Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ashitava Ghosal
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
&
Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
NPTEL, 2020
Contents
◼ Lecture 1
Sun Tracking using a 3-DOF parallel manipulator
◼ Lecture 2
Stewart-Gough platform based force-torque sensor
◼ Lecture 3
Vibration isolation using a Stewart-Gough platform
Robotics & Design Lab
@IISc
◼ Acknowledgements
Ashith Shyam R B
Mohit Acharya
Nils Bjorkman
Sudipta Pramanik
…. several other students
◼ Funding by SERIIUS
Contents – Lecture 1
◼ Introduction
◼ Sun tracking – Az-El and T-A configurations
◼ Sun tracking using redundant parallel robot
→ 3-RPS parallel robot
→ 3-UPU parallel robot
◼ Conclusion
Introduction
Solar Energy Harvesting
Parabolic trough
• Rotation about one axis
• Incident energy focused
on to a tube at focus
• ~20 % efficiency
Dish concentrator
• Parabolic dish
• Incident energy concentrated on to a
Stirling engine
Source: Google images/Wikipedia • Complete assembly tracks the sun – 2 axis motion
• Efficiency larger than PV/Parabolic trough >30%
Concentrated Solar Power Tower
Spain, USA, Australia, Middle East, North Africa, India, China etc.
◼ Concentrated solar power
→ large number (> 5000) of mirrors/heliostats
→ track sun and focus energy at a distant receiver (~500 m to ~1 km)
-- high temperature at receiver → higher efficiency ~30%
-- store solar energy as heat → no need for batteries
→ Very slow motion of the sun ~ 180 degrees in 12 hours; 2 axis motion
→ High accuracy requirement ~ 5 mrad pointing accuracy
Solar Power Tower Technology
◼ Heliostat cost
◼ ~50 % of total investment cost
(Kolb, 2009) – Target 80$ /m2
◼ Solar Power Tower technology
shows high potential
for technology improvements
(Lovegrove, 2012)
• Azimuth-Elevation (Az-EL)
• Target-Aligned (T-A) or Spinning
Elevation
Ashith Shyam R B
3-RPS Manipulator (Contd.)
Kinematics of 3-RPS
• Given location of sun in the sky, obtain
a) Orientation of plane of top platform (mirror)
b) Translations of prismatic joints to achieve the orientation
Algorithm
1) Choose zc arbitrarily
2) From laws of reflection
5) 8 equations in 8 unknowns – Use Bezout’s elimination to arrive at two equations in two unknowns –
6) Solve numerically for
7) Obtain [n o a] (rotation matrix) from
8) From rotation matrix obtain location of S1, S2 and S3 with respect to bottom platform
Simulation
done in Matlab
Ashith Shyam R B
Sun Tracking – 3-RPS parallel
Ashith Shyam R B
FEA Analysis
• CAD Model in SolidWorks
Azimuth-Elevation Configuration
Note:
Obtain the other two columns of [R] for Az-El and T-A modes
3-UPU Sun Tracker
3-UPU Parallel Manipulator Kinematics (Contd)
Azimuth-Elevation – two consecutive Euler angles
a) Rotation about Z by azimuth angle
Since the last column is known, azimuth and elevation angle can be obtained
a) Spin about
◼ Position vector of top U joint from rotation matrix [R] and translation
vector
March Equinox
December Solstice
Receiver centre at
(0, 0 6.72) m
Mirror centre at
(-10, 3, 0) m
Ashitava Ghosal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
&
Centre For Product Design and Manufacture
IISc Bangalore
NPTEL 2020
Acknowledgement
▪ Introduction
▪ Statics of a 6– 6 Stewart-Gough Platform
▪ Singular Configurations in a 6-6 Stewart Platform
▪ Design of 6 component force-torque sensor
▪ Experiments
▪ Conclusion
Introduction
Robotic surgery
Flight Simulators
Legs of Gough-Stewart platform
Gough- Stewart
Platform
→Moving Top Platform
→Fixed Base
6 actuated joints
→Actuating joints
in a coordinated
manner results
in motion of top
platform
Motion Simulation
Simulations
done using
ADAMS
Singularity manifold at a
given orientation of top
platform
Bandyopadhyay & AG MMT 06
Stewart Platform configuration
Prototype 1
Shows enhanced
sensitivity for Fx,
and Fy components
Shows enhanced
sensitivity for Mz
component
Flexible hinge –
2 DOF
CAD model of sensor
Prototype 2
Six component force-torque sensor with
enhanced sensitivity to moments.
Ashitava Ghosal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
&
Centre For Product Design and Manufacture
IISc Bangalore
NPTEL 2020
Acknowledgement
Nazeer Ahmad – Ph D student from ISAC-ISRO
Contents – Lecture 3
• Motivation
• Stewart Platform Modeling for Vibration Isolation
• Simulation Results
• Experimental results
• Conclusion
Motivation
❖ On-orbit vibrations
Source characteristics
❖ Multiple multi-axis noise sources
❖ 1000 µg RMS with peak value of 3000 µg spread over a
bandwidth of up to 250 Hz.
Isolation system requirements
❖ A multi-axis Vibration Isolation System is required
❖ Isolation for all DOFs – X, Y, Z and Rot(X), Rot(Y) and Rot(Z)
❖ The first 6 frequencies of the isolator should be decoupled
and in a narrow bandwidth – ideally all equal or unity
dynamic isotropy
❖ Six axis Stewart platform can provide isolation in 6
directions and thus is initial natural choice
Stewart-Gough platform (SGP) based multi-axis
vibration isolation system for onboard isolation
❖ Equation of motion of SGP in terms of 5 parameters 𝑅𝑎 , 𝑅𝑏 , 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝐻
𝐌 𝛘 𝛘ሷ + 𝐟𝐜 𝛘, 𝛘ሶ + 𝐂𝛘ሶ + 𝐆 𝛘 + 𝐊𝛘 = 𝐟
0𝑜 ≤ 𝛼, 𝛽 ≤ 120𝑜
0 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝐻 ≤ 150 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑑 = 𝐶1
𝐈 𝑝 = 𝐂2
𝑝
𝐫𝐶𝐺 = 𝐂𝟑
𝐾𝑙 = 𝐶4
𝑝
𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑑 , 𝐈 𝑝 and 𝐫𝐶𝐺 is fixed by payload
𝐾𝑙 is fixed by required frequency
Simulation Results
Converged results:
𝑝
Table 2.1: 𝐫𝐶𝐺 = 𝟎 ; DII 𝜅 = 1.7
𝑝
Table 2.1: 𝐫𝐶𝐺 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒; DII
𝜅 = 1.6
• Ideally all eigenvalues should be same – allow all modes to be equally well
damped and isolated.
• Work is continuing
Suggested Additional Reading – Week -5
• S. Bandyopadhyay and A. Ghosal 2009, “An algebraic formulation of static isotropy and
design of statically isotropic 6-6 Stewart platform manipulators”, Mechanism and Machine
Theory, Vol. 44, pp. 1360-1370.
• R. B. Ashith Shyam, M. Acharya and A. Ghosal 2017, “A heliostat based on a three degree-
of-freedom parallel manipulator”, Solar Energy, Vol. 157, pp. 672-686, 2017.
• R. B. Ashith Shyam and A. Ghosal 2018, “Path planning of a 3-UPU wrist parallel manip-
ulator for sun tracking in central receiver tower systems”, Mechanism and Machine Theory,
Vol. 119, pp. 130-141.
• R. B. Ashith Shyam, Nazeer Ahmad, R. Ranganath and A. Ghosal 2019, “Design of a dy-
namically isotropic Stewart-Gough platform for passive micro-vibration isolation in spacecraft
using optimization, Journal of Spacecraft Technology, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 01-08.
The above papers contains details of research reported in this week lectures. There are several
important references contained in the papers listed above and anyone interested in the topics of
this week should take a look at them.