1. Linux.

Linux is open-source many developers studied the source code and created many
supportive plug-ins and operating systems for their needs. Linux began in 1991 as
a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds: to create a new free
operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant
growth throughout its history.

2. Proponents and Supporters

Linus Torvalds, Jim Zemlin, Mike Woster.Mike,Dolan CopenhaverAbby
KearnsArpit JoshipuraBrian BehlendorfAndy UpdegroveAngela BrownChris
AniszczykHeather KirkseyKate StewartDan CauchyNoriaki FukuyasuClyde
SeepersadDan KohnCalista RedmondRobin GinnShubhra Kar

3. One of the most basic foundations of knowledge for Linux programming is

experience with the C programming language. C is the basis of the Linux Kernel, so
an exceptional understanding and ability to use C in practical applications is
critical.
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its
basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such
a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process
control, networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems.

4. On October 5, 1991, Linus announced the first “official” version of Linux, version
0.02. Today, there are over 600 active Linux distros. Some of the most commonly
used are Debian, Gentoo, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS,
Fedora, Kali Linux, Arch Linux, and OpenSUSE, Linux distribution usage statistics
show.
5. Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2 only, but it
contains files under other compatible licenses.
Linux is deployed on a wide variety of computing systems, such as embedded
devices, mobile devices (including its use in the Android operating
system), personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
6. Linux is a monolithic kernel with a modular design (e.g., it can insert and
remove loadable kernel modules at runtime), supporting most features once only
available in closed source kernels of non-free operating systems. X86-64.
7.
1. Ubuntu.
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and open-
source software. Ubuntu is developed by British company Canonical,[22] and a community of other
developers, under a meritocratic governance model.
2. Proponents and Supporters.
Mark Shuttleworth, Canonical LTD, Ian Murdock
3. Kernel of Ubuntu (Linux) is written in C and some assembly. Most programs are written in C or C ++ e.g
GTK+ is written in C whereas Qt and KDE are written in C++. Several are written in Python too. Ubuntu
is based on Linux operating system.
4. The first official Ubuntu release — Version 4.10, codenamed the 'Warty Warthog' — was launched
in October 2004, and sparked dramatic global interest as thousands of free software enthusiasts and
experts joined the Ubuntu community. Every fourth release, occurring in the second quarter of even-
numbered years, has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) release. The desktop version of LTS
releases for 10.04 and earlier were supported for three years, with server version support for five
years. LTS releases 12.04 and newer are freely supported for five years. Through the ESM paid option,
support can be extended even longer, up to a total of ten years for 18.04. The support period for non-
LTS releases is 9 months. Prior to 13.04, it had been 18 months.
5. Ubuntu for the most part is GPL Licensed: The only exceptions are some proprietary hardware drivers.
The main difference between Ubuntu Desktop and Server is the desktop environment. While Ubuntu
Desktop includes a graphical user interface (GUI), Ubuntu Server does not. It is because most servers
run headless. The main difference between Ubuntu Desktop and Server is the desktop environment.
While Ubuntu Desktop includes a graphical user interface (GUI), Ubuntu Server does not. It is because
most servers run headless.
6. Ubuntu is a general-purpose, free-as-in-speech, zero-cost operating system based on Debian
GNU/Linux, designed for use on desktops, laptops, servers, and mobile devices. The project is
committed to a regular six-monthly release schedule, security updates for 9 months after release (or
longer for Long Term Support releases), and to providing a single installation CD with further packages
available for download. All of these commitments have an effect on its overall architecture. This page
sketches the main architectural features of Ubuntu, in order that ongoing development work can be
designed in a consistent and elegant fashion.
7.
 1. Android

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and
other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such
as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset
Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google. Android began in 2003 as a project of the American
technology company Android Inc., to develop an operating system for digital cameras. In 2004 the project
changed to become an operating system for smartphones. Android Inc., was bought by the American search
engine company Google Inc., in 2005.

2. First developed by Rich Miner, Nick Sears, Chris White, and Andy Rubin in 2003—their company
soon thereafter being acquired by Google in 2005—Android’s founders made the conscious
choice to use the Linux operating system for Android’s basis, which made it possible for third-
party mobile manufacturers to build phones on top of the Android operating system.

3. Java (UI), C (core), C++ and others. Android OS is a Linux-based mobile operating system that
primarily runs on smartphones and tablets. The Android platform includes an operating system
based upon the Linux kernel, a GUI, a web browser and end-user applications that can be
downloaded.

4. The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the
Android beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on
September 23, 2008. Today, Android 12 is the latest release. It became available October 4,
2021.

5. The majority of the Android platform and documentation is licensed under the Apache 2.0
license for userspace software. GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications.

6. The Android software stack generally consists of a Linux kernel and a collection of C/C++
libraries that are exposed through an application framework that provides services, and
management of the applications and run time.

7.