
the subject source, and should be positioned on or within a 5.4 Film systems—Only film systems having cognizant
shim or envelope to simulate the source capsule wall. The engineering organization approval or meeting the system class
resulting radiographic contrast, with reference to adjacent requirements of Test Method E1815, for system classes I, II or
background density of the image of the reference sample, Special, shall be used. Selection of film systems should be
should be approximately the same as that of the subject source. determined by such factors as the required radiographic quality
The actual dimensions of the reference sample should be level, equipment capability, materials and so forth. The film
determined to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). system selected shall be capable of demonstrating the required
5.3 X-ray Generator, capable of producing a radiation image quality. No intensifying screens shall be used. Radio-
intensity (roentgen per hour at one metre) at least ten times graphic films shall be processed in accordance with Guide
greater than that produced by the subject source. Examples of E999.
typical X-ray generator output requirements that satisfy this 5.5 Image Measurement Apparatus—This apparatus is used
criterion are presented in Table 1. to measure the size of the image of the spot. The apparatus
shall be an optical comparator with built-in graticule with 0.1
mm divisions or 0.001 in. divisions and magnification of 5× to
TABLE 1 Examples of Typical X-ray Generator Output 10×.
Requirements for Related Iridium192 Source Activities
5.6 Digital Detectors—Digital detectors, which are either
Subject Iridium192 Source Typical X-ray Generator
Radiation Output Requirements imaging plates or digital detector arrays, may be used as film
Activity Output replacement. The digital detector shall possess a pixel pitch
Potential Current
(Curie) (R/h at 1 m) which is at least 40 times smaller than the nominal source size
to measure and a basic spatial resolution smaller than 1⁄20 of the
30 14.4 160 kV 5 mA nominal source size. The basic spatial resolution shall be
or 200 kV 3 mA
100 48.0 160 kV 10 mA measured in accordance with the procedure of Practice E2597
or 250 kV 4 mA for DDAs or Practice E2445 for the imaging plate scanner
200 96.0 160 kV 20 mA system or taken from manufacturer statements. In the area of
or 250 kV 8 mA
or 300 kV 6 mA free beam a detector SNRD > 100 shall be achieved. The
measurement procedure of the SNR shall be in accordance with
399
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

the procedure of Practice E2597 for DDAs or Practice E2445

for the imaging plate scanner system.
5.7 Evaluation of Digital Images—Digital images shall be
evaluated by an image processing software with contrast,
brightness, profile and zoom function. The digital images shall
be magnified at the monitor to a degree that allows the image
viewing with at least one pixel of the image at one pixel of the
monitor.
6. Procedure
6.1 Set up the exposure arrangement as shown in Figs. 4-7.
Position the X-ray tube directly over the center of the film or
digital detector. The film or detector plane must be normal to
the central ray of the X-ray beam. The X-ray spot should be
0.90 m (36 in.) from the film or detector. Position the reference FIG. 5 Typical Arrangement Using a Specially Designed Guide
sample and apparatus used to locate the subject source (source Tube
stop) as close together as possible and directly over the center
of the film or detector. The plane of the source stop and
reference sample must be parallel to the film or detector and
normal to the central ray of the X-ray beam. The source stop
and reference sample should be 0.15 m (6 in.) from the film or
detector. The source stop should be connected to the radio-
graphic exposure device by the shortest source guide tube
practicable in order to minimize fogging of the film or detector
during source transit.
6.2 Place identification markers to be imaged on the film or
detector to identify, as a minimum, the identification (serial
number) of the subject source, the size of the reference sample,
the identification of the organization performing the FIG. 6 Typical Arrangement Using a Standard Guide Tube and
determination, and the date of the determination. Care should Special Positioning Fixture
be taken to ensure that the images of the subject source and
reference sample will not be superimposed on the image of the does not exceed 3.0 and that the density difference between the
identification markers. image of the reference sample and the image of the envelope
6.3 Exposure—Select the X-ray tube potential (kV), X-ray surrounding the reference sample is at least 0.10. In digital
tube current (mA) and exposure time such that the density in images the linear grey value difference between the image of
the image of the envelope surrounding the reference sample the reference sample and the image of the envelope surround-
ing the reference sample shall be five times larger than the
image noise s(s = standard deviation of the grey value
fluctuations in an area of homogeneous exposure, measured in
a window of at least 20 by 55 pixels) in a homogeneous
neighbor area.
NOTE 2—The actual parameters that will produce acceptable results
may vary between X-ray units, and trial exposures may be necessary.
6.3.1 Energize the X-ray generator and, at the same time,
manipulate the subject source into the exposure position in the
source stop. It is important that this be performed as quickly as
possible to minimize fogging of the film or detector.
6.3.2 At the conclusion of the exposure time, deenergize the
X-ray generator and, at the same time, return the subject source
to the proper shielded storage position.
6.3.3 Process the film or read out the digital detector array
or scan the imaging plate.
7. Measurement of Source Dimensions
7.1 When viewing the film radiograpgh, view it with suffi-
cient light intensity for adequate viewing. Using an optical
FIG. 4 Typical Exposure Arrangement comparator with built-in graticule as described in 5.5, measure
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400
FIG. 7 Typical Arrangement Using Reference Sample Positioning Device
the linear dimensions of the image of the spot size of the

subject source and the reference sample. Take measurements
from the perceptible edges of the image. When performing the FIG. 9 Sphere
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
physical measurements with the optical comparator, the actual

measured values shall be to the nearest graduation on the
graticule scale being used.
7.2 When viewing the digital image, view it in a darkened
room and use a bright monitor with at least 250 cd/m2. Use the
profile function of the image processing software for size
measurement in digital images after proper brightness and
contrast adjustment.
7.3 The source size for a given technique is the maximum
projected dimension of the source in the plane perpendicular to
a line drawn from the source to the object being radiographed.
Therefore, sufficient measurements of the image of the Iridium
must be made to determine the size of the source in any
orientation. Sections 7.4-7.7 serve as examples. FIG. 10 Nonuniform Cylindrical Stack
7.4 Uniform Right Circular Cylinder (see Fig. 8)—

Determine the source size of a uniform right circular cylindri-
cal source by measuring the diameter, d, the height, h, and the dimension, m, as illustrated in Fig. 10 and computing the actual
diagonal, m, as illustrated in Fig. 8 and computing the actual dimensions as described in 8.1.
dimensions as described in 8.1. 7.7 Separated Stack of Right Circular Cylinders (see Fig.
7.5 Sphere (see Fig. 9)—Determine the size of a spherical 11)—Determine the size of a separated stack of right circular
source by measuring the diameter, d, as illustrated in Fig. 9 and cylindrical components of a source by measuring the intrinsic
computing the actual dimension as described in 8.1. diameter, d, the effective height, h, and the effective maximum
dimension, m, as illustrated in Fig. 11 and computing the actual
7.6 Nonuniform Stack of Right Circular Cylinders (see Fig. dimensions as described in 8.1.
10)—Determine the size of a nonuniform stack of right circular
cylindrical components of a source by measuring the intrinsic
diameter, d, the height, h, and the effective maximum
FIG. 8 Uniform Right Circular Cylinder FIG. 11 Separated Cylindrical Stack
401
8. Calculation and Evaluation the determination was made, a description of the shape of the
8.1 Measure the linear dimension of interest in the subject source (or an appropriate sketch), and the calculated actual
source image and measure the same linear dimension in the dimensions. The actual radiograph should accompany the
reference sample image (that is, the diameter of each). The report.
actual dimension of the subject source is computed from the 10. Precision and Bias
following:
10.1 Precision—It is not possible to specify the precision of
a 5 bc/d
the procedure in this test method for measuring the size of
where: Iridium-192 radiographic sources because round robin testing
a = actual dimension of the subject source, has not yet been accomplished.
b = actual dimension of the reference sample, 10.2 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of
c = measured dimension of the subject source image, and the procedure in this test method for measuring the size of
d = measured dimension of the reference sample image. Iridium-192 radiographic sources because round robin testing
has not yet been accomplished.
9. Report
9.1 A report of the size of an Iridium-192 source should 11. Keywords
indicate the model number and serial number of the source, the 11.1 cylinder(s); Iridium 192; radiographic source; refer-
name of the organization making the determination, the date ence sample; source size; sphere
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402
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF

FOCAL SPOTS OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY TUBES BY
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PINHOLE IMAGING
ð13Þ
SE-1165
403

Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by
Pinhole Imaging
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method provides instructions for determining 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the length and width dimensions of line focal spots in industrial E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This determination is based on the graphic Film Processing
measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been
radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” projection/imaging 3. Terminology
technique. 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 actual focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
NOTE 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes
whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV. target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the target
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surface (see Fig. 2).

1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results on 3.1.2 effective focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011 in.). target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the tube axis
(See Note 2.) in the center of the X-ray beam (see Fig. 2).
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal 3.1.3 line focal spot—a focal spot whose projected pinhole
focal spot dimensions. image consists primarily of two curved lines (see Fig. 3).
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the
4. Significance and Use
presence or extent of focal spot damage or deterioration that
may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the 4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radio- image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
graph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the radiation
resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like. source, the distance between the source and the object to be
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the radiographed, and the distance between the object to be
standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only. radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to use this
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the result to establish source to object and object to film distances
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- unsharpness.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
404
should be X-ray machine identity (that is, make and serial

number), organization making the radiograph, and date of
exposure.
6.3 Adjust the kilovoltage and milliamperage settings on the
X-ray machine to that specified in Table 3.
6.4 Expose the film such that the density of the darkest
portion of the focal spot image conforms to the limits specified
in Table 4. Density measurement shall be as illustrated in Fig.
FIG. 1 Pinhole Diaphragm Design 8. Density shall be controlled by exposure time only.
6.5 Process the film in accordance with Guide E999.
5. Apparatus 6.6 Focal Spot Measurement:
5.1 Pinhole Diaphragm—The pinhole diaphragm shall con- 6.6.1 Back Lighting—Back lighting shall be such that the
form to the design and material requirements of Table 1 and focal spot image can be easily and comfortably viewed.
Fig. 1. 6.6.2 Place the magnification graticule (handheld optical
5.2 Camera—The pinhole camera assembly consists of the comparator) in intimate contact with the film for the measure-
pinhole diaphragm, the shielding material to which it is affixed, ment determination. Determine an imaginary “box” that rep-
and any mechanism that is used to hold the shield/diaphragm in resents the perceptible edges of the focal spot image (see Fig.
position (jigs, fixtures, brackets, and the like; see Fig. 4). 9(a) for the extremities measurement.
5.3 Film—Industrial type extra fine grain. No intensifying 6.6.3 Measure the focal spot image in two directions (see
screens are to be used. The film shall be processed in Fig. 9(b)):
accordance with Guide E999. 6.6.3.1 Direction A—Parallel to the axis of the tube.
5.4 Image Measurement Apparatus—This apparatus is used 6.6.3.2 Direction B—Perpendicular to the axis of the tube.
to measure the size of the image of the focal spot. The 7. Calculation of Results
apparatus shall be an optical comparator with built-in graticule
with 0.1 mm or .001 in., or both divisions and magnification of 7.1 Multiply the measured “A” direction dimension by a
53 to 103 (or equivalent). correction factor of 0.7 to determine the actual “A” dimension
(see Notes 4 and 5). The measured “B” direction dimension is
6. Procedure representative of actual size.
6.1 If possible, use a standard 91.44 cm (36 in.) focal spot NOTE 4—The need for the 0.7 fractional multiplier for correction of the
to film plane distance (FFD) for all exposures. If machine measured image length arises from the fact that the lengthwise distribution
geometry or accessibility limitations will not permit the use of of energy in the focal spots of line-focus tubes tends to be peaked in the
a 91.44 cm (36 in.) FFD, use the maximum attainable FFD (in center and diminishes gradually to zero at the ends. Hence, the effective
these instances adjust the relative distances between focal spot, length, (that is, resultant effect on radiographic definition and film density
distribution) cannot be stated as equal to the measured length.
pinhole, and film accordingly to suit the image enlargement
NOTE 5—European standard EN 12543-2 describes a similar x-ray
factors specified in Table 2). The distance between the focal focal spot measurement method (pin-hole method), but does not use the
spot and the pinhole is based on the nominal size of the focal “0.7” correction factor described within this standard. EN 12543-2, at the
spot being measured and the desired degree of image enlarge- time of this revision, has a range of applications considered beyond the
ment (see Fig. 5). The specified focal spot to pinhole distance scope of E1165. International users of these standards should be aware of
(FHD) for the different nominal focal spot size ranges is this difference for their particular applications.
provided in Table 2. Position the pinhole such that it is within 7.2 If an image enlargement technique was used, divide the
61° of the central axis of the X-ray beam. Fig. 6 illustrates a “A” and “B” direction measurements by the pertinent enlarge-
typical focal spot exposure arrangement. ment factor to obtain actual focal spot size (see Fig. 5 and Table
NOTE 3—The accuracy of the pinhole system is highly dependent upon 2).
the relative distances between (and alignment of) the focal spot, the
8. Report
pinhole, and the film. Accordingly, specially designed apparatus may be
necessary in order to assure compliance with the above requirements. Fig. 8.1 A report documenting the focal spot size determination
7 provides an example of a special collimator that can be used to ensure should include the machine model number and serial number,
conformance with the 61° alignment tolerance. Some other standards the X-ray tube serial number, the focal spot(s) that was
impose very stringent alignment requirements and express these require- measured (some machines have dual focal spots), the set-up
ments in terms of radial tolerances. These documents do not, however,
and exposure parameters (for example, kilovoltage, milliamps,
address any means for assuring compliance with such tolerances. In order
to simplify the focal spot radiography technique and to improve the enlargement factor, and the like), date, name of organization,
overall practicality of the procedure, it is considered that a workable and estimated beam time hours (if available).
alignment tolerance, and a means of assuring conformance with that
tolerance, is appropriate. Accordingly, this standard addresses tolerances 9. Precision and Bias
in angular terms and provides a method for assuring compliance with 9.1 Conformance to the requirements specified herein will
these tolerances. This provides a practical means of meeting the precision produce results that are within the following tolerances:
and bias requirements of Section 9. 9.1.1 Technique—The technique requirements specified
6.2 Position the film as illustrated in Fig. 6. The exposure herein will produce a focal spot image whose size is 65 % of
identification appearing on the film (by radiographic imaging) the actual effective focal spot size.
405 --`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 2 Actual/Effective Focal Spot
NOTE 1—During the production of X-rays the electrons are accelerated from the filament to the target in two separate paths (see Sketch 1). Electrons
emitted at the front of the filament travel primarily along Path A, and electrons emitted at the backside of the filament travel primarily along Path B. Note
that these two paths intersect at a certain point; this is the point at which the target is positioned. As a result, the pinhole picture of the focal spot shows
two lines that correspond with the intersections of Paths A and B at the target (see Sketch 2).
FIG. 3 Line Focal Spot
9.1.2 Measurement—The measurement requirements speci- 10. Keywords

fied herein will produce results that are within the tolerances:
10.1 focal spots; pinhole camera; pinhole imaging; X-ray;
Nominal Focal Spot Size, mm (in.) Measurement Tolerances
X-ray tube
0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.046) incl 630 %
>1.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) incl 625 %
>2.5 (0.097) 620 %
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406
TABLE 1 Pinhole Diaphragm Design Requirements (Dimension)A

NOTE 1—The pinhole diaphragm shall be made from one of the following materials:
(1) An alloy of 90 % gold and 10 % platinum,
(2) Tungsten,
(3) Tungsten carbide,
(4) Tungsten alloy,
(5) Platinum and 10 % Iridium Alloy, or
(6) Tantalum.
Nominal Dimension of Nominal Diameter of Diaphragm Required “D” and “L” Dimensions, mm (in.)
Focal Spot, mm (in.)B Opening, mm (in.) D L
0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.046) incl 0.030 (0.0011) 0.030 6 0.005 0.075 6 0.010
(0.0011 6 0.0002) (0.0029 6 0.0004)
>1.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) incl 0.075 (0.0029) 0.075 6 0.005 0.350 6 0.010
(0.0029 6 0.0002) (0.014 6 0.0004)
>2.5 (0.097) 0.100 (0.0039) 0.100 6 0.005 0.500 6 0.010
(0.00396 0.0002) (0.02 6 0.0004)
A
See Fig. 1.
B
Nominal focal spot dimensions may be obtained from the X-ray tube manufacturer.
FIG. 4 Pinhole Camera (Typical)
TABLE 2 Image Enlargement Factors

Distance Between
Nominal Focal Spot Enlargement Focal
Size, mm (in.) Factor Spot and Pinhole
(FHD), cm (in.)A
0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.046) incl 33 22.9 (9)
>1.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) incl 23 30.5(12)
>2.5 (0.097) 13 45.7(18)
A
When using a technique that entails the use of enlargement factors and a
91.44 cm (36 in.) focal spot to film distance (FFD) is not possible (see 6.1), the
distance between the focal spot and the pinhole (FHD) shall be adjusted to suit the
actual focal spot to film distance (FFD) used (for example, if a 61 cm (24 in.) FFD
is used, the FHD shall be 15.25 cm (6 in.) for 33 enlargement, 20.32 cm (8 in.) for
23 enlargement, and the like).
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 407
FFD = 91.44 cm (36 in.)

FHD = 22.86 cm (9 in.) for 33 enlargement
30.48 cm (12 in.) for 23 enlargement
45.72 cm (18 in.) for 13 enlargement
Note—See 6.1 and Table 1 if a 91.44 cm (36 in.) FFD is not achievable.
FIG. 5 Schematic of FHD/FFD Relationship
FIG. 6 Exposure Set-Up Schematic
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408
(a) Plan
(b) Function
FIG. 7 Alignment Collimator
TABLE 3 Test Voltage and Current

kVp Rating Voltage To Be Used Current To Be Used
of X-Ray for Focal Spot for Focal Spot
Machine Radiography Radiography
#75 kV maximum rated voltage
>75 kV to 150 kV 75 kV 50 % of maximum permis-
sible current at the test
voltage utilized
>150 kV 50 % of maximum rated
voltage
TABLE 4 Density Range for Darkest Area of Focal Spot Image

(See Fig. 8)
Transmission
For images whose minimum For images whose minimum
Densitometer
dimension is less than dimension is greater than
Aperture Diam-
2 mm (0.078 in.) 2 mm (0.078 in.)
eter, mm (in.)
1 (0.039) 0.8 to 2.0 density 1.0 to 3.0 density
2 (0.078) 0.5 to 1.8 density 1.0 to 3.6 density
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
409
Note—For instances where the focal spot image is larger than the densitometer aperture, measure the density in several places to determine the darkest area.
Note—For instances where the focal spot image is smaller than the densitometer aperture, center the focal spot image in the densitometer aperture area.
FIG. 8 Focal Spot Density Measurement
--`,,,`,`,``,``,,`,``,`,`,`,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Imaginary “Box” That Represents the Perceptible Edges of the Focal Spot Image
(b) Measurement Direction

FIG. 9 Focal Spot Image
410
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR RADIOSCOPY
ð13Þ
SE-1255
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411

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2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 22, SE-94

STANDARD GUIDE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 94-04(2010).)

Standard Guide for

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

2.2 ANSI Standards: 5.1.5 Film system class,

Requirements of Cabinet X-Ray Systems

Monel 1.7 1.2

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

Radiographic Image Quality

FIG. 1 Variables of Radiographic Image Quality

mm)). Graininess is the subjective perception of a mottled U g 5 Ft/d o (1)

FIG. 3 Nomogram for Determining Geometrical Unsharpness (Inch-Pound Units)

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

FIG. 4 Nomogram for Determining Geometrical Unsharpness (Metric Units)

17.2.1 Description, photo, or sketch of the test object

17.2.4 Film type, 19.2 Location Markers:

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

X1. USE OF FLUORESCENT SCREENS

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN, MANUFACTURE

(Identical with ASTM Specification E747-04(2010).)

Standard Practice for

1. Scope N06045, and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-

2. Referenced Documents 4. Wire IQI Requirements

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1

FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2

FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1

7.2.5 Materials Group 2: 7.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 %

FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2

FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2

FIG. 7 Set D/Alternate 1

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

FIG. 8 Set D/Alternate 2

A1. ALTERNATE IQI IDENTIFICATION

FIG. A1.2 Set A/Alternate 2

FIG. A1.4 Set B/Alternate 2

FIG. A1.5 Set C/Alternate 1

FIG. A1.6 Set C/Alternate 2

FIG. A1.7 Set D/Alternate 1

FIG. A1.8 Set D/Alternate 2

TABLE A1.1 Penetrameter Sizes

X1. CALCULATING OTHER EQUIVALENTS

STANDARD GUIDE FOR CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF

(Identical with ASTM Specification E999-05.)

STANDARD GUIDE FOR

(Identical with ASTM Speciﬁcation E 999-05.)

1. Scope E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-

1.4 If a nondestructive testing agency, as described in 4. Signiﬁcance and Use

7. Processing the solution to be seasoned. Use three 14 by 17-in. (35 by

accidental breakage could result in serious mercury contamination.

Copyright ASME International (BPVC)

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DESIGN, MANUFACTURE,

(Identical with ASTM Specification E1025-11.)

Standard Practice for

1. Scope E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-

2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology

from materials or alloys identified or listed in accordance with

NOTE 1—Tolerances for IQI thickness and hole diameter.

FIG. 1 IQI Design

4.1.3.2 The IQI’s shall be identified as specified in 4.1.5 to

TABLE 1 Typical Image Quality Levels