INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION

❖ POLITICAL SCIeNCe :- ReLATeD TO The wORD “ POLITICS

❖ DeRIveD fROm GReek wORD “ POLIS ” :- meANS A CITY –
❖ PROTAGORAS & GeORGIA’S :- SOPhISTS ( wANDeRING T
❖ ARISTOTLe :- wORLD fAmOUS GReek PhILOSOPheR, exe
❖ ARISTOTLe :- fATheR Of The SCIeNCe Of POLITICS IN Th
❖ mANU :- CONSIDeReD TO be The fIRST POLITICAL ThINke
❖ kAUTILYA ( ChANAkYA ) bOOk :- ARThShASTRA :- weL
❖ ARISTOTLe fAmOUS bOOk :- POLITICS :- “mAN IS bY NAT
AbOve hUmANITY OR beLOw IT ”

RePUbLIC Of INDIA

➢ INDIA :- UNION Of STATeS , SOveReIGN SOCIALIST SeCULAR D

CONSTITUTION ADOPTeD bY CONSTITUeNT ASSembLY ON NOv
➢ CONSTITUTION eNvISAGeS PARLIAmeNTARY fORm Of GOveR
➢ PReSIDeNT Of INDIA :- CONSTITUTIONAL heAD Of exeCUTIve
➢ ARTICLe 74 ( 1 ) PROvIDeS ThAT TheIR ShALL be A COUNCI
Of hIS fUNCTIONS , AT IN ACCORDANCe wITh SUCh ADvICe.
➢ ReAL exeCUTIve POweR veSTS IN The COUNCIL Of mINISTe
➢ COUNCIL Of mINISTeRS COLLeCTIveLY ReSPONSIbLe TO The
➢ IN STATeS GOveRNOR IS The heAD Of exeCUTIve
➢ ReAL exeCUTIve POweR veSTS IN The hANDS Of COUNCIL O
➢ COUNCIL Of mINISTeRS Of A STATe IS COLLeCTIveLY ReSPON
➢ CONSTITUTION DISTRIbUTeS LeGISLATIve POweR beTweeN P
➢ POweR TO AmeND The CONSTITUTION ALSO veSTS IN PARLIA
➢ CONSTITUTION hAS PROvISION fOR INDePeNDeNCe Of JUDICI

GOveRNmeNT Of INDIA
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CONSTITUTION

➢ fOUNDATIONAL LAw Of A COUNTRY , ORDAINS The fUNDAme

➢ LAYS DOwN The fRAmewORk & PRINCIPLe fUNCTIONS Of vA
ITS CITIzeNS
➢ INDIA POSSeSSeS AND eLAbORATe wRITTeN CONSTITUTION

OUR CONSTITUTION

➢ fIRST CONSTITUTION fRAmeD GIveN TO ThemSeLveS bY

OPeRATION wITh effeCT fROm 26 JANUARY, 1950 ORIGINA
evOLUTION Of INDIAN CONSTITUTION

➢ DIReCT SOURCeS Of The CONSTITUTION LIe IN The ADmINIST

➢ wORLD’S LARGeST wRITTeN CONSTITUTION

ADmINISTRATIve & LeGISLATIve RefORmS befORe 1857

1. ReGULATING ACT Of 1773
 ➢ bASeD ON The RePORT Of A COmmITTee heADeD bY Th
➢ GOveRNANCe Of The eAST INDIA COmPANY PUT UNDeR
➢ GOveRNOR Of beNGAL NOmINATeD AS GOveRNOR GeNe
➢ wARReN hASTINGS :- 1ST GOveRNOR GeNeRAL
➢ SUPReme COURT eSTAbLISheD IN CALCUTTA
➢ GOveRNOR GeNeRAL emPOweReD TO mAke RULeS & Re

2. PITTS INDIA ACT Of 1784

➢ eLeCTeD TO ImPROve UPON The PROvISIONS Of ReGULATING
➢ 6 membeR bOARD Of CONTROLLeRS SeTUP whICh wAS heAD
➢ ALL POLITICAL ReSPONSIbILITIeS weRe GIveN TO ThIS bOAR
➢ TRADe & COmmeRCe ReLATeD ISSUeS :- UNDeR The PURvIe
➢ PROvISIONS hAD TO fOLLOw The INSTRUCTIONS Of The CeNT

3. ChARTeR ACT Of 1793

➢ mAIN PROvISIONS Of The PRevIOUS ACTS
➢ PROvIDeD fOR The PAYmeNT Of SALARIeS Of The membeRS
➢ COURTS :- GIveN The POweR TO INTeRPReTS RULeS & ReGU
4. ChARTeR ACT Of 1813
➢ TRADe mONOPOLY Of The eAST INDIA COmPANY CAme TO AN
➢ POweRS Of The ThRee COUNCILS Of mADRAS bOmbAY AND
➢ TheY weRe ALSO SUbJeCTeD TO GReAT CONTROL Of The bR
➢ ChRISTIAN mISSIONARIeS ALLOweD TO SPReAD TheIR ReLIG
➢ LOCAL AUTONOmOUS bODIeS emPOweReD TO LevY TAxeS

5. ChARTeR ACT Of 1833

➢ GOveRNOR GeNeRAL AND hIS COUNCIL GIveN vAST POweRS
➢ COUNCIL COUL LeGISLATe fOR The whOLe Of The INDIA SUb
➢ COUNCIL GOT fULL POweRS ReGARDING ReveNUe AND A SIN
 ➢ eAST INDIA COmPANY ReDUCeD TO AN ADmINISTRATIve AND
bOARD Of CONTROLLeRS
➢ fIRST TIme The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL GOveRNmeNT wAS kNO

6. ChARTeR ACT Of 1853

➢ LAST Of The ChARTeR ACTS mADe ImPROvemeNT ChAN
➢ ACT fOLLOweD A RePORT Of The DeN GOveRNOR GeNeR
➢ SePARATe GOveRNOR fOR beNGAL wAS TO be APPOINT
➢ LeGISLATIve AND ADmINISTRATIve fUNCTIONS Of The C
➢ ReCRUITmeNT Of The COmPANIeS emPLOYeeS DONe ThR
➢ bRITISh PARLIAmeNT wAS emPOweReD TO PUT COmPA

ADmINISTRATIve & LeGISLATIve RefORmS AfTeR 1857

1. GOveRNmeNT Of INDIA AT 1858
➢ bRITISh CROwN DeCIDeD TO ASSUme SOveReIGNTY OveR IND
mUTINY bY The bRITISh hISTORIANS AND RemembeRD AS Th
➢ fIRST STATUTe fOR The GOveRNANCe Of INDIA UNDeR DIRe
➢ PROvIDeD fOR AbSOLUTe bRITISh ImPeRIAL CONTROL OveR
➢ POweRS Of The CROwN wORD TO be exeRCISe bY The SeCR
➢ COUNTRY wAS DIvIDeD INTO PROvISIONS heADeD bY A GOve
➢ PROvINCIAL GOveRNmeNT hAD TO fUNCTION UNDeR The SUP
➢ ALL The PARTY fOR The GOveRNANCe Of INDIA wAS veSTe
➢ SeCReTARY Of STATe :- ULTImATeLY ReSPONSIbLe TO The

2. INDIAN COUNCILS ACT 1861

➢ ImPORTANT LANDmARk IN The CONSTITUTIONAL hISTOR
➢ POweRS Of The CROwN wORD TO be exeRCISeD bY The
➢ SeCReTARY Of STATe ReSPONSIbLe TO The bRITISh PA
➢ UNAbLe The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL TO ASSOCIATe RePRe
COUNCIL
 ➢ PROvIDe ThAT The GOveRNOR GeNeRALS exeCUTIve m
➢ LeGISLATIve COUNCIL wAS NeITheR RePReSeNTATIve
➢ IT DeCeNTRALIzeD The LeGISLATIve POweRS Of The G
3. INDIAN COUNCILS ACT 1892
➢ NON-OffICIAL membeRS Of The INDIAN LeGISLATIve CO
COUNCILS
➢ NON-OffICIAL membeRS Of The PROvINCIAL COUNCILS w
zAmINDARS
➢ COUNCILS :- POweR Of DISCUSSING The bUDGeT & ADDR
4. mORLeY – mINTO RefORmS AND The INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 190
➢ RefORmS ReCOmmeNDeD bY The TheN SeCReTARY Of S
1909
➢ mAxImUm NUmbeR Of ADDITIONAL membeRS Of The IND
exCLUDING The exeCUTIve COUNCILLORS)
➢ SIze Of PROvINCIAL LeGISLATIve COUNCILS AND eNLAR
➢ eLemeNT Of eLeCTION wAS ALSO INTRODUCeD IN The Le
➢ LeGISLATIve COUNCILS weRe emPOweReD TO mOve ReS
ARmeD fORCeS, fOReIGN AffAIRS AND The INDIAN STA
➢ PROvIDeD fIRST TIme fOR SePARATe RePReSeNTATION
5. The GOveRNmeNT Of INDIA ACT 1915
➢ PASSeD TwO CONSOLIDATe The PROvISIONS Of The PRe
6. mONTAGU – CheLmSfORD RePORT & The GOveRNmeNT Of IN
➢ TheN SeCReTARY Of STATe fOR INDIA mR eS mONTAJU
➢ ReSPONSIbLe GOveRNmeNT IN The PROvINCeS wAS TO b
fOR The ADmINISTRATION Of The PROvINCe bY ReSORT
➢ SUbJeCTS Of ADmINISTRATION DIvIDeD INTO TwO CATe
➢ CeNTRAL ThOSe whICh weRe exCLUSIveLY kePT UNDeR
➢ PROvINCIAL SUbJeCTS SUb-DIvIDeD INTO ‘TRANSfeRReD
➢ ‘TRANSfeRReD SUbJeCTS’ weRe ADmINISTeReD bY The
eLeCTeD membeRS wAS RAISeD TO 70 PeR CeNT.
➢ ‘ReSeRveD SUbJeCTS’ ADmINISTeReD bY The GOveRNO
 ➢ The PRevIOUS CeNTRAL CONTROL OveR The PROvINCeS
INTO TwO CATeGORIeS SO ThAT The PROvINCeS COULD
➢ The PROvINCIAL bUDGeT wAS SePARATeD fROm The Ce
➢ The PROvINCIAL LeGISLATURe wAS emPOweReD TO PR
➢ CeNTRAL LeGISLATURe, ReTAINeD POweR TO LeGISLAT
➢ CONTROL Of The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL OveR PROvINCIA
beCOme LAw ONLY wheN ASSeNTeD TO ALSO bY The GO
➢ The GOveRNOR wAS emPOweReD TO ReSeRve A bILL f
➢ The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL IN COUNCIL CONTINUeD TO Re
➢ INDIAN LeGISLATURe wAS mADe mORe RePReSeNTATIv
➢ UPPeR hOUSe wAS NAmeD The COUNCIL Of STATe. COmP
➢ LOweR hOUSe wAS NAmeD The LeGISLATIve ASSembLY
➢ The eLeCTORATeS weRe ARRANGeD ON A COmmUNAL A
➢ GOveRNOR GeNeRAL’S OveRRIDING POweRS IN ReSPeCT
1. hIS PRIOR SANCTION wAS ReqUIReD TO INTRODUCe bILL
2. he hAD The POweR TO veTO OR ReSeRve fOR CONSIDeR
3. he hAD The CONveRSe POweR Of CeRTIfYING bILL OR A
4. he COULD mAke ORDINANCeS, IN CASe Of emeRGeNCY

7. SImON COmmISSION
➢ heADeD bY SIR JOhN SImON, CONSTITUTeD IN 1927, INqU
➢ PLACeD ITS RePORT IN 1930, The RePORT wAS exAmIN

8. The GOveRNmeNT Of INDIA ACT 1935

➢ PReSCRIbeD A feDeRATION, TAkING The PROvINCeS IN
➢ OPTIONAL fOR The INDIAN STATeS TO JOIN The feDeRA
➢ ACT DIvIDeD LeGISLATIve POweRS beTweeN The CeNT
➢ exeCUTIve AUThORITY Of A PROvINCe wAS ALSO exeR
➢ GOveRNOR wAS ReqUIReD TO ACT wITh The ADvICe Of
➢ CeRTAIN mATTeRS, The GOveRNOR wAS ReqUIReD TO A
GeNeRAL, AND, ThROUGh hIm, Of The SeCReTARY Of ST
➢ exeCUTIve AUThORITY Of The CeNTRe wAS veSTeD IN
 ➢ COUNSeLLORS OR COUNCIL Of mINISTeRS ReSPONSIbLe T
➢ CeNTRAL LeGISLATURe wAS bI-CAmeRAL, CONSISTING
➢ SIx PROvINCeS, The LeGISLATURe wAS bI-CAmeRAL, CO
UNICAmeRAL
➢ APART fROm The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL’S POweR Of veT
➢ GOveRNOR GeNeRAL COULD PReveNT DISCUSSION IN The
DISChARGe Of hIS SPeCIAL ReSPONSIbILITIeS.
➢ GOveRNOR GeNeRAL hAD INDePeNDeNT POweRS Of LeG
➢ SOme SUbJeCTS NO bILL OR AmeNDmeNT COULD be INTR
➢ ThRee-fOLD DIvISION IN The ACT Of 1935— TheRe wAS
PROvINCIAL LIST Of mATTeRS OveR whICh The PROvINC
feDeRAL AND PROvINCIAL LeGISLATURe hAD COmPeTe
➢ The GOveRNOR GeNeRAL wAS emPOweReD TO AUThOR
whICh wAS NOT eNUmeRATeD IN The AbOve NOTeD LeG
➢ DOmINION STATUS, whICh wAS PROmISeD bY The SImON
9. CRIPPS mISSION
➢ mARCh 1942, SIR STAffORD CRIPPS, A membeR Of The
➢ PROPOSALS weRe TO be ADOPTeD AT The eND Of The
➢ ACCORDING TO The PROPOSALS
1. CONSTITUTION Of INDIA wAS TO be fRAmeD bY AN eLeC
2. CONSTITUTION ShOULD GIve INDIA DOmINION STATUS.
3. TheRe ShOULD be ONe INDIAN UNION COmPRISING ALL T
4. ANY PROvINCe (OR INDIAN STATe) NOT ACCePTING The
NON-ACCeDING PROvINCeS The bRITISh GOveRNmeNT CO
10. CAbINeT mISSION PLAN
➢ mARCh 1946, LORD ATTLee SeNT A CAbINeT mISSION TO
mR. A.v. ALexANDeR.
➢ ObJeCT Of The mISSION wAS TO heLP INDIA AChIeve IT
➢ CAbINeT mISSION ReJeCTeD The CLAIm fOR A SePARAT
➢ ACCORDING TO CAbINeT mISSION PLAN TheRe wAS TO b
SUbJeCTS Of fOReIGN AffAIRS, DefeNCe AND COmmUN
➢ UNION wAS TO hAve AN exeCUTIve AND A LeGISLATUR
 ➢ ANY DeCISION INvOLvING A mAJOR COmmUNAL ISSUe IN
COmmUNITIeS PReSeNT AND vOTING AS weLL AS A mAJ
➢ PROvINCeS COULD fORm GROUPS wITh exeCUTIveS AND

11. The mOUNTbATTeN PLAN

➢ PLAN fOR TRANSfeR Of POweR TO The INDIANS AND PA
➢ GIveN A fORmAL ShAPe bY A STATemeNT mADe bY Th

12. INDIAN INDePeNDeNCe ACT 1947 Of The bRITISh PARLI

➢ GOveRNmeNT Of INDIA ACT, 1935, wAS AmeNDeD bY The AD
DRAw UP The fUTURe CONSTITUTION Of The COUNTRY
➢ fROm The 15 AUGUST, 1947 INDIA CeASeD TO be A DePeND
Th

TRIbAL AReAS LAPSeD fROm ThAT DATe

➢ OffICe Of The SeCReTARY Of STATe fOR INDIA wAS AbOLI
➢ GOveRNOR-GeNeRAL AND The GOveRNORS LOST exTRAORD
➢ CeNTRAL LeGISLATURe Of INDIA, COmPOSeD Of The LeGISL
➢ CONSTITUeNT ASSembLY ITSeLf wAS TO fUNCTION ALSO AS

2. CONSTITUeNT ASSembLY AND mAkING Of The CONSTITUTION

➢