MINISTRY OF JUSTICE

HA NOI LAW UNIVERSITY

SEMESTER ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECT: LEGAL ENGLISH 2

Topic 2
HOW TO DEAL WITH CONTRACTUAL
DISPUTES

CLASS: N01 - 4529

GROUP: 02

Hà Nội, 2022
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 TEAM WORKING REPORT
Group: 02 Grade: 4529_N01
1. Team work plan
- Content:
+ Group meeting to agree on ideas
+ Make an outline and send it to the teacher
+ Edit and finalize
+ Divide the portions for each person
+ Extension of specific deadlines for each part
+ Check reviews for each other
+ Complete the form of the word version
+ Team leader checks for the last time
- Power point: 2 members find images, video, ..and the others design
- Division of presentations : all members usualy practice
- Group meeting and review before the test session.
2. Evaluation of work:

Implement
S Student ation Completion Level Group meeting
T Full Name ID progress
T Number (on time)

Not Full Vibrant Contribu

Yes No Medium Good
good Participation positivity e ideas

1 Nguyễn 452937  
Thùy Nhung   

2 Nguyễn Thị 452940  

  
Thu Hà

3 Vũ Thảo 452947  
Linh   

2
 4 Phạm Thị 452950  
Hiền   

Result of article score: ............................

Ha Noi, July 8, 2021
Teacher marks first: …………………….
LEADER
Teacher marks the second:.……………
Ha
Teacher for the presentation: ………….
Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
Final conclusion: ……………………

Teacher's final rating: …………

Teacher for the presentation: ………….

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 TABLES OF CONTENT

OPENING…………………………………………………………………….…………..….…5

CONTENT………………………………………………………………………..…………….5

I. Overview of dealing with contractual

disputes………………………………………...5
1.1.Definition…………………………………………………………………………….…......5
1.2.The causes of contractual disputes and purposes of dealing with them………………..…..5
1.3.Some requirements when settling contractual disputes………………………………..…...6
II. How to deal with contractual
disputes………………………………………………....6
2.1.Negotiation……………………………………………………………………………..…...7
2.2.Mediation………………………………………………………………………………...…8
2.3.Arbitration…………………………………………………………………………………10
2.4.Court………………………………………………………………………………………11
III. Example of resolving contractual disputes…………………………………….
……..12
IV. Making comments and comparision of four commonly used methods of resolving
contractual disputes………………………………………………………………...16
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….……….....16

DOCUMENTATION……………………………………………………………………….....17

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 OPENING
A contract is a satisfaction with a document, a document transaction
between related parties about the performance of a job, in which there is a clear
definition of the rights and obligations of each party to orient and comply with
the contract. according to the provisions of the law as well as the content agreed
in the contract. However, in reality, there are still cases where the rights and
obligations of the parties are classified, leading to disputes. So what is a contract
dispute and how it will be resolved will be clearly shown in the essay below.

CONTENT
I. Overview of dealing with contractual disputes
1.1.Definition
Contract law disputes are the most common disputes in business or commercial
dealings. Contractual disputes can arise between suppliers and retailers,
contractors and subcontractors, in between partners, in between parties to a land
contract or in a joint venture agreement. Contract law disputes can be a
complicated aspect of the law, which is why we encourage you to contact our
team of expert commercial lawyers should any questions arise.

*The Legal basis:

+The Arbitration Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
+ The Hague Convention of 11 June 1955 on the Law Applicable to the
International Sale of Goods.
+Nations Convention on International Trade in Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG)
+Clause 307 Vietnam Commercial Law 2005
+ ...
*Common types of disputes:
There are some common types of disputes, such as: Issues when your client
reviews your contract; Issues concerning an offer you’ve made in a contract;
Disagreements regarding the meaning of a contract’s technical terms; Mistakes
and errors concerning the terms you’ve addressed in a contract; Fraud, such as a
party claiming they’ve been forced into signing your contract; Disputes where
those involved in a contract do not stand by their original agreements made
months or years earlier.

Disputes can also involve the performance of a party’s duties, or where they
have failed to perform their duties, which have been addressed in a previously

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formed contract. This is known as breach of contract. An example could be a
seller failing to deliver goods to a buyer.

1.2. The causes of contractual disputes and Purposes of dealing with them
*Some of the fundamental causes of contract disputes:
The first one is the contract itself. The language used is commonly impenetrable
and unintelligible, certainly to those without a legal background but often also
to trained people.

There is a strong disincentive for many non-lawyers to actually read the

contract, because past history has taught them that the effort will not lead to any
real understanding. The upshot is that an undue amount of trust is fostered in the
belief that the lawyers have got everything right, that the contract is complete,
consistent, correct, practical and precise.

Presence of an ambiguous contract clause that can be interpreted in different but

valid ways.Absence of a specific clause, and each party adopts a different
approach for dealing with the missing subject matter. Often, a facts-based
discussion between the parties about the difference can resolve the matter, but
it’s when the ‘facts’ are not accepted as such by a party and the difference
cannot be reconciled that a full-blown dispute can occur.

*Purpose of dealing with contractual disputes:

Firstly, Conflicting issues between the two parties are handled to ensure the
interests of both parties. Secondly, Successful resolution sometimes creates a
good foundation for a future relationship. Thirdly, the dispute resolution process
may be supported; Check whether the provisions in the efficiency law are
already high enough for appropriate development amendments.
Dealing with contractual disputes is vere important. When handled without the
right skill, knowledge and approach, a contractual dispute can end badly,
causing harm to relationships, reputation and finances.

1.3. Some requirments when settling contractual disputes

Fast, convenient, does not limit or hinder business and commercial activities.
Restore and maintain the relationship of cooperation and trust between the
parties in the business.
Keeping business secrets, reputation of parties and Minimum cost savings.

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II. How to deal with contractual disputes
There are four commonly used methods of resolving contractual disputes such
as: Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration and Court . The issue of choosing an
appropriate commercial dispute settlement method should be considered by the
parties and selected on a series of factors such as the objectives to be achieved,
the nature of the dispute, the business relationship between the parties.
Therefore, when choosing a dispute settlement method, the parties need to
clearly understand the nature and consider the advantages and disadvantages of
each method to make a reasonable decision.

2.1.Negotiation
*Definition: Negotiation has been defined as any form of direct or indirect
communication whereby parties who have opposing interests discuss the form
of any joint action which they might take to manage and ultimately resolve the
dispute between them.
*Characteristics of a negotiation
Voluntary: No party is forced to participate in a negotiation. The parties are
free to accept or reject the outcome of negotiations and can withdraw at any
point during the process.
Non-adjudicative: Negotiation involves only the parties. The outcome of a
negotiation is reached by the parties together without recourse to a third-party
neutral.
Informal: There are no prescribed rules in negotiation. The parties are free to
adopt whatever rules they choose, if any. Generally they will agree on issues
such as the subject matter, timing and location of negotiations.
Confidential: The parties have the option of negotiating publicly or privately.
In the government context, negotiations would be subject to the criteria
governing disclosure as specified in the Access to Information Actand the
Privacy Act.
Flexible: The scope of a negotiation depends on the choice of the parties. The
parties can determine not only the topic or the topics that will be the subject of
the negotiations, but also whether they will adopt a positional-based bargaining
approach or an interest-based approach.
*Advantages of negotiation
In procedural terms, negotiation is probably the most flexible form of dispute
resolution as it involves only those parties with an interest in the matter and
their representatives, if any.

The parties are free to shape the negotiations in accordance with their own
needs. By ensuring that all those who have an interest in the dispute have been
consulted regarding their willingness to participate and that adequate safeguards
exist to prevent inequities in the bargaining process (i.e., an imbalance in power

7
between the parties), the chances of reaching an agreement satisfactory to all are
enhanced.

Negotiation is a voluntary process. No one is required to participate in

negotiations should they not wish to do so.
There is no need for recourse to a third-party neutral. This is important when
none of the parties wants to involve outside parties in the process, e.g., the
matter to be discussed or the dispute to be resolved may be highly sensitive in
nature.1
Negotiations may preserve and in some cases even enhance the relationship
between the parties once an agreement has been reached between them.Opting
for negotiation instead of litigation may be less expensive for the parties and
may reduce delays.

*Disadvantages of negotiation
A particular negotiation may have a successful outcome.
However, parties may be of unequal power and the weaker party(ies) may be
placed at a disadvantage. Where a party with an interest in the matter in dispute
is excluded or inadequately represented in the negotiations, the agreement's
value is diminished, thereby making it subject to future challenge. In the
absence of safeguards in the negotiating process, the agreement could be viewed
by a participant or others outside the process as being inequitable, even though
the substance of the agreement may be beyond reproach.

A successful negotiation requires each party to have a clear understanding of its

negotiating mandate. If uncertainty exists regarding the limits of a party's
negotiating authority, the party will not be able to participate effectively in the
bargaining process.

The absence of a neutral third party can result in parties being unable to reach
agreement as they be may be incapable of defining the issues at stake, let alone
making any progress towards a solution.The absence of a neutral third party
may encourage one party to attempt to take advantage of the other.

No party can be compelled to continue negotiating. Anyone who chooses to

terminate negotiations may do so at any time in the process, notwithstanding the
time, effort and money that may have been invested by the other party or
parties.

The negotiation process cannot guarantee the good faith or trustworthiness of

any of the parties.Negotiation may be used as a stalling tactic to prevent another
party from asserting its rights (e.g., through litigation or arbitration).

1
https://wtocenter.vn
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2.2. Mediation
* Definition
Mediation is a procedure in which the parties discuss their disputes with the
assistance of a trained impartial third person(s) who assists them in reaching a
settlement. It may be an informal meeting among the parties or a scheduled
settlement conference. The dispute may either be pending in a court or
potentially a dispute which may be filed in court. Attendance at the mediation
conference is voluntary by the parties, except where governed by statute or
contract clause.2

* Characteristics of mediation
There are numerous reasons why a party to a contractual dispute might choose
mediation over traditional litigation or other forms of alternative dispute
resolution. Some of them are affordability, timely resolution, private sessions,
confidentiality, participation in the resolution of the dispute, and in many cases
preservation of the interrelationship between the parties.

* Types of Mediation
We tend to think mediation processes are all alike, but in fact, mediators follow
different approaches depending on the type of conflict they are dealing with.
Before choosing a mediator, consider the various styles and types of mediation
that are available to help resolve conflict.

Facilitative Mediation: In facilitative mediation or traditional mediation, a

professional mediator encourages disputants to reach their own voluntary
solution by exploring each other’s deeper interests. In addition, mediators tend
to keep their own views regarding the conflict hidden.

Transformative Mediation: In transformative mediation, mediators focus on

empowering disputants to resolve their conflict and encouraging them to
recognize each other’s needs and interests. At its most ambitious, the process
aims to transform the parties and their relationship through the process of
acquiring the skills they need to make constructive change.

Evaluative Mediation: Standing in direct contrast to facilitative mediation is

evaluative mediation, a type of mediation in which mediators are more likely to
make recommendations and suggestions and to express opinions. Instead of
focusing primarily on the underlying interests of the parties involved, evaluative
mediators may be more likely to help parties assess the legal merits of their
arguments and make fairness determinations. Evaluative mediation is most often
used in court-mandated mediation, and evaluative mediators are often attorneys
who have legal expertise in the area of the dispute.

2
https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/dprs-sprd/dr-rd/index.html
9
*Advantages of Mediation
First of all, mediation involves simple procedures which parties can modify by
agreement.Secondly, mediation offers potential savings in time and costs. It can
help keep costs within budget for the management to focus on their business
needs and development. Mediation is also a faster way to resolve your case than
litigation or further investigation. It’s conference can be scheduled soon after
the complaint has been screened in.

Thirdly, mediation gives both sides the chance to be heard and give their side of
the story. It also allows each side the opportunity to work toward a
resolution.Next, mediation is a Win/Win solution for everyone – there are no
losers. So it improves communication between the parties and may encourage
them to adopt a more cooperative approach in their future dealings.

In addition, mediation is confidential. Information shared at the conference will

not be shared with anyone else. This advantage is to avoid the risk of affecting
the reputation of the dispute parties.

Finally, because mediation is non-binding and confidential, it involves minimal

risk for the parties and generates significant benefits. Indeed, one could say that,
even when a settlement is not achieved, mediation never fails, as it causes the
parties to define the facts and issues of the dispute, thus in any event preparing
the ground for subsequent arbitration or court proceedings.

* Disadvantages of Mediation:
Besides many advantages of mediation, there are three disadvantages of
mediation. First, mediation may not be conducted without the consent of all the
parties. Second, if mediation fails, the cost of mediation will become an
additional burden for the disputing parties. Third, someone may take advantage
of the mediation procedure to delay the performance of his/her obligations. Thus
infringing parties will lose the right to initiate a lawsuit at Court or arbitration
because of the statute of limitations for lawsuits.

*How does Mediation work?

After a complaint has been screened for further investigation, it is forwarded to
the mediation unit; The complainant and respondent are sent information
explaining mediation; The mediation coordinator contacts the parties to
determine whether both parties are interested in mediation as well as to explain
mediation and answer any questions.
If both parties agree, a meeting is scheduled within a few weeks.
If the complaint is resolved, the mediator drafts the settlement agreement that
day for both parties’ signature.

2.3.Arbitration
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*Definition: Arbitration is an ADR method agreed by the parties to settle
disputes (under the jurisdiction of arbitration according to the provisions of the
arbitration law of the country).
*Characteristics of Arbitration:
Non-state
Security
Flexible procedures (to be agreed upon by the parties)
The litigant can choose an arbitrator.The arbitral award is final
*Advantages of arbitration over courts:
Neutrality - opportunity for the parties to choose a neutral panel; not from the
countries of the parties
Select the jury
Nationality, professional qualifications, fees, personality.
Technical evidence may be shortened before a suitably qualified arbitrator.
Can be faster than court proceedings.
Selection of an arbitral dispute settlement agency (place/ seat of arbitration)
neutral (verus litigation in a national court of a party) enforceability of arbitral
awards under the 1958 New York Convention (compared to court awards,
which are limited by territory)
Arbitration process is more flexible than court proceedings.Party-autonomy -
ability to self-design and select the appropriate arbitration process (versus a
rigid court process)
Security: The parties may have secrets about property, business, confidential
information and other reasons for arising contractual disputes in order to want to
keep the dispute confidential and private (compared to the proceedings at court
is usually public)
Finality of the arbitral award - repression of appellate work (compared to courts
that normally allow appellate) freedom to choose the mode of presentation
(compared to cases settled in court)
The arbitrator's powers can be broader, such as being able to act as a mediator
(compared to the powers of the court), but only if the parties agree (Example:
Rule 27.2, SIAC Arbitration Rules 2010).

*Disadvantages of Arbitration
Many parties involved in contracts are related to each other. cannot ask third
parties to participate without their consent.The issue of multi-party arbitration
and consolidation of related awards. Cost could be higher.
*Arbitration proceedings:
Step 1: File a lawsuit and defend yourself
Step 2: Set up the Arbitration Council.
Step 3: The arbitration council studies the file and performs a number of tasks
according to its competence.
Step 4: Conduct a dispute resolution meeting.
Step 5: Issue the arbitral award.
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2.4. Court
*Definition:
The court is a method of dispute resolution at the adjudication agency of the
judicial branch. When a Contract dispute arises, if the parties do not negotiate
and reconcile with each other, it can be resolved at the Court.
The litigants often seek the help of the court as a last resort to effectively protect
their rights and interests when they fail to use the negotiation or conciliation
mechanism and also do not want the dispute between them to be resolved by
arbitration.

*Characteristics of Court
It is conducted according to strict and strict order and procedures and the
judgment or decision of the court on the dispute, if not voluntary compliance,
will be guaranteed to be enforced by the coercive force of another person.

*Advantages of Court
Court decisions (representing the judicial power of the state) are enforceable for
the parties. The parties must have the responsibility and obligation to implement
the Court's decision or they will be applied measures to ensure judgment
enforcement.
With the principle of two levels of adjudication, errors in the dispute settlement
process are avoided and can be detected and remedied.

*Disadvantages of Court
Dispute settlement takes a long time, many cases can last up to several years
without being resolved because the court proceedings are too tight.

The ability of the parties to influence in the proceedings is very limited. Except
for providing documents, evidences, evidences and arguments during litigation,
the parties cannot interfere in the proceedings and decisions of the Court.

With the principle of public trial, the parties may be exposed to some
information related to business, business, invoices, documents and may suffer a
decrease in their reputation.
The legal cost for the settlement in court could be expensive.
For disputes involving foreign elements, the choice of court and the choice of
applicable law depends on the contract, the parties and international and
bilateral terms between the signed countries. There are still many problems with
the settlement procedure.

III. Example of resolving contractual disputes

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Contractual disputes on this below case were succesfully resolved by
Arbitration. The Arbitrators consider the proposals of both parties and apply the
law to resolve the contractual disputes accordingly.
JUDGMENT REGARDING WOMAN
DISPUTES IN 3 BUYING SELL CONTRACT
Parties
Plaintiff : Seller
Defendant : Buyer
Issues covered:
- Applicable law
- Articles 13(3) and (5) of the Arbitration Rules of the International Chamber of
Commerce (I.C.C)
- The Hague Convention 1955 on the law applicable to international trade in
goods
- Practices in international trade
*Summary of the case:
Defendant signed three contracts with Plaintiff to purchase the same product
according to the quality specifications specified in the contract. According to the
contract, the Respondent has paid 90% of the value of each contract upon
receipt of a full set of shipping documents.

The goods delivered under the first and third contracts were in accordance with
the specified quality standards, however, the parties had a dispute about the
quality of the goods delivered under the second contract before the goods were
delivered on board. When conducting a second inspection of the consignment at
the port of destination, it was discovered that the goods did not meet the quality
specifications specified in the contract. Finally, after reprocessing to make the
goods easier to sell, the Respondent had to resell the above shipment to a third
party with a rather large loss.

Taking the reason that the second contract shipment does not meet the quality
specifications specified in the contract, the Respondent refuses to pay 10% of
the remaining value of the contracts. The plaintiff filed a lawsuit before the
arbitrator demanding the payment of 10% above. For its part, Respondent
claims that 10% should be used to replace what Plaintiff should have
indemnified Respondent for direct losses, financial costs, lost profits and
interest due to the second shipment being delivered with incorrect quality.

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Arbitrator's decision:
In commercial transactions, the delivery of goods that do not meet the quality
standards specified in the contract occurs quite often and that often leads to
significant losses for the buyer. Legally, the buyer has the right to claim the
seller to compensate him for damages arising from the delivery of goods not as
specified in the contract. However, an issue is raised whether the buyer has the
right to protect his legitimate interests by deducting part of the contract value
himself.

*Process of dealing with contractual disputes by Arbitration:

1. Determing the basis of law
When a dispute arises, this provision is the first to be considered and it has a
large influence on the outcome of the dispute settlement. What is the law most
appropriate law to govern the contract between the Plaintiff and the
Respondent?

+Article 13(3) of the Arbitration Rules of the International Chamber of

Commerce (ICC): Subject to this Article, the arbitrators shall apply the
substantive law system determined by the conflict of law rules that they deem
appropriate to settle the dispute.

+ The law of the Plaintiff's country

The States of the Claimant and the Respondent have both ratified Article 3 of
the Hague Convention of 11 June 1955 on the Law Applicable to the
International Sale of Goods , Article 3 of which provides for the applicable law
to settle disputes arising is the law of the country where the Seller is presently
located. On the other hand, it is a general tendency that when there is a conflict
of applicable law, the law of the country in which the principal obligor arising
from the contract is located will prevail. The person having the right in this
contract of sale of goods is the seller.

+United Nations Convention on International Trade in Goods of 11 April 1980.

(either the Plaintiff's or the Respondent's countries were parties to the
Convention.)
+Article 13 of the Hague Convention further provides that "In all cases, the
arbitral tribunal shall take into account the provisions of the contract and the
relevant commercial practices". So the legal basis for the Arbitral Tribunal to
adjudicate this dispute will be the law of the Plaintiff country and commercial
practices related to the disputed content of the Contract.

2. Considering the proposals of both parties and applying the law to resolve
the contractual disputes accordingly.
*Regarding to the Respondent's counterclaim:

14
The arbitral tribunal found that the Respondent had complied with the
requirements of the Vienna Convention(CISG).
In the case under consideration, the Claimant (Seller) had the goods inspected
within a reasonable time (the goods were inspected even before arrival at the
port), the Respondent (Buyer) also gave notice of the damaged within a
reasonable time, i.e. eight days from the time the expert surveyor's report was
prepared.

Article 38(1) of the Convention provides that "the Buyer is obliged to inspect
the goods or to have them inspected promptly". The Buyer must then notify the
Seller of the non-conformity of the goods within a reasonable time of discovery
of the defect. Failure to do so will result in Buyer forfeiting the right to claim
such nonconformity. Article 39(1) specifically provides for this issue as follows:

"In any event, Buyer will lose the right to claim against delivery of goods that
do not conform to the specifications specified in the contract if Buyer does not
give Seller notice of this within a period of two years. from the date on which
the goods are delivered to the Buyer, unless the goods are warranted for a period
longer than two years."

*Regarding the Plaintiff

As for the Seller, in all cases the Seller shall also be deemed to have lost the
right to claim violations of the requirements set out in Articles 38 and 39 of the
Vienna Convention because article 40 provides that "the Seller does not may
refer to Articles 38 and 39 if the non-conformity of the goods is related to facts
which the Seller knew or could not have known and did not raise". In fact, from
all the evidence and documents of this case, the Arbitral Tribunal found that the
Plaintiff knew and could not have been unaware that the goods delivered under
the second contract did not conform to the specified quality specifications in the
contract.

3.Making the final jugdment

The arbitral tribunal cannot accept the Respondent's counterclaim at the same
time as the Plaintiff's claim when the consideration and settlement of the
counterclaim makes the the main claim proceedings took too long. In this case,
the arbitration committee found it reasonable to consider the settlement of the
petition and the counterclaim at the same time.

15
The arbitral tribunal accepted both the Claims' claims and the Respondent's
counterclaims. Therefore, these two amounts are complementary, the
Respondent is not required to reimburse the Plaintiff for the amount requested
by the Plaintiff and the Plaintiff is not required to indemnify the Respondent for
the costs incurred by the Respondent.

IV. Making comments and Comparison of four commonly used methods of

resolving contractual disputes
Multilayer Dispute Resolution - MDR: arbitration disputes at various stages
before proceeding to final settlement. Normally, people will often prioritize
negotiation, then conciliation, if the desired result is not achieved, arbitration
and finally the court will be selected.

Depending on the seriousness of the contract dispute and the actual problem-
solving situation of the two parties, the appropriate method of settlement shall
be selected. People can also ask experts - people with experience and
knowledge to advise on which option to choose for the most benefit, or advise
them on reputable lawyers, arbitrators,... Parties You can also choose from some
form of ADR that combines mandatory and optional elements, for example:
"Conciliation/Arbitration" ("Med-Arb"): There are two common types of this
procedure: (i) the mediator becomes an arbitrator if the conciliation process
fails; (ii) if the mediation process fails, the mediator's role is terminated and the
dispute is referred to an arbitration panel.

Like any method of dispute resolution, negotiation cannot guarantee that a party
will be successful. However, many commentators feel that negotiations have a
greater possibility of a successful outcome when the parties adopt an interest-
based approach as opposed to a positional-based approach. By focusing on their
mutual needs and interests and the use of mechanisms such as objective
standards, there is a greater chance of reaching an agreement that meets the
needs of the parties. This is sometimes referred to as a “win-win” approach.

Unlike the outcomes of certain adjudicative processes, e.g., the courts, the
outcome of a negotiation only binds those parties who were involved in the
negotiation. The agreement must not, of course, be contrary to the law (e.g., an
agreement to commit a crime would be illegal and thus void for public policy
reasons).

*How can you proactively prevent contract disputes?

Know the contract
Anticipate potential issues and prepare accordingly

16
Pay attention to minor issues and monitor them closely
Foster relationship with your supplíers

CONCLUDING
The developed world entails many conflicting relationships arising, affecting the
legitimate rights and interests of the parties, in which contract disputes cannot
be ignored. Each contract dispute resolution option has its own advantages and
disadvantages, so it is a problem for legislators to improve the law on contract
dispute resolution further to find a solution. optimally, effectively, saving time
and costs and ensuring benefits for stakeholders.

DOCUMENTATION
1.VIArb
Link:http://hocvientuphap.edu.vn/tttuvanphapluat/gocnghiepvu/Pages/phan-
quyet-tieu-bieu.aspx?ItemID=27
2.What Is Mediation And How Does It Work?
Link:https://corporate.findlaw.com/litigation-disputes/what-is-mediation-and-
how-does-it-work.html#:~:text=Mediation%20is%20a%20procedure%20in,or
%20a%20scheduled%20settlement%20conference.
3.Mediation Brochure 2015 English
Link:file:///D:/Users/ADMIN/Downloads/Mediation%20Brochure
%202015%20English.pdf
4.Mediation? What you need to know
Link:file:///D:/Users/ADMIN/Downloads/Com_Lit___Mediation_Feb16.pdf
5.5 Types of contract disputes
Link: https://www.purdybailey.com/blog/2018/march/5-types-of-contract-
disputes/
6.How to resolve contract disputes?
Link: https://www.upcounsel.com/how-to-resolve-contract-disputes

17