DSM AND CHANGES AND NO.

OF CULTURAL , ETHNIC, PROOF OF SPECIFIC

YEAR OF DIAGNOSES GENDER, AND RACIAL ISSUES CHANGES IN WORDINGS
REVISION IN DSM

DSM-1 (1952) Contained 106 diagnoses. Shows the bias of its time regarding There is a lack of structure in
Significant changes are culture, ethnicity, gender, and race. the diagnostic criteria. Because
evident on the assumption It can be seen that the criteria often it was heavily influenced by
that conditions are from brain pathologized behavior that is not fitted Freudian principles, it included
dysfunction instead of to societal norms – it did not address a lot of psychoanalytic
supernatural causes the diversity in human experiences. terminologies.

DSM-2 (1968) Contained 185 diagnoses. Does not discuss the cultural, The term “conditions without
Expanded the definition of ethnic, gender and racial issues as manifest psychiatric disorder” for
mental illness that occurs more much as the other revisions did. normal individuals who still
often in the general public. Included homosexuality as a mental need to be assessed by a
Some conditions attempted to illness. psychiatrist is introduced.
broaden the client base of There is an addition of 8
psychiatry. There was also a different “alcoholic brain
better categorization that syndromes”. There is also an
resulted in multiple increase from 4 qualifiers to 8
subdivisions of existing qualifiers.
categories.

DSM-3 (1980) Includes 265 diagnoses. Does not explicitly include cultural, Feeding disturbance was replaced
There was an addition of new ethnic, gender and racial issues. T by eating disorder. As well as the
disorders, refinement of some marked a significant step forward term neurosis was replaced by
existing disorders. This for its exclusion of homosexuality but the term “disorder”. Many
revision was the first to still included ego-dystonic Freudian terms were removed
exclude homosexuality as a homosexuality (homosexuals who and replaced by biologically based
disorder. feel distress caused by their terminology.
homosexuality)

DSM-3-R Includes 292 diagnoses. Criticized for being too The term disorder was
(1987) Revisions of inconsistent and western-based even after being operationally defined as
unclear diagnostic criteria revised 3 times. It still included a “statistically unexpectable
were made. Redefined the bias towards western culture. distress or disability” and
term “disorder”. should operate on 2 principles:
harmful and dysfunction.
“Ego-dystonic homosexuality” was
removed.

DSM-4 (1994) Includes 297 diagnoses. a
more structured and specific
diagnostic criteria has been
made. Addition of the term
“clinically significant”.
Represented a significant change in Symptoms are described as
terms of advancement by the “clinically significant distress or
recognition of the cultural, gender, impairment in social,
ethnic and racial factors that affects occupational, or other important
the mental health of individuals areas of functioning”

DSM-4-TR Contains 297 diagnoses. The Still heavily western-biased. Criteria Used a 5-part axial diagnostic
(2000) Only changes were in the is questionable to be used in ethnic system and the addition of
racism issues and biases minorities even in the west. prevalences appeared to
including the addition of compare how often the disorder
 prevalence in gender, race,
ethnicity, age and culture.
DSM-5 (2013) Includes 298 diagnoses. A
number of disorders were
removed and schizophrenia is
considered as a singular
disorder
DSM-5-TR Includes 299 diagnoses.
(2022) Includes the diagnosis of
Prolonged Grief Disorder and
updates on ICD-10-CM codes.
Continued to address western-bias
and as well as its factors in the
diagnosis of disorder.
Includes more culturally sensitive
information than the past manuals.
appears in a specific group.
Subsets of ASD such as
Asperger’s syndrome, classic
autism, Rett syndrome were
abolished and turned into ASD
only. Schizophrenia’s 5 subtypes
were deleted. PTSD was moved
from Anxiety disorders to
“Trauma and stressors-related
disorders”. The multi-axial
system was removed
Updated the “Introduction”
and “Use of Manual” section to
provide context for important
terminology. As well as the
addition of Prolonged Grief
Disorder being added to Section
II.