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NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B

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PRACTICAL 2
Case study on GNU/linux

1.History of GNU/linux
GNU/Linux is a Unix-like operating system made up of different OS components and services that create
the Linux OS. GNU stands for GNU's not Unix, which makes the term a recursive acronym, or an acronym
in which one of the letters stands for the acronym itself.

a.GNU
Development of the GNU operating system was initiated by Richard Stallman while he worked at MIT
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. It was called the GNU Project, and was publicly announced on
September 27, 1983, on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft newsgroups by Stallman.Software
development began on January 5, 1984, when Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not
claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software.

b.Linux
Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds: to create a new free
operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its
history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files
under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more than 23.3
million lines of source code, not counting comments,under the GNU General Public License v2.

2.Features of GNL

Most consumers can, with a little effort, name two


desktop and laptop operating systems: Microsoft
Windows and Apple’s macOS. Few have ever considered
any of the open-source alternatives found under the
umbrella of GNU/Linux, though some may have done so
without even knowing it—Google’s Chrome OS uses the
Linux kernel. To be honest, aside from the Chromebook
NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B
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platform, GNU/Linux systems are typically not best for


people who rely on big-name software or don’t like
dabbling with a customizable, hands-on interface.
3.GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux is a Unix-like operating system made up of different OS components and services that create
the Linux OS. GNU stands for GNU's not Unix, which makes the term a recursive acronym, or an acronym
in which one of the letters stands for the acronym itself.

It is not one organization's product, as several organizations and individuals contribute to it. The OS
comes with source code that can be copied, modified and redistributed. GNU/Linux also branches off
into many different software packages, called distributions. Distributions change the appearance and
function , making it an especially flexible OS.work with, with additional free, high-quality applications
users can find and install

GNU/Linux comes with the following benefits:


Software customization. Users can customize the OS' software to their liking. For example, users can
choose from different command-line shells, which are programs that enable them to process or give
commands to a computer program in text. It is referred to as a shell, as it is an outer layer of the OS.
Stability. The OS is stable, as it rarely crashes.

4.Linux Distribution

There are three main “families” of Linux distributions: Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE. Most other Linux
distributions use one of these three distributions as their foundation.

1.Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel. The project is coordinated
over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational
documents The Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software
Guidelines.
.
2.Red Hat Linux was a widely used commercial open-source Linux distribution created by Red Hat until
its discontinuation in 2004.Early releases of Red Hat Linux were called Red Hat Commercial Linux. Red
Hat published the first non-beta release in May 1995.It was the first Linux distribution to use the RPM
Fedora Linux, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat, is a
free-of-cost alternative intended for home use.

3.SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) is a secure, adaptable and easy-to-manage Linux server platform
NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B
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that allows developers and administrators to deploy business-critical workloads on-premises, in the
cloud and at the edge. their development process by opening widely the distribution development to
outside contributors in 2005, creating the openSUSE distribution and the openSUSE Project.

5.Linux server distribution


Linux servers are everywhere. There’s a good chance a number of your favorite websites are running on
infrastructure that’s powered by Linux, not to mention streaming services, social media platforms,
gaming networks, the list goes on. The only thing more staggering than the number of Linux servers
there are in the wild, is how many distributions you have to choose from. The distros that are available
for download are countless, and the purpose of each ranges from general purpose operating systems, to
task-oriented tools such as Clonezilla. If you’re just getting started with deploying Linux in your data
center, choosing the right distribution can be confusing

6.Linux system architecture


A computer’s operating system interface to the hardware is referred to as a software application. A
number of software applications are run on operating systems to manage hardware resources on a
computer.

The diagram illustrates the structure of the Linux system, according to the layers concept.

The Linux architecture is largely composed of elements such as the Kernel, System Library, Hardware
layer, System, and Shell functions.
Kernel: The kernel is one of the fundamental parts of an operating system. It is responsible for each of
the primary duties of the Linux OS. Each of the major procedures of Linux is coordinated with hardware
directly. The kernel is in charge of creating an appropriate abstraction for concealing trivial hardware or
application strategies.
The following kernel varieties are mentioned:
1.Monolithic Kernel
2.Microkernels
3.Exo kernels
4.Hybrid kernels

System Libraries: A set of library functions may be specified as these functions. These functions are
implemented by the operating system and do not require code access rights on the kernel modules.

System Utility Programs: A system utility program performs specific and individual jobs.
Hardware layer: The hardware layer of Linux is made up of several peripheral devices such as a CPU,
HDD, and RAM.

Shell: Different operating systems are classified as graphical shells and command-line shells. A graphical
shell is an interface between the kernel and the user. It provides kernel services, and it runs kernel
NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B
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operations. There are two types of graphical shells, which differ in appearance

7.Basic Features of GNU /Linux


GNU/Linux has many important features that other desktop operating systems lack. These were
mentioned above, and are discussed briefly in turn here. It should be mentioned that ``Linux'' strictly
refers only to the operating system itself (sometimes called the kernel). When one ``buys Linux,'' one is
really purchasing a distribution, which includes a kernel, but also the hundreds of programs needed to
run a computer system, as well as application software. There are literally dozens of distributions, but
the most popular ones in the U.S. are Red Hat, Caldera, Debian, and Slackware. In Europe, S.u.S.E [sic]
and Mandrake (a derivative of Red Hat) are popular.

8.Application of Linux OS
The above introduced you what can you do with Linux, so some use skills will be talked in this section. If
you are not clear about it, you can pay attention to the text. Linux is primarily used as an operating
system of Servers because of its low price, flexibility and UNIX background.

In tradition, the Linux-based "LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python combination)" technology
is popular among the developer community, providing the most commonly used platform for web
service suppliers.

Besides, Linux is often applied to the embedded system based on its low-costs and high flexibility, such
as set up box, mobile phones and other mobile devices. Among mobile phones, Linux has become the
leading competitor of Symbian OS, while among mobile devices it’s a third choice besides Windows CE
and Palm OS.

Additionally, there are many hardware-type network firewalls and routers, such as some LinkSys
products, which are internally driven by Linux and use the firewall and routing functions offered by the
operating system.

With the implementation of OLPC's XO-1, ASUS's Eee PC and other low-cost computers, many people are
optimistic as Linux's market share is growing rapidly in the low-end PC market.

However, the market share of Linux fell rapidly after Windows entered this market. At present, Windows
systems now have an absolute advantage in all PC markets.

9.Advantages of linux OS
Linux is an open-source operating system like Windows and MacOS. It is not just limited to the operating
NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B
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system, but nowadays, it is also used as a platform to run desktops, servers, and embedded systems. It
provides various distributions and variations as it is open source and has a modular design. The kernel is
a core part of the Linux system.
Linux system is used to manage various services such as process scheduling, application scheduling, basic
peripheral devices, file system, and more. Linux provides various advantages over other operating
systems such as Windows and macOS. So, it is used in almost every field, from cars to home appliances
and smartphones to servers (supercomputers).
In this section, we will see some major advantages of the Linux system. Further, we will see the
advantages of Linux over other operating systems and will determine why it is better than other
operating systems.

10.Linux OS command
Here is a list of basic Linux commands:

1.pwd command
Use the pwd command to find out the path of the current working directory (folder) you’re in. The
command will return an absolute (full) path, which is basically a path of all the directories that starts
with a forward slash (/). An example of an absolute path is /home/username.

2. cd command
To navigate through the Linux files and directories, use the cd command. It requires either the full path
or the name of the directory, depending on the current working directory that you’re in.
There are some shortcuts to help you navigate quickly:
cd .. (with two dots) to move one directory up
cd to go straight to the home folder
cd- (with a hyphen) to move to your previous directory

3. ls command
The ls command is used to view the contents of a directory. By default, this command will display the
contents of your current working directory.

There are variations you can use with the ls command:


ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well
ls -a will show the hidden files
ls -al will list the files and directories with detailed information like the permissions, size, owner, etc

4. cat command
cat (short for concatenate) is one of the most frequently used commands in Linux. It is used to list the
contents of a file on the standard output (sdout). To run this command, type cat followed by the file’s
name and its extension. For instance: cat file.txt.

5. cp command
Use the cp command to copy files from the current directory to a different directory. For instance, the
NAME : Prachiti Salvi                                                                      STD : FYCS / DIV B
ROLL NO : 81                                                                                SUB : FOSS

command cp scenery.jpg /home/username/Pictures would create a copy of scenery.jpg (from your


current directory) into the Pictures directory.

6. mv command
The primary use of the mv command is to move files, although it can also be used to rename files.
The arguments in mv are similar to the cp command. You need to type mv, the file’s name, and the
destination’s directory. For example: mv file.txt /home/username/Documents.

7. mkdir command
Use mkdir command to make a new directory — if you type mkdir Music it will create a directory called
Music.

8. rmdir command
If you need to delete a directory, use the rmdir command. However, rmdir only allows you to delete
empty directories.

9. rm command
The rm command is used to delete directories and the contents within them. If you only want to delete
the directory — as an alternative to rmdir — use rm -r.

10. touch command


The touch command allows you to create a blank new file through the Linux command line. As an
example, enter touch /home/username/Documents/Web.html to create an HTML file entitled Web
under the Documents directory.

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