PowerPoint Notes:

Introduction:

The setting my case studies are being treated at a clinic for their clinical depression (Sarah) and in a specialist treatment
centre for their eating disorder (Ahmed). The professionals providing treatment to Sarah would be a therapist, doctor,
etc. The professional providing treatment to Ahmed would be a detrition, doctor, therapist, etc. When providing care to
individuals, professionals a part of health and social care can apply the psychological perspectives to their care;

Ahmed is an inpatient, whereas Sarah is an outpatient. An inpatient, like Ahmed who requires treatment would need to
be staying at a treatment centre for an long period of time to receive treatment/ support they need to improve their
health and wellbeing. Inpatients stay at the place of treatment until they recover and during their stay they are looked
after and supervised by professionals at the place of treatment. Having the support from professionals who specify in
that main area Ahmed in struggling in can help him with eating disorders by providing constant effort to manage their
relationship with food on their own. He’d be given food that is good for his health and wellbeing, whilst at the centre.
He’d also receive the help and knowledge of a qualified professional (a dietitian) who can help them learn about food in
a preferred, helpful and interesting way, so that Ahmed would remember this information. The centre has a duty to
provide service users with nutritious, and balanced meals as it would promote good health and wellbeing amongst the
service users. This would educate service users like Ahmed on how to understand what is nutritious to eat.

There would be changes based on Ahmed's perspective on role models as he’d find new role models to look up to. His
role models can become those who care for him whilst he at the centre (his therapist). Conformity to social roles is
linked to social learning theory as if the service providers act upon their social roles, they possibly can convince him to
change his eating issues, in a certain ways. In society, professionals are known to be correct, competent and
knowledgeable. He would most likely listen to what they’re saying. Just like those people did when a sociologist was
wearing a lab coat to pose as a doctor, in which he succeeded in influencing others to do what he advised them to do,
just because he was posing as a doctor. He would not take in whether his role model received positive or negative
feedback because that wouldn’t really matter, what matters is that these professionals can convince him that it’s good
to eat healthy.

Sarah has depression and is an outpatient in a clinic that she attends to receive treatment. She would be less influenced
by her providers as she wouldn’t spend much time with them for her to be as influenced as Ahmed can be. Outpatients
often receive treatment/ care that is long- term, as they don’t stay overnight to receive treatment. Sarah’s depression
wouldn’t be overcome by her just overnight. It's a long-term condition that would need long-term treatment involved
for her to successfully recover. The treatment they are provided would help with their personal growth that can help
them with their everyday lives for a long period of time. Outpatients do not need to stay overnight because the service
users sleeps in their own homes and just regularly visits the centre/ hospital to get checked and to receive treatment.
With Sarah, she’d need to leave the house every week for her therapy sessions, as its one of the treatments she has,
which is cognitive behavioural therapy sessions. The session would be up to an hour long, which Sarah has the
opportunity to talk about any difficulties she’s facing, so that her therapist can be able to identify her issues. This then
can help with the analysing of ways that she could overcome her behaviour and provide helpful advice to her. They
would provide her ways she can deal and overcome some factors that affect her behaviour.

The similarities in these case studies are that Ahmed and Sarah are both patients, who are suffering with long-term
conditions, such as depression, eating disorders and symptoms such as, anxiety. They both receive a form therapy,
which can help them better their conditions. Ahmed can do group therapy to help his eating conditions and can talk
about his past experiences as a victim of bullying and Sarah can do cognitive behavioural therapy, in which can help her
with her clinical depression.

Theories:

Concept of roles (NHS England, Ed Micthell, 30 September 2013):

In health and social care, the concept of roles is looked upon as meeting certain expectations of the ‘sick role’. The
individuals seeking treatment in a health and social care setting, are all expected to meet the expectations of the ‘sick
role’ by stepping out of their usual roles, such as a parent or employee to enable them to get better as soon as possible.
The sick role has certain behaviours and expectations from others, that must be met. An example could be vvhen
an employee is expected to attend work on time, for five days a week, but is sick, zo they mustn't go to work. Instead,
they mut try to get better as soon as possible by meeting the expectations of the sick role, the expectations that society
has made. This also applies to professionals who work in health and social care as it's not just about the sick role, it’s
about the expectations made of social roles. An example could be when a parent is expected to look after their child
(their responsibility to do so) but has a job as a nurse, they’re expected to take on the roles and responsibilities of the
nurse once they got to work as they’re no longer are a parent whilst at work, their responsibilities as a parent are no
longer. In 1951, Parson developed a concept of the ‘sick’ role, which is when an individual is no longer expected to
perform their usual role as they’re sick. They are expected to adopt to the ‘sick’ role (role of a patient), which involves
them trying their best to get well as soon as possible (book, page 423, 2016). This means they must do everything to get
better as soon as possible, such as, eat warm/ healthy foods, drink enough water, rest, take the necessary medications,
etc. This is taking upon the ‘sick’ role, until one gets better, they then can go back to their usual routine and role, such as
an employee (they must go back to work, once better) or a parent. This is also the same with professionals, they must
stick to their expected roles.

For example, a pharmacist must label and give out medicine such as SSIR’s for Sarah to help with her clinical depression.
They must take upon their role as a professional pharmacist to prescribe her the correct dose of medication to prevent
overdose. Then Sarah has to take her role on as the ‘sick role’, since she has depression. By taking on the ‘sick role’, she
iz going to have to take her medication as told on the prescription. As stated above, one who has taken the ‘sick role’
must comply with the expectations of thew ‘sick role’ such as, taking thew medication needed to get better as soon as
possible, as they’re no longer in their usual role. If Sarah complies with the expectations, she'd get better as soon as
possible, which would be good for her health and wellbeing. Also, those in the ‘sick’ role are expected to seek out
treatment and support to get better.

Concepts of social roles (tutor2u, 22 March 2021):

In health and social care, conformity to social roles can be seen very often. This is when professionals change their
behaviour or values whilst their job role a they have societal expectations to meet to fit into the social roles we have.
Many professionals must conform to their social expectations of their roles. This can be seen with surgeons ordering
around the new theatre nurse or with a doctor ordering the new nurse around and giving demand to them as doctors/
surgeons are in a higher position (more authority/ superior level/ band) than nurses. They may be seen demanding and
shouting at them as they’re new, and may not be as skilled as the nurses that have much more experience than them.
The doctor/ surgeon is using their superiority to shout/ demand them, this is abuse of their social position/ role (abuse
of power). Nurses are seen to be lower than doctors and surgeons in society. In 1971, a sociologist named Zimbardo
carried out an experiment involving 24 male students called the Stanford prison experiment. He did this to study the
impact of conforming to social roles of becoming a prison guard and prisoner. There were many participants from
various backgrounds that were put into this stimulated prison. They all were assignment roles. These twenty-four male
students were all assigned a role, twelve of them were assigned to be prison guards and the other twelves were
assigned to be prisoners. Zimbardo made a simulated prison, where the participants would have to stay there for two
weeks, but this experiment only lasted six days due to the psychological impact on the participants and because the
brutality and abuse the prison guards were giving to the prisoners (told them to clean their toilet with their toothbrush).
The individual that took the role of the guard began to act very abusively (ways they wouldn’t act usually) towards the
prisoners as of the position of authority and power they’d been given. At the start of the experiment, the prisoners were
assertive and rebelled against the orders of the prison guards, but the eventually as the prison guards become more
comfortable in their roles (they become the bullies and started to take charge) the prisoners soon backed down from
rebelling against them because of the severe consequences they’d have to face. They soon become very depressed and
had signs of extreme anxiety and stress. This was because they had been put in a position where they lost control. (book,
page 424, 2016).
Influence:

When in groups, everyone behaves in a certain way as one wants to feel a sense of belonging to the group. One tends to
behave similarly to others in the group, which is possibly one of the causes of peer pressure as one wants to be the same
as another, so they do as they do. This is conformity, which means to act (behave) a certain way so that you can belong
(in a group). This is social influence and could be unintentional peer pressure (book, page 424, 2016). Also, one may do
this to belong or be liked by others in the group.

Conformity to majority and majority influence (tutor2u, 6 September 2022):

In health and social care there is conformity to minority and majority, and they are shown by influence in changing our
behaviours and beliefs in order to fit in with others in a group. An example of this could be a focus group, where one
person speaks up in a positive manner and talks about their situation and then this motivates others to speak of their
problems too. This also can be seen in group therapy, for drug addicts as they can motivate each other to recover and
slowly stop their addiction. This influence can only occur if at least one of the participants of the group therapy are in
recovery (they’ve started to get out of the addiction) as it’ll enable the others to be motivated to do the same. This is the
minority (the one person who was in recovery) influencing the majority (the rest of the group). Also, in health and social
care, there is another influence in which is when one is influenced by others to change their beliefs and views but
internally they still have their beliefs and views as their own (internally not changed). In 1951, a psychologist named Ash
carried out an experiment (to prove majority influence) involving six participants and one confederate, who was
assigned the role to answer some of the questions asked, falsely. The confederate was told to answer wrongly twelve
times, without hesitation (with confidence to make it look convincing). This experiment was called the line experiment,
involving two cards, in which the first card had one line on it and the second had three lines on it, labelled A, B and C.
The second card that had three lines on it had two lines the same length, but one was a different measurement. The
participants were asked to pick out which line of the three were the same length as the first card. They were shown the
cards eighteen times. This is where the confederate was told to answer the questions wrong several times to see
whether the participants would be influenced to choose the same answer. 37% of the time the participants were
influenced to answer with the same answer as the confederate. Then they were later each interviewed separately, so
that they could speak their mind. In the interview, they spoke about their opinions, and they did not differ, but they felt
that they had to fit in or speak up, they picked the answer that the confederate had picked. However, there were some
who stuck to their own opinion and decision. This experiment proved that if the majority of people picks the same
answer one can be easily convinced to pick the same answer, just to fit in and despite their own actual opinion and
decision they choose the same as everyone else. (book, page 424, 2016). This can be happen in health and social care
settings as when professionals are listing (and or choosing) the best treatment for the individual, if they are confidant in
their decisions, then they’re more likely to convince the other professionals. We can also zee this in group debate/
arguments, if one were to be consistent and also reasonable in their argument, they can convince the others to feel the
same way.

For example, Ahmed can be influenced, whilst in group therapy, as there would be others who have similar issues and
like in the theory above, it only requires one or two people to influence a group of people. The group members can talk
about wanting to get better and recover, this would possibly motivate the rest of the group to do so, if the others say
they want too, then they’d all most likely be influenced to do so too. This would help Ahmed have the influence and
motivation to change his behaviour and to start recovering This will benefit him as he’ll have a healthy improved diet
and better health and wellbeing.

Obedience and attitude change (tutor2u, 22 March 2021):

In health and social care, obedience can be seen when one follows the orders of another person. This may be when a
doctor orders a nurse to give certain medication to patients, the nurses must obey that order and do as they’re told.
Being obedient requires following orders from others. We learn this from a young age as we follow orders from our
parents/ care givers as we are expected to be obedient to our parents/ care givers (those in authority). Someone can be
asked to do something against their will and morals and this can be within obedience. In 1961, a psychologist named
Milgrim carried out an experiment involving around 780 participants took part in this experiment, in which they were
told was a study on memory and learning. They each were paid £4.50 to participate in this experiment. In this
experiment Milgrim wanted to see how far people would go in following instructions of others that are superior/
authoritive to them, even if it involved the harming others. Milgrim had a lab coat (looked like a doctor) on whilst talking
to the participants about the experiment and that the learners would not escape. He had done this to appear more
authoritative and knowledgably, to see whether the participants would abide by his directions/ rules. The experiment
was to test the conflict between ones conscious mind and obeying one who is authoritive. The participants were told to
play the role of teachers and to electro shoot the learners, if they've answered the questions being asked, falsely. Many
tests were taken to see who out of the participants would be a learner and who would be a teacher. The learner was
always one of Milgrims confederates and played their part in the experiment as the one who’d get the questions wrong
every time, to see if the teacher (the actual participant) would listen to the orders given to them by electrocuting the
learner. The learner had electrodes attached to their arm. This was done in a separate room from the teacher. The
teacher was also in a separate room where the electric shock generator was. They were ordered to shock the learner
with 450 volts, which would cause them to die. This experiment proved that people were more likely to follow orders
from an authoritive figure. This is only if they believe that the authorities figure is morally right, knowledgeable, or
legally based. If they believe that then they’ll more likely follow orders from them (even if it’s to the extent of killing/
harming others) as they seem to not to be doing it wrongly. In health and social care, this could happen when a doctor
orders a nurse around, (as mentioned above) doctors are seen (in society) to have more knowledge and experience due
to longer training. This means the nurse must follow all the orders given to them by the doctor even if the nurse thinks
the decision should be reconsidered. In health and social care attitude change can also be seen in individuals. Attitude is
essential for determining behaviours, so the attitude we have can reflect on our behaviour. In 1957, a psychologist
named Festinger carried out an experiment involving called cognitive dissonance, involving participants who had to do
boring and repetitive task. They then were told to lie to the next participant. They had to tell them that it was enjoyable
and interesting. Some were paid them twenty dollars, and some just one dollar. (book, page 426, 2016). It is about how
if we have two contradictory concepts which introduces discomfort (dissonance), which then we are motivated to
resolve. Cognitive dissonance causes psychological distress/ discomfort, which is when one knows that something isn’t
right (wrong/ harmful), like a gut feeling, but one proceeds to do it anyways. This feeling can come when one’s attitude
and behaviours clash and are contradicting each other. An example of this could be, when one knows smoking I bad for
their health but proceeds to do it out of addiction. This is when the state of dissonance is created for themselves due to
the contradiction. Festinger mentions that people try to remove this feeling/ tension by rejecting valuable information/
advice that may benefit them or justifying themselves by explaining away.

For example, the obedience theory could be useful to Ahmed because he would need to listen to his dietarian about the
advice and recommendations being provided by them. He would need to listen to them to help him improve his eating
issues. Recovery from his eating disorder symptoms would help him have more energy to do daily tasks and commit to
his personal hygiene. Also, it will give Ahmed an idea of how to act. If someone guides Ahmed on what to eat, he will
then have a general idea on what nutritious foods that are good for his body. If he sees those around him eating
nutritious foods often, he’d mirror that behaviour and do the same. He could be given a set of rules/ recommendations
to follow from his dietarian. This would be good for him as he’d follow a good social order to keep himself safe. This will
enable a strong relationship with others and this is good and healthy for him because he’ll have a positive self- concept/
self –esteem.

For example, the attitude change theory could be useful to Sarah as she has negative thoughts of herself, which can
make her psychologically uncomfortable. It mentions that what causes this tension is inconsistent belief and or
behaviour. This also could be useful to Sarah because she is quite an apologetic person, due to childhood trauma. It is
known that childhood trauma can make one apologetic as they increase in age, despite if their not at fault and they're
still apologizing, which is called cognitive dissonance (psychological discomfort). Experiences of traumatic childhoods can
make one over- apologetic (Psychologistmahek, Mahek Pathan, Feb 4, 2022).

Factors influencing hostility and aggression (tutor2u, 22 March 2021):

In health and social care, hostility and aggression can negatively impact our behaviours. Individuals receiving care can
feel these ways for whatever reason. Hostility is negative attitudes toward others, but aggression is where a negative
behaviours is shown towards others. It I known that hostility is almost like the starting fuel to our aggression. In 1939, a
psychologist named Dollard, came up with a theory, in which he named frustration-aggression hypothesis. This hypnosis
is and idea, in which he mentioned that people get aggressive especially when their needs aren’t met. Aggression can be
replaced by the individual not being able to express their aggression toward the object or person. This is then when one
takes their aggression out on someone with status much lower instead. In health and social care, this can be seen quite
often with a doctor (for example) not being able to come to agreement with their colleagues (who is also a doctor or
their boss) so they take their anger/ frustration out onto the nurses, health care assistances, etc. (those who are a lower
band than them) to make them feel better.

Verbal- There are many verbal indications of hostility and aggression that can be portrayed through verbal
communication such as, shouting at someone, yelling, unkind remarks, insults, swearing, etc. Sometimes when we get
angry, we usually yell or shout at someone, as it would inflict hurt onto them to make ourselves feel better just knowing
that we’re not alone in this hurt we are feeling. We tend to project our hostility and anger we withhold inside by yelling
or shouting at others. Sometimes we don’t see that we’re angry/ upset about something, until we let it out on other
people. Verbal aggression and hostility are both seen as a personality trait as one tends to be argumentative, etc.

Behavioural- There are many ways one can show portray hostility and aggression through behaviour such as, hitting a
wall or cutting up someone clothes when they leave you. It is done through non-verbal, psychical ways and be shown
through body- language. We do this with the intention of letting our anger out on something, with the intention of
damaging or harming it.

Psychological causes- hitting someone – involving the brain. Many people may be aggressive due to their psychological
disorders, that can impact ones behaviour (hostility and aggression). Some of the disorders may be schizophrenia, PTSD,
acute stress disorders, bipolar, etc. An example of PTSD having an negative impact on a person is where one drinks a
vigorous amount of alcohol, in which makes them aggressive (violent) as they’re not in the right state of mind. Disorders
such as bipolar disorder, which impacts them as it makes them aggressive and agitated at times. Those with
schizophrenia can become aggressive when responding to commands of hallucinations ordering them to harm
themselves or others.

Social- Hostility and aggression can also be mirrored by other through observation. If someone has a role model, who
they look up to and they were constantly angry and showed aggressiveness towards those around them, then they’d
most likely pick up on that behaviour.

Social learning theory (tutor2u, 22 March 2021)- Bandura—The social theory is about how one acts and learns from
those they’re surrounded by. It I about how they imitate, model and observe others. A way to explain the behaviour of
children through direct and indirect reinforcement. The social learning theory is about how children learn how to behave
through observing their role model/ main care givers. It involve imitation of the people surrounding them. Identification-
their role model, the person they copy. Modelling and imitating their role model and observing them. The four stage of
social learning are; Attention- providing the behaviours through media, people and entertainment, etc. For example, TV,
book, gaming, toy, etc. Retention- this'll enable them to remember the behaviours by recalling the information that is
relevant to them. The information can be remembered through visuals and language. Reproduction- allowing them to
replicate these behaviours and response by practicing. Motivation- give the child a reward/ treat for replicating the good
behaviours and give a punishment when doing the bad, vice versa. This will enable them to comprehend the good and
bad behaviours and what not to do. Right from wrong so, that they can avoid doing them again, teaching them right
from wrong.

(book, page 427, 2016).

Promoting independence and empowerment by respecting individuals' rights:

To be safe- Safeguarding is taking action to stop anyone from being in harm or danger of their health and safety. It
involves duty of care. Duty of care is where one acts a certain way to keep others away from harm. Service providers
should try to minimise all risks of safeguarding issues such as, harm, abuse and neglect. They can do this by making sure
that all staff are regularly trained. Training of staff will help keep them in check, so that they understand safeguarding
regulations and how to deal and prevent safeguarding issues from occurring and from getting worse.

To be able to take risks- Allowing one to step out their comfort zone, so that they can take risks in which can benefit the
service user in their treatment. Being able to take risks that have benefits towards the service user, without causing any
harm towards them. This enables the service user to take control of their own life by letting them make their own
decisions that’ll better their health in some ways. Even if the individual decides to part take in dangerous treatments,
they should be able to do so, despite the service providers opinion on it. Service providers should be supportive of their
decision and should identify and minimise all harmful things apart of that dangerous treatment, for their safety.

To be involved in ones own care- Personalized care is involving the service user in their care. A professional can do this
by ensuring they understand their choices in treatment available, and give recommendations of the most effective form
of treatment. They can provide them information to their care. This'll help them make their own choices in their own
care based on their understanding and professional recommendations given to them. This'll be able to make them feel
more comfortable in receiving treatment as they acknowledged the effectiveness of it and that they had chosen it for
themselves.

To be treated with dignity- dignity is when one should be valued and respected for who they are. Treating them with
equity. Promoting dignity could be respecting others preferences, such as Ahmed, who may be vegetarian, so when
making anything with meat in it, providers should put meat-free foods, so that he can also enjoy having similar foods to
everyone. This would make him feel included.

To be treated equally and not discriminate against- non-discriminatory acts are anti- discriminatory acts that go against
discrimination. This can be treating all individuals, despite their differences in race, culture, belief, etc.

To be allowed privacy and confidentiality- Confidentiality is the privacy of one’s information that must be kept hidden
from those who shouldn’t have access to it. Information can only be shared with other professional with con sent from
the individual. Other professionals would only need the information if the individual is being referred to them, to receive
treatment/ care they need to get better as soon as possible.

To be allowed access to information about self- One should be allowed access to their information, as it belongs to
them, but there is a limit to the information they can have access too. All information wanted by service users, should be
given to them as it’s their right. To promote this, providers could keep all information hidden, locked, and kept away
from those who don’t need access to the information, keeping a record of the information, so that ifthe service users
would like their information, they can get access to it.

To have account taken of own choices, preferred method of communication- service users must know- the needs of the
individuals when figuring out their preferred method of communication as not all communication methods work with
everyone. Doing this would motivate the service user to communicate with you often as they’d feel more comfortable
communicate in their preferred method. Strong communication can form good/ strong bonds and relationships, which
then would most likely make the service user have more trust in you and in receiving treatment and care from you.

To be allowed independence- independence should be promoted to all service users by allowing them to have their own
choices in their care. For example, the detrition providing service to him should let him choose the nutritious foods that
appeal nice to him by giving him many options of healthy balanced foods, this'll help him get a good balance of nutrients
from foods that he enjoys eating. The detrition gave him options to choose from which would motivate him, which he’d
then more likely to eat.
To be respected- All individuals must be respected no matter who they are. Professionals can do this by being caring and
compassionate whilst caring/ treating them. Listen to them attentively and acknowledge them. Communicate with them
and value/ respect their culture and beliefs.

To be treated as an individual- Treating all service users as individuals by preserving their dignity. Professionals can do
this by treating/ caring for them properly, boosting their self- esteem/ worth, etc. Understanding and acknowledging the
difference in individuality and value of each service user.

(book, page 428, 2016).

Value base of care:

Dignity is valuing and respecting individuals, as well as treating them properly. No matter if they have any disability or
condition, everyone should be treated with equity, equality, respect, etc. They have a right to be treated with dignity.
Health and social care settings that preserve dignity of the individuals would be boosting their sense of self- worth (self-
respect) by valuing what they can do and achieve. Promoting safety and independence.

Respect is a positive emotion that can be shown through actions towards someone (or something). Respect is a way of
treating individuals the way you’d like to be treated. Respect helps individuals feel cared for, builds trust and safety.
Respect is accepting someone as they are. Supports individuals by allowing them to feel comfortable and confident in
being who they are in health care settings. Respect for acknowledgements, beliefs, personal beliefs, individual identities.

Safeguarding is taking action to stop anyone from being in harm or danger of their health and safety. Duty of care is the
way one must act towards an individual in a certain way for their safety and risk of being harmed. It supports the
individual as it protects them from harming themselves or others and it helps keep them from the harm of others.

A person- centred approach to care is where one provides a care plan that involves, care, respective and responsive to
the needs of the individual. This is so the individual can be treated effectively, whilst being able to adapt to their
situation. It can help them as they can receive effective care and better experience in health and social care settings.
Also, gives a possibility of better health outcomes. A care plan is centred on the individual, which means it focuses on all
their needs and takes into account their preferences. Involving them in their own care plan.

Promoting anti- discriminatory practices are good practices that are go against the discriminatory act (practice). Giving
everyone the right to be treated and respected, hilt having their dignity persevered despite their religion, culture, race,
nationality, appearance, sexuality, gender, background, etc. Equality act (-010) helps protect those who receive and
provide care from being treated unfairly in their workplace/ in the place they get treated. The code of practice and
legislation help with protecting individuals, ensure safety and security whilst being treated by professionals. This helps
individuals get treated the way they need to as not all individuals who have the am condition need the same treatment.
Everyone need different treatment to what is most effective for them and based on their holistic needs. Giving
individuals a choice in what treatment they want to receive would make them feel in control of their lives and will boost
their independence as they’re making choices for themselves.

Confidentiality is keeping personal and confidential information about individuals hidden safely and locked away. All
information mut be kept private, unless a professional treating that individual needs that necessary information to treat
them in the most effective way. To maintain confidentiality, private information should by locked up in a file cabinet that
has limited access, on computer files with secure access control on and password protecting it, making sure to never
discuss confidential information in public areas (no matter who you're talking too, even if it’s your colleague), etc.
Professionals must be mindful of where they discuss confidential information of individuals they’re treating and who
they’re discussing it with. They should discuss it in an enclosed room, where the doors are closed so that no one can
overhear what is being said. They also could put information in a USB stick so that it is secure in one place, for
professionals to use when necessary. Confidential information must be shared with other professional carefully and
safely, so that no one accesses that information, but before sharing this information on the professional must ask for
consent from the individual, so that one's privacy is respected and is aware of the information being hard. They need
information so that the individual would be able to be treated accordingly to their holistic needs. In safeguarding
situations information must be shared to protect the individual, but one must let them know beforehand that they’re
breaching confidentiality. The data protection act (1998) must be followed by all professionals to protect all individuals'
right to confidentiality. Professionals must refresh their knowledge of the various legislations to provide the best care to
individuals and to avoid misconduct.

Promoting effective relationships and communication. By doing this one can build trust and security between each other
and will be able to bond over such interests they have. Using the preferred method of communication would allow
individuals to feel valued and respected. One can trust you more.

(book, page 428, 2016).

References:

Health and social care book, student book 1, Pearsons, (pages 423- 428, 2016).

https://www.psychologistmahek.com/post/over-apologising-is-a-trauma-response (Psychologistmahek, Mahek Pathan,

Feb 4, 2022)

https://www.england.nhs.uk/blog/ed-mitchell-2/ (NHS England, Ed Micthell, 30 September 2013)

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/conformity-to-social-roles-as-investigated-by-
zimbardo#:~:text=Zimbardo%20concluded%20that%20people%20quickly,ever%20demonstrated%20these
%20behaviours%20previously. (tutor2u, 22 March 2021)

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/conformity-asch-1951#:~:text=Asch%20wanted%20to%20see
%20if,32%25%20of%20the%20critical%20trials. (tutor2u, 6 September 2022)

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/explanations-for-obedience-milgram-1963 (tutor2u, 22 March 2021)

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/learning-approaches-social-learning-theory (tutor2u, 22 March 2021)

https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/frustration-aggression-hypothesis#:~:text=Dollard%20explains%20that
%20if%20the,will%20always%20lead%20to%20aggression. (tutor2u, 22 March 2021)