ISBN 978-1-6654-3986-2
A Cost-Effective Smart E-Bin System for Garbage
Management Using Convolutional Neural Network
2021 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN) | 978-1-6654-3986-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSCAN53069.2021.9526547
Saranya A1 Mukul Bhambri2
IEEE, Member, Research Scholar UG Student
School of Computing, Computer Science and Technology,
SRM Institute of Science and SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, India Technology, India
saranyamit12@gmail.com mb7898@srmist.edu.in
Abstract—The world has accumulated an enormous amount of
waste that the ways for collecting and disposing of it are now out
of human reach. The race is struggling to collect the waste and get
it removed as soon as possible. Not only the non-biodegradable
waste is creating issues but also the biowaste due to the lack of
resources to collect them. Indian roads, sewages, even obsolete
areas are plundered with plastic bottles, polythene bags, litters,
etc. This project includes a cost-effective bin for small-scale
purposes which is implemented in houses. The waste container (E-
bin) consists of two divisions, one for the bio-degradable waste and
the other for the non-biodegradable waste. The Proposed E-Bin
consists of a sensing lid that detects if the bin is to be opened for
the nearby person or not and waste type. It has two LED displays,
one for the amount of waste collected and the other for how much
maximum cost the waste could be sold to different organizations
who can utilize the waste effectively. For waste classification
Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used to identify whether
the correct type of waste is deposited to the correct bin. The
accuracy of the waste classification algorithm is 96%. This
proposed methodology is an initiative to encourage people to
deposit and effectively dispose of their waste. Also, they are getting
some reward for their waste.
Keywords- Classification, Cost model, Convolutional Neural Network,
E-bin, Sensors, Smart Cities, Waste Management.
I. INTRODUCTION
Waste management around the world has become chaos in
the head especially in India, where huge lumps of waste could
be seen here and there. Waste and its management require more
time due to the excessive amount of its release into the
environment. E-Bin would play a major role in the process of
Waste Management as it has a lot of features that would be
helpful in the management cycle. E-Bin consists of a metallic
bin which further has two sections involved in it, one for the
biodegradable waste and the other one for the non-biodegradable
waste which includes different kinds of wastes such as liquid
waste, solid waste, hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The
biodegradable waste section has a Weight Sensor and a mesh.
The mesh will allow the water or any other liquid to flow into a
secondary cabin to separate the wet waste from the dry waste.
The weight sensor will calculate the weight for the amount of
dry waste. The scaling will be set to determine the equivalent
cost for the amount of dry waste. For example, 1kg of dry waste
is equal to 3 Indian rupees. The Bin will consist of an embedded
Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology
Puducherry, India
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Vinothkumar Ganesan3
Technical Lead,
HCL Technologies,
India
vinothkumar985@gmail.com
Arduino System which will inform the agencies that the bin has
got full and needs it to get emptied [1][2][3]. It involves IR
sensors and Ultrasonic sensors for object detection. The Bin will
also involve a motion sensor to detect the person standing nearby
so that the lid can be opened for the person to put the waste inside
the bin. An embedded machine learning algorithm will be
involved in it to detect the waste as well. For example, if the non-
biodegradable waste is put in the biodegradable section by
mistake.
The biodegradable gas agencies will be contacted to collect
the biowaste to treat that waste as biomass and produce the
biogas from that. The problems of poor waste management
systems are result in creating diseases, waste causes damage to
the ecosystem, and it creates numerous problems for other
species. It forces the environment to changes resulting in air
pollution, water pollution, etc. This also has an issue with
hygiene because of its improper disposal. Thus, the E-Bin counts
as a suitable smart bin for smart cities. Data Analytics and
device-to-device communications help to ease societal
problems.
One of the major concerns is waste management, we
proposed a product-based solution for perceptively handling the
waste. Since all other common industries are welcoming these
kinds of smart technologies to update themselves. Connecting
the intelligent system to collect the big data for analytics is
booming in this modern era. Every complex and unsolvable
problem is tackled by smart devices. The collected data is
processed and transformed to another version of outputs for
solving other problems [4].
The Garbage Dataset contains six types of wastes as
cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic, and trash. The description
of the dataset is given in the experimental analysis section. The
paper is organized into five sections, the first section contains
the introduction of smart bins and the necessity of waste
management. The second section describes the related work of
intelligent bin and convolutional networks. The third section
explains the proposed methodology and architectures of the bin,
CNN networks. The workflow of the bin is explained in step by
step process. Experimental analysis is the fourth step, which
describes the evaluation of a classification system on waste
types. The final section describes the importance of the proposed
work and classification accuracy.
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II. RELATED WORK
P.K.S Kumari et al have proposed the methodology of Smart
Bin which consists of three layers namely the Data Gathering
Layer, Processing layer, and the Demo layer, each layer
demonstrating its significance by the use of different sensors as
well as the Raspberry Pi (RPi) module [5]. RPi creates the
interface between the cameras to the microprocessor. It takes the
image information from the dust bin to the authorized reporting
portal [6]. Also responsible for sending the alert message to the
connected user devices. Fady Samann et al have proposed and
used the methodology of Smart Trash Bin which is a cost-
effective and user-friendly model. The Bin comprises a GSM
module to send the SMS alert to the collection department and a
motion sensor as well to detect the usage event. The software of
the bin is based on the Arduino microcontroller [7]. The E-Bin
designed for the bio-degradable waste management has two
major sections or we can say two compartments, one for bio-
degradable waste collection and the other one for the non-
biodegradable waste collection and subsection for water
collection present in the waste. The proposed Bin consists of a
few important sensors used for numerous purposes i.e. the
infrared sensor (IR) for object detection (for a person standing
nearby) for the lid of the bin for opening and closing [8][9]. The
hardware of the bin is to be designed in such a way that it is
space-efficient. The second user is the weight sensor which is
used for measuring the weight of the biodegradable waste. The
third sensor determines whether the bin has got full and needs
its emptying. An alert message is sent to the waste collection
agencies for biomass energy generation through the GSM
module [10]. Another of the most important feature is the
Arduino board which has been programmed for detection
whether the waste put in the bio-degradable section has non-
biodegradable waste put into it. The Bin consists of a LED
display that displays an equivalent cost of the bio-waste which
has been put inside the bin. A record in the server’s database is
kept for the amount and waste generation.
An intelligent-based smart bin is developed for notifying the
garbage filling with nearby municipality web servers. It raises
the alert to the user with the level of garbage filing with correct
verification. It enables the instance clearance and cleaning of the
dustbin to avoid unnecessary pollutions and disturbance[11].
Improving smart devices with IoT technology provides the
platform for the recreation of the digital environment [12]. Many
IoT features and devices are listed in the above-mentioned
paper. Waste and its management have become a major issue in
the last few decades. Graph figure 2 shows the increase in waste
around the globe [13][14][15]. wasNet is one of the neural
networks-based classifiers, which classifies the garbage with the
lightweight neural network. This architecture is based on the
ImageNet CNN and transfer learning applies to garbage
classification systems. Complex data augmentation enabled this
classification system to train and earn different features of the
objects [16]. Smart bin enabled with microcontroller plays an
intelligent roe to categorize the waste to digestible and
indigestible. Input image is processed with CNN model.
Depending upon the waste score the image has categorized and
deposited to correct bin [17]. AlexNet CNN is used to
categorize 10 types of waste categories with Automatic Teller
Machine model dustbin called Automatic Teller Dustbin [18].
Smart Bins play a part in the development of cities to smart
cities. In the already published papers, we have gone through,
we came across many facts and features of e-bins that are
covered collectively in them. But there have been some
convenient and important features that have to be added or can
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ISBN 978-1-6654-3986-2
be added to enhance the efficiency of the E-Bin, which benefits
both the e-bin owner and the garbage collection corporation. In
one paper, we came across the methodology used for disposing
of away waste and its collection by local corporations and
different types of sensors used for bin opening and closing and
object detection. We have planned and tried to implement a
better version of such an e-bin which has certain new features
and algorithms getting involved which in result will improve the
quality and efficiency of the end product. We have added
algorithms that will help in the waste classification and cost
generation for the equivalent amount of waste.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
E-Bin for smart cities has proved to be very productive in the
area of Waste Management since waste and its management has
been one of the major areas of concern nowadays due to its over-
collection on the grounds [19][20]. We have classified the waste
in two of its broader categories i.e. familiar to all of us i.e. bio-
degradable waste and non-biodegradable waste. E-Bin is
majorly designed for the consumption of bio-degradable waste
for energy production.
Figure 1 shows the internal structure of the bin with input and
output displays. The workflow of the proposed bin is drawn in
flowchart representation. It comprises all components and
directions of the information from one module to another
module. The figure 2 flowchart below explains the complete
working of the E-Bin with some of its essential features.
Fig. 1. Smart- Bin Internal Components
The following are the steps which are needed to be performed to
perform the complete working of the E-Bin.
Step 1: Lid Opening and Closing - When a person stands near
the bin to put the waste inside the bin, the object detection sensor
i.e. the IR sensor performs the lid opening and when the person
is away, the lid is closed.
Step 2: Biodegradable waste or non-biodegradable waste- After
the lid is opened with help of the IR sensor, the waste based on
its form i.e. biodegradable or non-biodegradable is put into the
respective compartment.
Step 3: Biodegradable waste- The liqid waste flows to the outer
section/compartment through a slant slid, separating the solid
waste from the liquid waste.
Step 4a: Waste Classification through Arduino Board- If there
has been a mix of any other kind of waste with the biodegradable
waste, the IoT device indicates the impurity along with a Red
Alert.
Step 4b: CNN algorithm is used to classify the solid waste with
their predefined types
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 ISBN 978-1-6654-3986-2

Step 5: Equivalent Waste Amount and cost display- The weight The linear representation of the image (I) and filter (f) is notated
of biowaste which was measured with the help of a weight as,
sensor and the equivalent cost per kg which has been preset by 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑖𝑛 × 𝑓 − − − − − −(1)
the corporation are displayed through the LED display. Process the image input to Convolutional networks with weights
Step 6: Emptying of the Bin - With the help of the GSM module, (w), input x and bias (b)
the message for bin emptying is sent to the local corporations. 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑋𝑖𝑛 𝑤 + 𝑏 − − − − − (2)
Apply the activation to the 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡
A. CNN algorithm For Waste Classification
𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙(𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − − − (3)
The input image is captured by the camera placed on the lid, and Rewrite the above equation,
it is processed with the CNN ResNet algorithm. Input features 𝑙
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑗𝑇 𝑋𝑗 (𝑎𝑙−1 ) + 𝑏𝑗 − − − (4)
are extracted and grouped by the convolutional layer. The Image matrix is represented by,
pooling layer reduces the input spatial dimension to correct the 𝐼(𝑚, 𝑛) = (𝑥 × 𝑓)[𝑚, 𝑛] − − − − − − −(5)
essential information of an image. The features are combined by
their similarities with prior knowledge by the Resnet training. 𝐼(𝑚. 𝑛) = ∑ ∑ 𝑥[𝑗, 𝑘]𝑓[𝑚 − 𝑗, 𝑛 − 𝑘] − − − −(6)
This process is called transfer learning, which is used to obtain 𝑗 𝑘

the object structure. The classification is initiated by the fully
connected layer with the Relu activation function. Depending on
the pre-trained weights the CNN architecture able to predict the
bio and non-biodegradable objects.
Fig. 2. Convolutional Neural Nets for Waste Classification
The cross-entropy loss function is calculated on the observed
and expected data results. The imagenet classification algorithm
is expressed with the following steps.
Algorithm for Garbage Classification Using ImageNet
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡: 𝐺𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑒_𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒_𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑡, 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠, 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2: 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4: 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛 ,
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑_𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛, 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡_𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 5: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 6: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 7: 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡, 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 8: 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 9: 𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 10: 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡: 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦_𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
IV. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
An image capturing device is deployed inside the Bio-
degradable section and non-biodegradable section of the Bin.
The captured image is the input for processing the waste with a
classification system.

Fig. 3. Input Feature Representation in Pooling Layer

Figure 2. Shows the convolutional layered architecture for waste
classification. The input features are pooled with max-pooling
to produce the feature map. Figure 3 depicts the input feature
representation. Relu activation is applied on each level of
processing with adam optimizer. The cross-entropy loss function
is used to evaluate the accuracy of the classification system.
After the fully connected layer softmax function is applied over
the transformed data to produce the output probability as target Fig. 4. Garbage Type Distribution
classes.

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The histogram 4 and 5 shows the density (count and weight) of
the different type of garbage. This representation is used to
understand the individual type of garbage distribution among the
total population.
Split the data samples into three groups as training, testing, and
validation. Totally 2527 garbage data samples are taken for
classification and prediction. The training phase takes 1768 data
samples, for testing 431 data samples, validation takes 328 data
samples. Figure 6 shows the loss values of the classification on
training and validation. There are 100 epochs are taken to train
the model and it is normalized to 20 epochs.

Fig. 7. Classification Accuracy on Training and Validation

Fig.5. Garbage Weight Distribution
Fig. 7. shows the accuracy curve on training and validation data.
TABLE 1 The current CNN model imageNet is compared with DenseNet
Types of wastes in the dataset for training
and VGG CNN architectures. The last five epochs training and
Category of Type of Value of Recreation Number of
waste waste Items validation results are tested with current algorithm. The
Paper Bio Bio-Mass, Recyclable 594 compariion of three models are listed in table 2.
Cardboard Bio Bio-Mass, Recyclable 403 TABLE 2
Glass Non-Bio Recyclable 501 Comparison of Classification Algorithm with Existing CNN Model
Plastic Non-Bio Almost Nil 482 CNN Training Training Validation Validation
Metal Non-Bio Recyclable 410 Models Loss Accuracy Loss Accuracy
Trash Non-Bio Partially Recyclable 137 ImageNet 0.0457 0.9722 0.3896 0.9232
Densenet 0.3198 0.8671 0.3163 0.8745
Waste classification/sorting is one of the most VGG16 0.283 0.8981 0.3714 0.8805
important functions of the E-Bin to avoid waste contamination.
Waste is used for recycling or bio-energy generation. The
proposed bin displays the correct equivalent cost and weight of
the biodegradable waste. So, a dataset is employed which
contains different types of non-bio and bio waste pictures
divided into sections. Resnet model of CNN is used since it
contains pre-trained visual models. The dataset of garbage and
its types are listed in table 1.
.

Fig. 8. Confusion Matrix on F1- Score for Validation Data

The total number of classification parameters used in this
evaluation is 23,487,534, Trainable parameters are2,626,054,
Fig. 6. Classification Loss on Training and Validation Data and the Non-trainable parameters are 20,861,480.

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validation on garbage dataset. This waste type and evaluation

can be fit for real time envirnment.
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SARANYA A is currently doing her PhD in Medical

Data Analytics in the School of Computing, SRM
Institute of Science and Technology, India. She has
completed her master degree M.Tech in Madras
Institute of Technology, India. She has six years of
teaching experience in Engineering & Computer
Science. Her Research interests include Device
Communications, Deep Learning Medical Data
Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence.

MUKUL BHAMBRI is currently doing his BTech

in Computer Science & Engineering with a
specialization in Information Technology from SRM
Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India.
His research interests include Artificial Intelligence,
Internet of Things and Cyber Forensics and
Psychology

VINOTH KUMAR G is currently acting as

Technical Lead in HCL Technologies, India. He have
more than 12 yearsof experience in Design and
Development Engineering. He has completed his
Bacholor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
in Dr. MGR Educational and Research
Institute,Chennai, India. He is also specialized in
Plastic and Mould Technology from Central Institute
of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Hyderabed,
India. He is Extends his excellence to Machine
Learning.

Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology

Puducherry, India
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apply.