Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

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Measurement: Sensors
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A review on miniature bio-implant antenna performance enhancement and

impact analysis on body fluids in medical application
Muthukumara Rajaguru Kattiakara Muni Samy , Abhishek Gudipalli *
School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Nowadays, the attention is on building an efficient and constantly evolving healthcare system for the human
Bio-medical sensors body is keep on increasing. Implantable devices introduced with pacemakers have become more phenomenal in
Body fluids the health care system nowadays. This paper discusses the recent advancements in bio-implanted antennas and
Industrial scientific medical band
various antenna structures proposed by investigators for biomedical applications. It also summarises the design
Medical implanted communication system
band
need, antenna structures, dimensions, and features in the Medical Implanted Communication System band and
Micro strip antenna Industrial Scientific Medical band. The antenna is implanted into the human body and embedded with a bio-
medical sensor. The signal from the sensor is radiated by the antenna outside of the body to be analyzed by
the receiver. Bio-implanted antennas based on microstrip structure have a negative gain (low radiation) due to
body fluids. The motto of the review paper is to deliver attention for production with subjects related to
Biocompatibility, Miniaturization, Biomedical sensors with implanted antenna, and increased quality of
communication with an external receiver. It also highlights and focuses on the gain improvement of the
microstrip antenna within the human body to get effective radiation. Moreover, the several experimental setups
of the bio-implanted antenna with biomedical sensors are summarised in many biomedical applications such as
glucose, deep brain stimulation, endoscopy, laparoscopy, pacemaker, temperature and blood pressure monitor.

1. Introduction Implantable devices are currently utilized to create a virtual envi­

Antennas are a fundamental principle of implantable medical ma­
terials used in increasing operations for checking physiological criteria
and wireless connection with other in-body or off-body devices [1]. In
current biomedical research efforts, an implantable antenna signifi­
cantly improves a patient’s health and life. The function of implantable
antennas in the MICS band (401 MHz–406 MHz) [2] and ISM band (2.45
GHz–2.48 GHz) [3], to name a few Radios frequency and electromag­
netic field applications [4].
In the biomedical domain, the bio-implanted device, surgically
implanted in the human body, performs various diagnostic and thera­
peutic functions and reliably transmits biological and physiological
signals to the health care system’s exterior monitoring and controlling
unit.
The voyage of biomedical implants began in the early 1960s with the
development of Medtronic’s wearable and battery-powered pacemakers,
shown in Fig. 1, which has changed the lives of millions of patients today
[5].
ronment for stimulating, monitoring, and diagnosing the body’s
numerous organs. The implanted sensors operate on the electrochemical
sensing concept, in which sensors create proportional voltage/current to
heart pressure, Ph, and glucose. This temperature communicates this
data to the base station via an antenna [6].
Biocompatibility, Miniaturization, High-quality, Safety of patient,
and connection with external apparatus have all piqued scientific in­
terest in developing implanted microstrip antennas. Mathematical and
experimental studies are also fascinating below is a list of these con­
cerns, followed by a discussion of how they have been addressed in the
literature consulted for this study. The research focuses on the design
and development of a microstrip antenna that will be inserted into a
human body and analyses many factors, including radiation patterns,
return loss, gain, and polarization, as well as the impact on bodily fluids.
Due to bodily fluids, bio-implanted antennas have a negative gain (poor
radiation). Additionally, concentrate on increasing the gain of the
microstrip antenna connected to the human body to obtain efficient
radiation that will allow the signal to be carried over a greater distance.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abhishek.g@vit.ac.in (A. Gudipalli).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2023.100849
Received 18 January 2023; Received in revised form 7 May 2023; Accepted 25 June 2023
Available online 4 July 2023
2665-9174/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli
Fig. 1. Self-powered pacemaker.
2. Requirements for implanted antenna design
2.1. Biocompatible and encapsulation in embedded antenna
Biocompatibility is also an essential aspect of implanted antennas.
Because human body tissues are electrically conductive, the antenna
would be short-circuited if it came into direct contact with them. To
ensure biocompatibility, two ways are typically utilized. The first is to
fabricate the antenna out of biocompatible material, and the second is to
encase the antenna in a Biocompatible Superstrate. A few materials in
biocompatible used in the design of implantable antennas are included
in graph Fig. 2.
The Ceramic substrates, on the other hand, are challenging to drill
and cut around. Because of its Electromagnetic characteristics, zirconia
is a preferred choice for Bio-Encapsulation [7].
2.2. Miniaturization of implanted antenna
The miniature of implanted antenna discusses the different shapes
and sizes of operating two different frequencies like ISM and MICS band.
Circular-shaped multi-facet planner inverted -f antenna [8] for initial
detection of uterine fibroids at operating frequency in the ISM band at
2.43 GHz, and the dimensions of the antenna has a 7.5 mm radius, 7.5 ×
2 × 1.58 mm3 Volume, and a maximum Return Loss of 37 dB Circular
shaped multi-facet planner inverted antenna shown in Fig. 3. To analyse
Fig. 2. Graphical representation of biocompatible materials and their dielectric
constant and tangent loss.
2
Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849
the antenna parameters from the biocompatible material injected in
uterus phantom model. Evaluate the parameters such as SAR, reflection
coefficient, and radiation pattern.
Internal and external antenna sizes are 10.25 × 10.25 × 1.27 mm3
and 11.1 × 11.1 × 1.27 mm3 [9]. The design of an antenna operating in
the ISM band with dual resonant frequencies ranges from 915 MHz to
2450 MHz. To test the antenna on two cases of air and fresh streaky meat
in analysis by CST software to produce the results are reflection coeffi­
cient and SAR. The estimated bandwidth of − 10 dB using a human
phantom in a three-layer indicates that internal and exterior antennas
have attained bandwidths between 870 and 970 MHz and 2.38–2.47
GHz. The testing of antenna design and evaluation of electrical prop­
erties for them to be inserted into pork meat. The antenna results to be
calculated simulated antenna gains are 2.54 and 3.39 dBi [10].
The tiny MLPA (Meandered Line Patch Antenna) has overall di­
mensions of 10 × 16 × 1.59 mm3. Serpentine radiator-based implanted
antenna with a modified Hilbert fractal shape that operates at dual-band
MICS (402 MHz–405MHz) and ISM (2.45 GHz–2.48 GHz) and di­
mensions are (Width x Height x Thickness = 5.5 mm × 7.6 mm x 0.8
mm) [11]. They reproduced inside a 4-layer model like muscle, fat, skin,
and air with a dimension is 150 mm × 75 mm x 55 mm. It is to use a
superstrate of biocompatibility of material ZIRCONIA (ϵr = 29), and a
shorting pin has been used. At the same time, wireless telemetry trans­
mission was accomplished via MICS. The analysis of transmission
characteristics by applying the numerical finite element methods to
provide the results of our specific absorption rate (SAR), the radiation
pattern is simulated in 3D. Still, the gain is not measured in this system.
Implanted antenna with circular polarization under bands like an
antenna to operate in both bands like 2.45(GHz) in ISM and 1.4(GHz) in
WMTS [10,12,43] with proper feeding scheme [12]. Including radiation
and characteristics of CP calculate the bandwidth in WMTS and ISM
bandsat10.38% and 21.3%, respectively. Rogers 3010 is both a substrate
and superstrate material to analyse the antenna shape. Using commer­
cial software Ansys HFSS [18,38,50] gain values are measured as 32dBi
and − 31. 6dBi. The dual-band antenna performance is attractive to the
advantages of compact size, but gain is applicable for the 3.5 m trans­
mission range.
Compact microstrip patch antenna design operated in 1.5 GHz and
2.4 GHz [13] with a Planar Inverted-F shape shown in Fig. 4. Dimensions
of the compact microstrip patch antenna and planar Inverted-F antenna
7 × 6. 93 × 0.63 mm and 28 mm × 24 mm x 1.43 mm) enhance the
bandwidth element at a lower resonant frequency at 1.45 GHz added to
Rogers RT/Druid 6010 (h = 0.635 mm, r = 10.2) substrate. Dattatreya
Gopi et al. [14] proposed the design and analysis of implantable
conformal patch antennas for medical purposes, and the dimensions are
24 × 22 × 0.007 mm3. The antenna structure is tested for a single-layer
human muscle phantom model. The polyimide substrate used in this
antenna with a dielectric constant is 3.5, and tangent loss is 0.008. The
SAR achieved in this model but testing the antenna under specific
standards.
Implanted antenna with a spiral shape in microstrip patch in ISM
band 2.4-2.45GHZ [15] including dimensions 29 mm × 21 mm X 1.63
mm with a single feed point, and using FR04 material [4,6,24,45] with
dielectric constant 4.4 simulations on HFSS. The antenna analysis for
directivity was not used in the testing analysis. Further, it also proposes
that [16] operated at the ISM band (2400-2483.5 MHz) and MICS band
(402–405 MHz) and reached a peak gain value of − 33.1 in 400 MHz and
− 14.55 dB in 2.45 GHz. Measurements are taken in a dielectric probe kit
of Agilent 85070E, and a network analyzer is N9917A.
A biocompatible material, Rogers 6010 [5,19] (Tanδ = 0.0023, εr =
10.2), is used as a superstrate and substrate thickness of 1.27 mm. The
circularly polarised and implanted antenna proposed work in the ISM
band at 915 MHz [17]. Dimensions of on cubic skin phantom 130mmx
130 mm x 45.27 mm to produce the bandwidth 12.2% and 3-dB axial
(AR) bandwidth of 19.7%. Simulated findings in a cubic skin phantom of
the one-layer show a 12.2% impedance bandwidth and a 3-dB axial-ratio
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli
Fig. 3. Geometry of proposed (circular shaped multi-facet planner inverted -f) antenna top and bottom view.
Fig. 4. Planer Inverted –F shape antenna.
(AR) bandwidth of 19.7% to utilize the ROGERS RO3010 material (tan
= 0.0035, εr = 10.2,) with a thickness of 0.635which is used for both the
substrate and superstrate materials. The geometry of the cubic skin
phantom is shown in Fig. 5. The specific absorption rate is discussed in
this paper but should not consider the radiation pattern.
The small single antenna radiators are used for four elements of
multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) [18] in the ISM band at 2.4–2.8
Fig. 5. Cubic skin phantom geometry.
3
Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849
GHz. The MIMO [47] antenna has compact dimensions of 18.5 * 18.5 *
1.27 (mm3) and simulator ANSYS. Experimental analysis for a
three-layer phantom is integrated with Electromagnetic Bandgaps
(EBGs) with the isolation that is high in the ex-vivo test and produces
again of − 15.4 dB.
HyoungsukYoo et al. [19] established a used antenna that has bands
such as (433.1–434.8 MHz) and (2400 MHz-2483.5 (MHz)) in ISM and
402 MHz to 405 MHz in MICS, and 1520 MHz-1693MHz is midfield. The
proposed antenna has a compact dimension of 7 mm × 6.5 mm × 0.377
mm (17.15 mm3). At 402, 433, 1600, and 2450 MHz, the highest real­
ized gain values of the suggested structures are − 30.5dBi, − 30dBi,
− 22.6dBi, and − 18.2 dB, correspondingly. Fig. 6 shows the established
antenna’s gain versus frequencies characteristics.
A microstrip patch antenna is designed with circularly polarized (CP)
in the ISM band at 2.4-2.48 GHz [3] included that embedded in a lossy
material by addressing its total quality factor (QT) with dimensions of
40 mm × 40 mm and thickness of substrate h = 0.635 mm which ex­
hibits axial ratio is 3 dB. Compact dual-band antenna operating at
5.725–5.825 GHz frequency for 5.8G Wi-Fi (return loss S11< − 10 dB)
and 3.4–3.6 GHz for 5. Gallowing it to use 5G and Wi-Fi networks to link
IoT [20] dimensions of the entire antenna 14mmx14mm. Simulation on
antenna ENA series E5071C network analyzer with the substrate Rogers
RO4003C.
The tiny dual band ISM and MICS bands in implantable antenna in
wireless biotelemetry application [21] antenna sizes are 15 mm × 15
mm x 1.92 mm. In addition, the bandwidths are 24.81% at 403 MHz and
14.7% at 2.45 GHz, and also formed gain values at − 12.25 dBi and
Fig. 6. Graphical representation relationship in Gain and frequency.
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

− 12.4 dBi, respectively. Three layered human body models take the
numerical and experimental results. [22] proposed an implanted
biocompatibility material and a miniaturization work antenna in ISM
band 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. Poly dimethyl siloxane is a biocompatible
material, including tangent loss tan δ = 0.005 and dielectric constant εr
= 2.8. The substrate of Rogers 3210 (tan δ = 0.003, εr = 10.2) was tested
on simulation to reach the return loss on two resonance frequencies. For
instance, one and 2 are − 9.9 dB at 2.52 GHz and − 10.2 b dB at 2.5 GHz.
Design of microstrip patch antenna with ring-shaped at ISM band at
915 MHz [23] and dimensions of the patch antenna is 15 mm × 15 mm x
1.27 mm and found to have 10.6% impedance bandwidth. Rectangle
patch has developed in critical challenges in communication systems
and used the FR04 substrate [24]. The dimensions of an original patch
are separated into 10 × 10 small uniform rectangles (Pixels) using GA
(Genetic Algorithm) to change the resonant frequency is 4.9–2.16(GHz).
The pace of downsizing is up to 82%. To introduce in genetic algorithm
in individual populations to encode the bits. Tested and fabricated on an
antenna in a CNC machine. Miniature of an implanted antenna in an
In-body transceiver at 30 MHz in impulse radio technology (IR) and
Multi-pulse position modulation (MPPM) [25] approach to transmitting
data.
The implant transmits antenna dimensions have a diameter of 1 cm
and a length of 2 cm. However, in free space, the wavelength of the 30
MHz band signal is 10 m. Chang Won Jung et al. [1] operated at the
Medical Device Radio communications Service band (Med Radio band:
401–406 MHz) for medical implants. Dimensions of implant antenna 28
× 11.5 x 0.6 (193.2 mm3) and FR4 (εr = 4.4) substrate was used.
Established the antenna in head mountable brain stimulation device
with a volume of π × 6 × 1.584 mm3 [26] at 915 MHz resonant fre­
quency with an observed bandwidth of 18 MHz at 910–928 MHz and a
computed bandwidth of 18 MHz at 907–925 MHz. The return loss of 10
dB as a substrate of FR-4 has been concerned with the dielectric pa­
rameters δ = 0.02 and εr = 4. Square patch antenna in ISM band at 5.15
GHz with the help of complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) [27].
The performance of antenna bandwidth is 0.4%, reflection coefficient =
− 16 dB, and efficiency = 78% correspondingly using Rogers RT/Duroid
6002 of tan δ = 0.002, εr = 2.92, and height of ℎ = 0.762 mm is used for
the design.

Table 1
Different types of antenna design and their characteristics.
S. Ref. Antenna structure Band Dimensions and substrate Bandwidth, Gain, or Return loss
No

1. [1] Monopole antenna Med radio band 401–406 MHz 28mmx11.5mmx0.6 mm FR4 substrate peak gains are − 18.24 dB, − 18.04
dBi and − 17.94 dBi
2. [3] A microstrip patch antenna ISM (2.4-2.48 GHz) Rogers6010 40mmx40mm, diameter = 32 mm, height peak gain of 15.87 dBi, 10 dB ranges
for circularly polarized = 0.635 mm from 1.93 to 2.82 GHz (37.74%)
3. [8] Planner inverted-F antenna, ISM (2.43 GHz) Volume 7.5 × 2 × 1.58 mm3 Return loss 37 dB at 2.43 GHz
circular shaped.
4. [9] Miniature antenna ISM (2.38-2.47 GHz) Internal antenna(10.25mm × 10.25mm × 1.27 mm) Bandwidth
External antenna(11.1mm × 11.1mm × 1.27 mm) − 10dB
5. [10] MPLA (meandered line ISM(2.4 GHz), 10 × 16 × 1.59(mm3) Total gain 2.54dBi at 1.8GHZ and
implanted antenna) MICS (401–406 MHz), 3.39dBi at2.4 GHz
WMTS (608–614 MHz,
1395–1400 MHz and
1427–1432 MHz)
6. [11] Miniature antenna, MICS (402–405 MHz) 5.5mm × 7.6mm × 0.8 mm (In-body antenna) Gain values are-35.6 dBi at MICS
Hilbert fractal shape ISM (2.45-2.48 GHz) 5.8mm × 5.5mm × 0.8 mm (proposed antenna), and − 23 dBi at ISM
zirconia substrate
7. [12] Circular polarization ISM (2.45 GHz), WMTS 80mm × 80mm × 30mm 0.38% in 1.4 GHz and 21.3% in
(1.4 GHz) Rogers3010 substrate 2.45 GHz
8. [13] Microstrip patch antenna and ISM (2.4 GHz), WMTS 7 × 6.93 × 0.63(mm3) for MPA and28mm × Bandwidth 36%
planner inverted-F antenna (1.5 GHz) 24mmx1.43 mm in PLFA antenna, RogersRT/doruid
6010 substrate
9. [14] Implanted conformal patch ISM 2.41-2.81 GHz Polymide substrate, Gain − 19.6 dB
antenna 24 × 22 × 0.007 mm3
10. [15] Spiral microstrip antenna ISM (2.4-2.45 GHz) FR04substrate, 29mm × 21mm × 1.63 mm Bandwidth 0.83%
11. [16] Miniature implanted antenna MICS (402–405 MHz) Rogers 6010 substrate and superstrate Gain − 33.1(dB) in 400 MHz and
ISM (2400–2483 MHz) − 14.55 in MHz
12. [17] Miniature circularly ISM band Rogers RO 3010 12.2(percent) and 19.7(percent)
polarized antenna 130mm × 130mm × 45.27 mm
13. [18] Cross-shaped slot-etched ISM band (2.4–2.8 GHz) 18.5 × 18.5 × 1.27(mm3) Gain − 15.4 dB in 2.4 GHz
antenna
14. [19] Compact miniature antenna ISM (433.1–434.8 MHz) and 7mm × 6.5mm × 0.377 mm Gain values are − 30.5, − 30, − 22.6,
(2400–2483.5 MHz) − 18.2dBi
MICS (402–405 MHz)
15. [20] Compact dual-band antenna 3.4–3.6 GHz in 5G and 5.725- Rogers RO4003C substrate return losses at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz are
5.825 GHz in 5.8G Wi-Fi 14mmx14mm (Antenna size), less than − 10 dB
Length = 2 mm and width = 1 mm (substrate size)
16. [21] Tiny implanted antenna ISM (2.4-2.45 GHz) and MICS Rogers3210 substrate 24.81(percent)
(403 MHz) 15mm × 15mm × 1.92 mm At 403 MHz and 14.7 at 2.45 GHz,
gain values are − 12.25dBi and
− 12.4dBi
17. [21] Implanted patch antenna ISM (2.4-2.45 GHz) Poly dimethyl siloxane biocompatible material and Return loss-9.9 dB at2.52 GHz and
Rogers 3210 substrate − 10.2Db at2.5 GHz
18. [23] Microstrip patch antenna ISM band 15mm × 15mm × 1.27 mm (Miniature antenna) Impedance bandwidth 10.6
with circularly polarized (Percent)
19. [24] Miniature implanted patch Genetic algorithm 10mmx10mm (Rectangular patch) Gain 5.82 dB
antenna in rectangular FR04 substrate
shaped
20. [26] Miniature antenna 910–928 MHz 3.14mm × 6mm × 1.584 mm, FR4 substrate Return loss10 dB
21. [27] Miniature implanted in ISM band 5.15 GHz Rogers RT/Duroid6002 substrate, height = 0.762 mm, Bandwidth 0.4 (percent) and
square patch antenna CSRR, efficiency 78(Percent)

4
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli
Table 1 portrays the different antenna designs with their character­
istics and the substrate material used to propose the microstrip patch
antenna design with a spiral shape.
3. Different biomedical sensors with implanted antenna
Biomedical sensor with an implanted antenna in the medical appli­
cation of cardiac pacemaker [28] designed with an embedded compact
antenna that worked for the ISM band between 2.4 and 2.48 GHz.
Testing an antenna human tissue model. An antenna had applied Mag­
netic negative characteristics (MNG) in Rogers 6010 with testing on [5]
simulation on three model voxel model, human tissue, and surgical
implantation of the antenna had been infused to a rat. The interfacing of
the cardiac pacemaker for an implanted antenna is shown in Fig. 7.
Inside the human body [29] tiny loop antenna has been operated at
402.5 MHz simulation on a human phantom model.
Biomedical application in blood glucose level is in human body
measured by antenna [30]. The suggested antenna with biosensor
operated at MICS band 402 MHz–405 MHz. The obtained SAR is within
acceptable limits. The Vivo testing method is used in this system, and
values are note-using analyzer N99131. The experiments were con­
ducted in an animal model, like a rat, to continuous glucose monitoring,
but the animal died. Tiny implantable antenna [31] established with
dimensions of 8 mm * 8 mm * 1 mm. CST [7,34,36,40,45,50,51] and the
Microwave Studio software are used to model and antenna simulations.
A three-layer numerical phantom of the human body is created and used
in the CST Microwave Studio to test the antenna under implanted cir­
cumstances. Using high permittivity substrates and CSRR (Complimen­
tary Split-Ring Resonator) to Monitor Blood Glucose Levels (BGL) with
appropriate impedance matching in free space, a Resonant frequency
from the down ranges from 3.75 to 2.58 GHz.
Next concerning the biomedical application is brain sensors to detect
brain injuries and operate using the sensor [11]. A serpentine
radiator-based implant antenna with Hilbert fractal shape is presented
for MICS and ISM dual-band medical operations of frequency range
402–405(MHz) and 2.4–2.48(GHz). Simulation on Ansoft HFSS software
testing in human arm model.
The tiny implanted antenna with wide operational bandwidth and
broadside emission pattern [32]. The brain phantom of 7 layers,
encompassing white matter, Grey, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dura, bone,
fat, and skin used in PCB material for biocompatible, was built utilizing a
low-loss. A 7-layer brain phantom made of Semi-Solid ATE (Artificial
tissue-mimicking) materials serves as an antenna. Brain-machine inter­
face (BMI) connected to both internal and external antennae [33]. A
model with seven layers composed of white matter, grey matter,
Fig. 7. Interfacing in a cardiac pacemaker for implanted antenna.
5
Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dura, fat, bone, and skin. They are fabricated
on an implanted antenna, the materials on artificial tissue emulating in
the form of semisolid. The design of the brain phantom is compact and
lightweight with biocompatible material on Taconic RF-35. An
implanted antenna with interfacing the brain-machine is exposed in
Fig. 8.
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) play an essential role in
biomedical applications for monitoring the patient [34] designed an
implantable rectangular patch antenna that provides excellent results
and is highly flexible at the ISM band (2.4–2.483 GHz) with extremely
bent conditions. CST Microwave Studio was built and simulated under
FCC regulations for implanted medical devices that primarily employ RF
telemetry. In addition, IMDs in wireless telemetry systems [7]. Nano
RFID is proposed for Body-centric Wireless Networks (BCWNs). An
inductive link powers the sensor system, which includes a Ferrite an­
tenna, RFID tag, Glucose sensor, Potentiostat, Temperature Sensor, ADC,
and for signal processing in a digital baseband and CST. The exact role is
considered in the above review by Gurveer Kaur et al., [35]. In addition
to the pacemakers, functional electrical stimulators (FES),
cardioverter-defibrillators and cochlear and retinal implants. It sup­
ported MICS (402–405 MHz and 433.1–434.8 MHz) and ISM
(868-868.6 MHz, 902.8–928 MHz, and 2400–2500 MHz).
In tumour detection, biomedical applications are applied as indoor
scenarios. Human bodies produce signal fading and wireless propaga­
tion that reduces frequency from 300 MHz to 100 GHz. Simulation re­
sults were taken on CST software ITU-R propagation recommendations,
and prediction models are used in Indoor radio communication systems
[36]. From the above application, in addition to cardiovascular disor­
ders and ulcers in the human body are designed in a microstrip patch
antenna, which operates the ISM band at 2.45 GHz with a gain of 7 dB
for various medical and military applications [37] and tested for simu­
lation DCS, GSM, and UMTS, these approaches are included in this
system.
Implanted antenna with biomedical application monitoring the
pressure [10]. They can be adjusted to function between 363 MHz and
2.74 GHz, with the MICS, WMTS (Wireless Medical Telemetry Service),
and ISM radio bands being achieved. Endoscopy and blood pressure
readings antennas operate at 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz they are constructed
and evaluated in an in Vitro technique. Intracranial pressure in
biomedical applications [38], Implantable antenna systems have given
scope with a small footprint for biological applications. Biomedical
application is used to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) effectively.
Simulations utilizing the FEM (Finite Element Technique) and FDTD
(finite-difference time-domain). The FEM was achieved in Ansys HFSS
and FDTD approach in XFdtd REMCOM and Sim4Life HFSS.
Another biomedical application by using Implanted antenna is, A
printed Spiral-Shaped monopole antenna with a compact construction
Fig. 8. Brain-machine interface of implanted antenna.
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

has been presented [39]. Soft HFSS software was used to run the sim­ Table 2
ulations. Medical application patch antenna with differential feeding Biomedical antenna structure and application.
technique designed and realized at free space environment to radiate in S. Ref Antenna Application Testing method
ISM and MICS band [6] Sensors are to create voltage/current propor­ No structure
tional to pH, Temperature, Glucose, and Heart Pressure. According to 1. [2] Implantable Glucose, Cardiac Ansys HFSS
the idea of electrochemical sensing, the data is sent to the base station. planner dipole beat, Temperature,
The MICS band is a non-performer in simulations employing the same antenna, planar and blood pressure
structure on the low dielectric substrate FR04 (dielectric constant = inverted-F
antenna
4.5). It is proposed to experimentally test an implantable planar dipole 2. [6] Patch antenna pH, Temperature, Electromechanical
antenna for operation in the Medical Device Radiocommunications glucose, heart sensing and FR04
Services band using a liquid skin medium (401–406 MHz). Miniature pressure substrate
antennas are included inside IMDs to interact with receiving monitoring. 3. [7] Ferrite antenna Implantable Medical CST
devices (IMDs),
The parameters are glucose, cardiac beat, body temperature, and blood
Glucose sensors,
pressure [2]. Wireless data transport from implants to the outside world potentiostat,
requires implantable antennas. Smart implants can be used to monitor Temperature sensor
and identify the patient’s medical issues. The majority of the antenna 4. [10] Implantable Blood pressure Vitro technique
radiation is absorbed by the body’s tissues’ variable dielectric constant antenna
5. [11] Implanted Brain monitoring Human arm model,
and organ structures. As a result, inserting an antenna within the human antenna Hilbert Ansoft HFSS software
body is an extremely difficult process [61]. fractal shape
The above Table 2 depicts the different structures of the antenna, 6. [28] Implanted Cardiac pacemaker Simulation of human
with the various biomedical sensor inside the human body, and the compact tissue models
antenna
methods of testing with the biomedical sensor.
7. [5] Miniature Cardiac pacemaker Voxel model, human
antenna tissue model, surgical
4. Survey on the performance-enhanced factors that affect the implantation of the
implant antenna antenna into rat
8. [29] Tiny loop Pacemakers inside Human phantom
antenna the human body
4.1. Propagation inside the human body 9. [30] Multilayer Blood glucose levels KEYSIGHT FieldFox RF
meandered Analyser N99131, vivo
G. Narmadhaa et al. [40] designed an antenna with a circular patch miniature testing
with square fillet borders. The substrate of Roger 3010 has a 1.6 mm antenna
10. [31] Tiny Blood glucose levels CST
thickness and the Dielectric Permittivity at 10.2. An implantable an­
implantable
tenna was established in CPW-fed with an ISM at 2.45 GHz band fre­ antenna
quency to build using a network analyzer, and the antenna 11. [32] Tiny Brain sensor Brain phantom made of
characteristics have been tested and studied. CST simulates the planned implantable semisolid ATE
system (Computer simulation software). In human bodily fluids, the antenna
12. [33] Lightweight, Brain sensor Human skull model in
suggested patch antenna was built and tested. Deionized water, sodium compact Brain-Machine
chloride (NaCl), and sugar, among other things, are components of antenna Interface
human body liquids, as shown in Fig. 9. 13. [34] Implantable Implantable Medical CST
A new approach for creating large magnetic fields along two rectangular devices (IMDs),
patch antenna
orthogonal axes with a meandering loop antenna was given [41] and
14. [35] Implantable IMDs in Blood Canonical tissue
designed an implantable antenna on medical devices with sizes 10 mm antenna glucose sensors, models
× 5 mm. In terms of enhancing WPT and resilience to the misalignment temperature
issue and offers substantial benefits. Two meandered loop antennas are monitors,
created using the same method to make a pair of antennas that are Pacemakers, and
cardioverter
implantable and wearable that are interoperable. Compared to the defibrillators
suggested pair of standard antennas in a square loop. The revised design 15. [36] Miniature Tumor detection CST software, ITU-R
demonstrated excellent tolerance for misalignment in many directions antenna propagation models
and improved power transfer. Then, the rectenna was built with 10 mm, 16. [37] Microstrip patch Tumours, DCS, GSM, UMTS
antenna cardiovascular
and 5 mm rectifier circuits, then tailored to be utilized with the
disorders, and ulcers
implanted antenna. As a WPT system, the rectenna operates with a 17. [38] Implantable Intracranial pressure Ansys HFSS
wearable antenna. At input power levels ranging from 4 dB m to 10 dB antenna
m, this rectifier converts RF to DC and produces an efficiency ranging 18. [39] Printed spiral- Biomedical Simulations on Ansoft
from 50% to 70%. The antenna parameters are accessible only for shaped application HFSS
monopole
wearing the antenna in our body. antenna
Nicolas Mezieres et al. [42] proposed that the 3D characterization of
antenna radiating structures is more challenging. The theoretical sam­
pling requirement frequently results in the extended measurement of meandered spiral-shaped to radiate at ISM and WMTS band in a free
times, particularly for antennas on electrically massive objects. How­ space scenario as well, ROGERS 3010 substrate dimension of 11 × 11 x
ever, the position of the antenna under test has a significant impact on 1.28 (mm3) and Coaxial Fed. The design model contains a ground plane
the sampling requirements. Correctly positioning the antenna about the of 11 × 11(mm2), and the radiating patch is outlined on a substrate
measuring device can increase the low spatial frequency section of the (Rogers 3010) with a 10.2 dielectric constant r, and the thickness is 25
antenna’s spherical harmonic spectrum. Different structures radiate mil (0.635 mm). The implantable antennas are required for anISM band,
from an antenna in a satellite model. Using the Vector Spherical Har­ Miniaturized, Wireless Medical Telemetry Services, Skin phantom
monic (VSH) expansion tool, the proposed technique is verified for models, and Implantable medical devices (IMDs). Using
far-field and near-field simulations with antenna measurement. QUASI-NEWTON Optimization methods, the bandwidth range was
A.Valanarasi, R. et al. [43] implanted an antenna design in measured at − 10 dB from WMTS in the 1.395-1.44 GHz band and the

6
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

biotelemetry system was developed, was used to produce a human body

phantom model to analyse the biocompatibility of the antenna, as
mentioned earlier.
Four identical octagonal-shaped radiating elements and dual-band
rejection properties (corresponding WLAN and Wi-MAX bands of 5.5
GHz and 3.5 GHz) [46]. The planned MIMO antenna’s characteristics of
cross-polar and co-polar radiation (experimental and simulated) at fre­
quencies are 5 GHz, 9 GHz, and 14 GHz. Simulation necessitates using
phantoms related to the human body with electrical properties such as
mass conductivity and Permittivity to use human tissues that produce a
bulk density. It may be a viable option for base station terminals and
other wireless communication systems. Resistance bandwidth 9 MHz at
(from 398 MHz to 407 MHz) MICS band and 72 MHz at (from 2438 MHz
to 2510 MHz) ISM band [47]. Test antenna design was condensed in
substance block fetch in real human tissue. This implantable antenna
was designed for the MICS and ISM bands but this paper satisfied only
for the MICS band. Autonomous implantable bioelectronics requires
efficient radiating structures for data transfer and wireless power [48].
In this Letter, we assessed the trade-offs between the characteristics of
TM10 and TE10 sources and their attainable efficiencies to produce
optimum radiation at an operating frequency of 1.4 GHz. The extremely
Fig. 9. Experimental setup for implanted antenna. low efficiency associated with deep implant antennas was measured
using an implanted antenna measurement approach within a muscle
tissue-mimicking liquid phantom. Efficiency 0.06%, radiation 4.5 dB of
ISM band in the 2.3905 GHz–2.4512 GHz range. Table 3 shows the
an implanted antenna Omni [49]. The impact of the human body dis­
different substrates and software used for framing the antenna structure.
cussed above, the reviews of various losses and the software used to find
the losses are listed in Table 4
4.2. Impact of the effective wavelength
5. Process of fabrication and implementation of bio-implanted
Impact on effective wavelength in implanted antenna ineffective antenna
characteristics of antenna parameters are specified as reflection coeffi­
cient on microstrip antenna with a rectangular shape made of Flame 5.1. A fabrication process of implant antenna
Retardant 4(FR04) [44] with a 1.6 mm of thickness, 4.4 dielectric
constants, and is coaxially fed. With a Reflection Coefficient is less than Fabricated on implanted antenna consist of technology used in pro­
− 10 dB, the antenna has a bandwidth of 65 MHz (2.4880-2.4226 GHz). totypes are built to inspect the result in antenna characteristics. Slot-
Simulation taking over on CST microwave studio and analysing the data loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a lattice of 4
transmission of an antenna using feeding techniques then not used the × 4 square solar cells [50]. We developed antenna models with slots
testing for Vitro and Vivo methods. The human body impacts various (Ys-Y position of space) of 10.5, 7.5, 1.5, 4.5, and 10.5 using CST
tissues on the resonant frequencies, size, and reflection coefficient in the (Computer Simulation Technology) or ANSYS (mm). The CNC process
ISM and MICS [4] at 402–405 MHz and 2.4-2.48 GHz providing both optimization algorithms are also included in that. The on-chip antenna
information communication and energy transmission through wireless. was a tiny antenna that worked in the ISM band. An M6 layer with
Far-field Radiation Patterns at 403 (MHz) and 2.45 (GHz) and Reflection GSGSG pads was constructed using 0.18-μm standard CMOS technology.
Coefficients are − 23.70 dB and − 18.42 dB, respectively, as shown in A biotelemetry implanted antenna is used to create a representation of
Fig. 10. Simulation results are observed in varying five-layer tissue the human head [51].
layers (i.e., skin, fat, Muscle, bone, brain). The substrate and superstrate Ervin Sejdic et al. [52] proposed that several printed antenna to­
materials in the design of biocompatible antennae have been critical for pologies for Ultrahigh-Frequency (UHF) transcutaneous power transfer
the long term. to IMDare designed and estimated, and their impacts are investigated.
Furthermore, antenna characteristics of return loss on the microstrip- The results and the effects of tissue quality on dipole and loop topologies
patch antenna in rectangular shape with a length of 20 mm and width of have been easy to manufacture. To validate the simulation model to
30 mm were created with the CST, and the band range is 402–405 MHz provide the reflection coefficient in the human tissue model. Given that
[45]. To maintain a 0.5 mm thickness throughout, FR04 was used as the both frequency and tissue qualities impact antenna electrical size and
substrate. CST Microwave Studio determined the Return Loss as wavelength within the tissue, variations in gain caused by changes in
− 12.430 dB at 453.7 MHz and analyzed it using an ENA network tissue properties are predicted to be similar to differences in gain caused
analyzer. The CST microwave studio, where the antenna for the by changes in frequency.
Dong-WookSeo et al. [53] proposed a rectangular spiral-shaped
implantable antenna designed for medical telemetry at 402–405 MHz
Table 3
Antenna structure with substrate used to frame.
of the MICS band, shown in Fig. 11. The performance characteristics of
the antenna for the fabrication process using a quartz glass substrate.
S. Antenna structure Band Substrate or software Ref
Measured the resonant characteristics for simulation and − 10dB fre­
No
quency band at 398–420 MHz frequency range.
1. Circular-shaped ISM 2.45 CST [41] In above reviews fabricated on the antenna in different technologies
patch antenna GHz
2. Miniature antenna 30 MHz Far-field and near-field in [42]
are described in Table 5:
Vector Spherical Harmonic
3. Implanted antenna ISM and Rogers 3010substrate Quasi- [43] 5.2. Verification of implant antenna
in spiral-shaped WMTS newton optimization
techniques
An implantable antenna was designed and experimentally tested

7
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

Fig. 10. 2D Radiation pattern.

Table 4 Table 5
Antenna structure and software used to find the losses. Technology used to fabricate antenna.
S. Ref Antenna structure Losses Software S. No Ref Fabrication technologies
No
1. [50] CST (Computer Simulation Technology), CNC process
1. [4] Microstrip patch Return loss − 23.70 Db HFSS 2. [51] CMOS technologies and CST
antenna in and − 18.42 dB 3. [52] UHF antenna topologies
rectangular shaped Reflection coefficients 4. [53] Quart glass substrate
are − 23.70 dB in 403
MHz and − 18.42 dB in
2.45 GHz validation of an antenna. These achieved good antenna impedance
2. [44] Microstrip Reflection coefficient CST
matching [65].
rectangular patch − 10dB
antenna
Performance in several tissues, with reflection coefficients, is less
3. [45] Microstrip patch Return loss-12.430 dB FR04 substrate, than − 20 dB and the link budget is 6–12 dB. Testing on the same Vivo
antenna in a CST software method [55] proposed a miniaturized implanted antenna and testing
rectangular shape Vivo testing of human tissue on simulation and which was experimen­
4. [47] Tiny multi-layered Resistance bandwidth 9 Finite
tally shown in Fig. 10. In vivo testing includes a post-mortem human
implanted antenna, MHz at (from 398 MHz Difference
T-shaped to 407 MHz) Time-Domain subject. It operated on the frequency range of 2.4 GHz and 4.8 GHz to
MICS band and 72 MHz (FDTD) obtain the gain values of − 16.7 dB and − 12.0 dB. Sajid M. Asif et al. [56]
at (from 2438 MHz to operated in cardiac pacing at wireless and battery-less technology
2510 shown in Fig. 12, designed for implanted antenna electrodes at a fre­
MHz) ISM band
5. [48] Implantable E-coupled (TM10), B- Testing on
quency range of 1.2 GHz.
cylindrical patch coupled (TE10) tissues structure The next testing method is Vitro [14]. The suggested ICCP antenna is
antenna WMTS, frequency is 1.4 implanted and examined using a Vitro rest-based artificial muscle
GHz

Fig. 11. Fabricated antenna.

using of Vivo method by Yue Li et al., [54]. On a neurostimulator of the

wireless physiological signal monitor in a brain pacemaker. On a system
level, in vivo, testing includes numerical analysis and experimental Fig. 12. Vivo testing of implanted antenna.

8
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

mimicking phantom gel with the outcome where the Gain increased at a
peak value of 2.62 (dB). The same Vitro method is implemented, but the
material is different because of variations in tissue equivalent liquids
that represent biological tissues with high, and low water content, which
are used to fill the phantom implant tested by Matthew K. Magill et al.
[57]. They proposed an implanted antenna in Implantable medical de­
vices on operation band 2.4 GHz in ISM bands and 2.36–2.4 GHz in
MBAN bands. Tested the antenna’s performance to maintain its return
loss in the frequency ranges 2360–2400 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and
2483.5–2500 MHz. The substrate on the implanted antenna in Rogers
RT/Duroid 6010LM (σ = 0.0014 S/m, εr = 10.2). Using a high-quality
human tissue representative in a phantom testbed is vital while
designing an implanted antenna to allow exact in vitro testing of the
antenna’s performance, as shown in Fig. 13.
Both Vivo and Vitro tests are proposed by Ryan B. Green et al. [58].
The proposed implanted antenna was designed and fabricated and must
work in free space for conductive. Permittivity is higher even though
standard antennas are designed to operate in either low-loss dielectrics
or free play. The performance analysis of implanted antenna in both
Vivo and Vitro testing to better results in vitro [63,64]. We used the Vivo
test of physiological effects in implanted antenna.
A patch antenna is a wireless antenna that operates on the ISM band Fig. 13. Vitro testing of implanted antenna.
at an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz without using a layer. In
nonmedical antenna construction and operation, the implantable an­
Table 6
tenna is hostile and dynamic.
A testing method for the proposed antenna.
Other testing methods are involved in the antenna design and
implementation process, as to proposes by the authors Nikta Pournoori S. Ref Antenna structure Testing method
No
et al. [59]. They established bio telemetric system of implantable brain
antenna designed for triple-band planar-inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with 1. [14] Implanted in ICCP antenna Vitro test-based artificial muscle
integration. The Medical Device Radio Communication Service mimicking phantom gel
2. [47] Multi-layered small Testing on human skin phantom
(MedRadio) band (401–406 MHz) and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical implanted antenna
(ISM) bands (902–928 MHz and 2400–2483.5 MHz). We used a 7-layer 3. [54] Implantable antenna Vivo testing
numerical human head model and full-wave electromagnetic field 4. [55] Miniaturized implanted Vivo testing
modelling to optimize the antenna using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and antenna
5. [56] Implanted antenna Vivo testing
additionally supported as a liquid phantom. Next, we used a
6. [57] Implanted antenna Vitro testing
multi-layered small implantable antenna electrically in biotelemetry 7. [58] Implanted patch antenna Vitro and Vivo test
application testing on human body phantom and simulation on a 8. [59] Planar inverted F antenna Human head model, simulation on
full-wave electromagnetic simulator [47]. Implanted antenna designed liquid phantom
and simulated using FDTD software in planner inverted-F shape [60] 9. [60] Planar inverted-F antenna Skin solid flat phantom

proposed in ISM band 433.1–434.8 MHz, 868.0–868.6 MHz, 902–928

MHz,2400.0–2483.5 MHz) and MICS band 402–405 MHz. The antenna
system’s performance was assessed using measurements taken inside a
skin-mimicking semisolid homogenous phantom [62,66]. Table 6 shows
the various testing methods for different antenna structures.
6. Conclusion
This study offers an overview of the issues faced and potential so­
lutions for implanted microstrip patch antennas in biomedical applica­
tions, including design, implementation, and experimental studies. In
recent days embedded antenna technology has had drastic development
in biomedical applications. Miniaturization and biocompatibility are the
primary concerns in the creation of implanted antennas. Patch antennas
are appropriate for integrated flat-on implantable devices. The primary
frequency allocation is introduced in dual bands like ISM (2.4–2.48
GHz) and MICS (401–406 MHz). This review paper is essential to design
implanted antenna processing in miniaturization, biocompatibility,
propagation inside the human body, biomedical sensors, antenna
fabrication, and antenna verification. Sensors are fixed inside the human
body to monitor the patient continuously. Different biomedical sensor
plays on IMDs upward technology to give high potential safe for patient
life and improve the quality of healthcare. Significant growth has been
made in medical implant technology due to the tremendous requirement
for recognizing life-threatening illnesses. The primary wave propagation
concept is applied inside human tissue to define parameters that govern
radio wave propagation and implanted antenna layout. The embedded
antenna’s impact affects the parameters like bandwidth, Gain, and re­
turn loss to compensate for the value to improve antenna performance.
Furthermore, this work investigates the antenna fabrication and
verification techniques demonstrated in Vitro and in Vivo testing, which
employs an animal body environment as a standard for implanted an­
tenna testing. Fabrication of antennae specifies the different topologies
involved in the above reviews. Mainly CST topology is used for the
fabrication process during simulation.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Muthukumara Rajaguru Kattiakara Muni Samy: Conceptualiza­
tion, Methodology, Data curation, Writing – original draft. Abhishek
Gudipalli: Visualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.

9
M.R. Kattiakara Muni Samy and A. Gudipalli Measurement: Sensors 28 (2023) 100849

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