Type 2 Diabetes CVD and Hypertension Vigillance
Using Machine Learning
1
Alok Kumar Verma
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
GLBITM Greater Noida
UP, INDIA
Alok89123patel@gmail.com
2
Aniket Pal
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
GLBITM Greater Noida
UP, INDIA
palaniket715@gmail.com
Abstract— This major project focuses on predictive
modeling for three critical health conditions: diabetes,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension,
utilizing diverse machine learning algorithms. For the
diabetes dataset, an ensemble of models including
Random Forest, Decision Tree, XG Boost, Support
Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN),
and Logistic Regression was employed. Among these,
KNN exhibited outstanding performance, achieving a
maximum accuracy of 99.86% in diabetes prediction.
In exploring the relationships between diabetes and
CVD, Bayesian Theorem was applied to the PIMA
Indian dataset. This dataset serves as a valuable
resource for understanding the interconnectedness of
these health conditions. The integration of Bayesian
analysis enhances the understanding of
theprobabilistic relationships between diabetes and
CVD,contributing to a more comprehensive
perspective on their associations. The results of this
major project offer insights into effective predictive
modeling for diabetes, CVD, and hypertension,
showcasing the strengths of various machine learning
algorithms. The emphasis on accurate predictions and
relationship analysis contributes to the advancement
of healthcare analytics, fostering a more nuanced
understanding of complex health conditions.
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and
hypertension represent a trifecta of chronic health
conditions that significantly impact individuals' day-to-
day lives, posing both immediate and long-term threats
to their well-being. These conditions, often referred to as
non-communicable diseases (NCDs), have reached
alarming proportions globally, affecting millions and
contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by
elevated blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient
insulin production or ineffective use of insulin by the
body.
Individuals with diabetes often face the challenge of
3
Abhishek Kumar Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
GLBITM Greater Noida
UP, INDIA
abhisheksingh90627@gmail.com
managing their blood glucose levels through medication,
lifestyle modifications, and vigilant monitoring.
The chronic nature of diabetes necessitates consistent
attention to diet, exercise, and medication, influencing
various aspects of daily life.
Similarly, cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a
range of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels,
including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.
CVD can disrupt the normal functioning of the circulatory
system, leading to complications that demand lifestyle
adjustments, medication adherence, and regular medical
check-ups. The impact of CVD extends beyond physical
health, affecting emotional well-being and imposing
restrictions on daily activities.
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is
a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls
is consistently too high. This condition, often
asymptomatic, poses a silent threat, increasing the risk of
heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Managing
hypertension involves lifestyle modifications, medication
adherence, and regular monitoring of blood pressure,
imposing a constant awareness of health.
In the context of India, the burden of these chronic diseases
is particularly profound. According to various studies, the
prevalence of diabetes, CVD, and hypertension in India has
witnessed a steady rise, imposing a substantial public health
challenge. Kotecha et al. [1] underscore the growing impact
of cardiovascular events, with cardiovascular disease
emerging as a leading cause of mortality. Notably, India
faces a unique set of challenges in combating these chronic
diseases. A study by Gudi et al. [2] explores the
relationships between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
using the PIMA Indian dataset, shedding light on the
specific nuances of these health conditions within the
Indian population. The importance of predictive analytics in
healthcare, especially for hypertension, is highlighted by
Kavakiotis et al. [4].

The consequences of these chronic diseases are starkly
evident in mortality statistics. According to the work by
Natarajan et al. [5], machine-learning algorithms are
instrumental in assessing the risk of heart failure
admissions based on personal health record data. The
gravity of the situation is emphasized in a study by Misra
et al. [6], revealing the substantial death rates attributed
to diabetes, CVD, and hypertension in India. As we delve
into this major project, the amalgamation of insights from
these studies and the application of advanced machine
learning techniques will serve as a robust foundation for
enhancing predictive modeling, early detection, and
ultimately, improving outcomes for individuals grappling
II. RELATED WORKS
with these chronic health conditions.
In addition to the challenges posed by diabetes,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension in India,
the research landscape has been enriched by studies such
as that of Al-Masni et al. [3], where an ensemble of
machine learning models was applied to predict diabetes,
laying the groundwork for our predictive modeling
endeavors. The incorporation of algorithms like Random
Forest, Decision Tree, XG Boost, Support Vector
Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and
Logistic Regression reflects the diversity of approaches
explored in the pursuit of accurate diabetes prediction.
Moreover, the insights derived from the PIMA Indian
dataset, as utilized by Gudi et al. [2], serve as a valuable
resource for understanding the intricate relationships
between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases specific to
the Indian population. The inherent heterogeneity in
genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors necessitates a
nuanced approach in predictive modeling for this
demographic.
As the burden of diabetes and its complications grows,
the work by Kavakiotis et al. [4] underscores the
importance of machine learning and data mining in
diabetes research. Leveraging such advanced techniques
becomesparamount in identifying patterns, risk factors,
and predictive markers that can inform early
interventions and personalized healthcare approaches.
The impact of these chronic diseases on mortality rates in
India is starkly evident in the findings by Natarajan et al.
[5], where machine-learning algorithms play a crucial
role in assessing the risk of heart failure admissions. The
integration of data-driven insights into clinical decision-
making processes can potentially mitigate the escalating
health crisis caused by these chronic conditions.
Furthermore, the comprehensive approach taken by Misra
et al. [6] in exploring the relationship between obesity,
dyslipidemia, and related metabolic disorders in South
Asians adds a crucial layer to our understanding. These
interconnections emphasize the need for a holistic
perspective in predictive modeling, considering the
multifaceted nature of health issues prevalent in the
region.
In addressing the challenges posed by hypertension, the
project draws inspiration from the work of Kotecha et al.
[1], whose systematic review and meta-analysis shed
light on the landscape of predicting cardiovascular
events. Hypertension, often referred to as the "silent
killer," demands vigilant monitoring and early
intervention to
prevent severe complications, making predictive modeling a
pivotal tool in disease management.
As we embark on this major project, the synthesis of insights
from these seminal studies lays the groundwork for our
endeavor to enhance predictive modeling for diabetes, CVD,
and hypertension in the Indian context. The integration of
diverse datasets, advanced machine learning algorithms, and
a nuanced understanding of the intricacies of these chronic
diseases aims to contribute to the evolving landscape of
healthcare analytics, offering tangible benefits to individuals
and the healthcare system at large.
A. Understanding Blood Pressure Readings:
The American Heart Association (AHA) provides valuable
insights into blood pressure readings and their significance in
health assessment [Heart.org]. This foundational information
is crucial for our major project, offering a basis for
understanding the role of blood pressure in the context of
hypertension.
B. Predictive Modeling for Cardiovascular Events:
Kotecha et al. [1] conducted a systematic review and meta-
analysis, exploring machine learning techniques for
predicting cardiovascular events. This study serves as a
significant reference for our project, showcasing the
importance of predictive modeling in the domain of
cardiovascular disease (CVD).
C. Machine Learning Applications in Diabetes:
The work of Al-Masni et al. [7] contributes to the field of
diabetes prediction using machine learning techniques. By
exploring a range of algorithms, including Random Forest,
Decision Tree, XG Boost, Support Vector Machine (SVM),
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Logistic Regression, this
study informs our approach to diabetes prediction.
D. Machine Learning in Healthcare Information Systems:
Jung et al. [8] delve into the application of machine learning
in healthcare information systems, emphasizing its potential
to enhance decision-making processes. This broader
perspective on machine learning in healthcare aligns with
our project's goal of integrating predictive modeling into
health monitoring systems.
E. Data Mining Methods in Diabetes Research:
Kavakiotis et al. not only delve into data mining methods in
diabetes research but also illuminate the significance of
leveraging data-driven approaches for a nuanced
understanding of the disease. Their work emphasizes the
transformative potential of advanced methodologies in
shaping effective strategies for diabetes management and
intervention.
F. Smart Home Health Monitoring for Diabetes and
Hypertension: The research by Sun et al. [9] focuses on a
smart home health monitoring system for predicting type 2
diabetes and hypertension. This study aligns closely with
our project's objectives, offering inspiration for the
implementation of remote patient monitoring to predict
and manage chronic conditions.
G. Integration of Smart Technologies in Healthcare:
The academia.edu article by Khan et al. [10] extends the
discussion on smart home health monitoring systems,
emphasizing their role in predicting type 2 diabetes and
hypertension. This source contributes to our
understanding of the integration of smart technologies in
healthcare and its potential impact on chronic disease
management.
H. Machine Learning-Based Predictive Models in
Healthcare: Hossain et al. [11] present a machine
Fig 1
learning-based predictive model for the early detection of
hypertension. This study provides relevant insights into
the application of machine learning specifically for
hypertension prediction, informing our approach to this
aspect of the major project.
I. Wearable Health Monitoring Systems:
The article by Kim et al. [12] published in Springer
discusses a wearable health monitoring system for the
prediction of hypertension. This source complements our
exploration of monitoring systems, offering insights into
wearable technologies and their potential impact on
predicting hypertension. In conclusion, the related works
cited provide a diverse range of perspectives,
methodologies, and applications related to diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. These studies
collectively inform and inspire our major project,
offering a solid foundation for the integration of machine
learning, health monitoring systems, and predictive
modeling in the context of chronic disease management
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system for our major project aims to
develop an integrated and intelligent healthcare platform
that leverages machine learning and smart home health
monitoring to predict, monitor, and manage diabetes,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension. This
system is designed to enhance early detection, provide
personalized insights, and empower both patients and
healthcare providers.
A. Workflow of proposed methodology
The workflow for our integrated diabetes, hypertension,
and cardiovascular disease prediction system is designed
to systematically address the complexities of chronic
health conditions. The journey begins with the meticulous
collection of diverse datasets encompassing clinical records,
lifestyle information, and genetic data. Following data
preprocessing to ensure cleanliness and uniformity, the
dataset is strategically split for training and testing. Machine
learning models, including Random Forest, Decision Tree,
XG Boost, SVM, KNN, and Logistic Regression, are then
implemented to predict diabetes and hypertension, with a
focus on accuracy metrics. Simultaneously, a real-time health
monitoring system is developed to collect continuous data on
blood glucose levels and blood pressure, integrated
seamlessly with the prediction models and equipped with
alerts for both individuals and healthcare providers. For
cardiovascular disease prediction, a specialized dataset is
employed, and models are evaluated for feature importance.
The workflow includes a risk stratification system to
categorize individuals based on their predicted risks.
Bayesian analysis is applied to explore relationships between
diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, while visualization
tools are developed for clear comprehension. Continuous
improvement, ethical considerations, and rigorous testing
culminate in the deployment of the system, accompanied by
comprehensive documentation and reporting. This holistic
workflow aims to empower individuals and healthcare
providers in the proactive management of chronic health
conditions.
Fig2
B. Data gathering and processing
The dataset for our project comprises essential attributes
crucial for predicting and managing chronic health conditions,
specifically focusing on diabetes. The included attributes are
Pregnancy, Glucose, blood pressure, skin thickness, Insulin,
BMI (Body Mass Index), Diabetes Pedigree Function, Age,
and Outcome (with values 1 representing Diabetic and 0
indicating Non-Diabetic) as shown in Table 1. The data
source for this project is the renowned PIMA Indian Diabetes
dataset, renowned for its relevance to diabetes research. The
dataset is composed of 768 rows, each representing an
individual case. This comprehensive dataset provides a
holistic view of critical health indicators and serves as the
foundational basis for our machine learning models and
predictive analytics, aiming to enhance early detection,
monitoring, and personalized health management for diabetes
and related conditions.
Table 1
 C.Feature engineering Predicting CVD using all features:
Feature engineering involves the strategic selection of Models Accuracy Percentage
pertinent attributes, which directly influences the precision
Decision Tree 64.00%
of predictions. These attributes, also known as features, are
divided into two main categories: predictors and responses. Random Forest 72.12%
Predictors are variables that influence the outcome, while
Support Vector Machine 72.00%
responses are the resultant variables affected by predictors.
In accordance with specific research needs, the most XgBoost 64.00%
impactful features are identified for optimal accuracy in Logistic Regression 72.30%
experiments. For instance, in a given scenario, the features
of interest could be blood pressure and glucose levels, as KNN 72.00 %
outlined in Table 2. These selected features, namely Table 2
BloodPressure and Glucose, are recognized as predictors, In this scenario, changes in X do not appear to influence
while the variable Outcome is designated as the response. Y.
C.Predicting outcome
After getting the appropriate features during the feature Applying this concept to the proposed work, where
engineering steps, the outcomes of the classifiers are Glucose is represented on the X-axis and Blood Pressure
judged in terms of accuracy, scatter plot, and correlation on the Y-axis, the scatter plot in Fig. 4 suggests a
matrix. constant correlation. This means that as Glucose levels
change, Blood Pressure remains relatively constant,
Accuracy indicating a consistent relationship between the two
Accuracy is a commonly used metric to evaluate the variables.
performance of a model, especially in classification

problems. Accuracy is defined as the ratio of correctly

predicted instances to the total number of instances in the
dataset. It provides a general measure of how well a
model is performing across all classes.
For diabetes

Models Accuracy Percentage

Decision Tree 70%
Random Forest 83%
XgBoost 70%
Logistic Regression 78%
Support Vector Machine 78%
*Artificial Neural 81.10%
. Network

Table 3
Scatter
plot
A scatter plot visually represents the relationship between
two variables, X and Y, allowing us to observe if there is
a correlation between them. There are four possible
scenarios based on the patterns observed in the plot:
Positive Correlation: When Y increases as X increases, it
signifies a positive correlation. In other words, as one
variable goes up, the other tends to go up as well.
Negative Correlation: If an increase in X is associated
with a decrease in Y, it indicates a negative correlation.
This implies that as one variable increases, the other
tends to decrease.
Constant Correlation: In cases where X increases, but Y
remains constant without any noticeable increase or
decrease, it is termed constant correlation. This suggests
that changes in X do not affect the value of Y
No Correlation: When there is no discernible pattern or
impact of X on Y, it is referred to as no correlation.
Fig 3
Correlation matrix
A confusion matrix is a crucial tool for evaluating the
effectiveness of a machine learning model. It is presented in
a tabular format and consists of four key values that fall into
two categories: predicted and true (actual). The matrix helps
in assessing the model's performance by comparing its
predictions to the actual outcomes.
1. True Positive (TP): In instances where the model
correctly predicts a positive outcome, indicating that the
prediction aligns with the actual result. For example,
predicting a patient as diabetic, and the patient is indeed
diabetic.
2. True Negative (TN): This occurs when the model
accurately predicts a negative outcome, matching the true
result. For instance, predicting a patient as non-diabetic, and
the patient is indeed non-diabetic.
3. False Positive (FP): This occurs when the model
incorrectly predicts a positive outcome, suggesting that
the prediction does not align with the actual result. For
instance, predicting a patient as diabetic, but the patient
is, in fact, non-diabetic.
4.False Negative (FN): In situations where the model
inaccurately predicts a negative outcome, deviating
from the true result. An example would be predicting a
patient as non-diabetic, but the patient is, in reality,
diabetic.
The confusion matrix, as illustrated in Fig. 5 for the
proposed system, is color-coded to distinguish between
true positive, true negative (green section), false positive,
and false negative (red section). The ideal scenario is for
the total count in the green section (true positive and
true negative) to exceed the total count in the red section
(false.
positive and false negative). This emphasizes the
importance of minimizing false predictions to enhance
the overall reliability and accuracy of the mode
Fig 5
Fig 6
Design Implementation
Develop a graphical user interface (GUI) to predict
the probability of diabetes and hypertension using
machine learning. Additionally, apply Bayesian
Analysis to establish the relationship between
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Diabetes.
Implementation Steps:
Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Diabetes and
Hypertension Prediction:
Create a user-friendly GUI using a framework like
Tkinter (for Python).
Include input fields for relevant features such as age,
BMI, blood pressure, etc.
Implement a button to trigger the machine learning
model for predicting the probability of diabetes and
hypertension.
Display the model's output, indicating the probability
of each disease.
Machine Learning Model for Diabetes and
Hypertension Prediction:
Utilize a pre-trained machine learning model or train
a model using a dataset that includes features related
to diabetes and hypertension.
The model should take input from the GUI, process
the information, and output the predicted
probabilities for each disease.
Popular machine learning libraries such as scikit-
learn or TensorFlow can be employed for model
development.
Bayesian Analysis for CVD and Diabetes
Relationship:
Extract necessary information from the dataset,
focusing on patients with and without diabetes.
We use the Bayesian Analysis to find the
relationship between CVD and Diabetes.
Step 1: We first extract the necessary information
from dataset, ie., the no. of patients in which
diabetes is present and those in which it is absent
Step 2: Then we calculate the following conditional
probabilities-
 3- Probability|CHD«'Absent | Diabetes= disease.
Present) 4- Probability (CHD= Present | Features related to diabetes status and cardiovascular
Dabetes='Present disease are used to calculate conditional probabilities.
Naive Bayes provides insights into the likelihood of
cardiovascular disease given the presence or absence
Diabetes 10 year risk No. of
of diabetes.
of CHD patients
Absent Absent 2825 How Machine Learning Algorithms Work:
Absent Present 478
Absent Absent 54 Data Preparation:
The datasets are preprocessed, including handling missing
Absent Absent 33 values, scaling features, and encoding categorical variables.
Table 4
Training:
The machine learning algorithms are trained on a portion
Bayesian Analysis helps establish the relationship between of the dataset, learning the patterns and relationships
CVD and Diabetes, providing insights into how the between features and target variables.
presence or absence of diabetes influences the likelihood of
CVD. Testing and Evaluation:
- The trained models are tested on a separate set of data to
Flowchart for work strategy evaluate their performance. Evaluation metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score are computed.
1. Diabetes and Hypertension Predictor (Using Pima
Indian Dataset): Prediction:
Once trained and validated, the models are ready for making
Dataset: PIMA Indian Diabetes predictions on new, unseen data.
Dataset Machine Learning Algorithm:
Interpretability:
Logistic Regression is a suitable algorithm for - Interpretability of the models allows understanding the
binary classification tasks, such as predicting the importance of each feature in making predictions and
presence or absence of diabetes and hypertension. gaining insights into the relationships within the data.
The algorithm models the probability of a particular
class, making it effective for disease prediction. Iterative Improvement:
Features like glucose level, BMI, blood pressure, Models can be iteratively improved by fine-tuning
and age can be used as input variables. hyperparameters, incorporating additional features, or
The model is trained on historical data, and once exploring different algorithms based on performance
trained, it can predict the likelihood of diabetes and feedback.
hypertension based on new input data.
These machine learning algorithms contribute to the
development of predictive models for disease diagnosis and
2. Cardiovascular Disease Predictor (Using CVD relationship exploration, aiding in better healthcare
Dataset): decision- making.

Dataset: Cardiovascular Disease

Dataset Machine Learning Algorithm:
- Random Forest is an ensemble learning
algorithm suitable for classification tasks, including
predicting cardiovascular disease.
- It combines multiple decision trees to make
accurate predictions.
- Features such as age, cholesterol levels, blood
pressure, and smoking status can be utilized.
- Random Forest handles complex relationships
within the data and provides robust predictions.

3. Finding Relationship Between Diabetes and

CVD (Using Combined Diabetes and CVD
Dataset)

Dataset: Combined Diabetes and CVD

Dataset Machine Learning Algorithm:
Naive Bayes is well-suited for probabilistic Fig 7
classification tasks and is employed here to find
the relationship between diabetes and
cardiovascular
 Experiment Results

In this study, the prediction of a patient's blood

pressure category and diabetes status is conducted
through both traditional algorithmic approaches Result of Onset of Diabetes Prediction
and modern machine learning techniques.
Input: Glucose Input: Daistolic Output:
For the prediction of blood pressure categories, a (mm dl) Blood Pressure Diabetes Status
traditional algorithmic approach is employed. This (mm Hg)
method takes input from blood pressure readings,
performs calculations, and outputs the patient's 70 122 Non-Diabetic
blood pressure condition. The results are presented 72 121 Non-Diabetic
in Table 4, where the first column represents the 60 126 Non-Diabetic
systolic blood pressure, the second column 70 93 Non-Diabetic
indicates diastolic blood pressure, and the third 146 136 Diabetic
column signifies the corresponding blood pressure
category. Table 8

On the other hand, the onset of diabetes is Notification for Blood Pressure and Glucose.
predicted using a machine learning approach.
Training is conducted on 80% of actual data, and Blood Glucose Notification
the model is then tested on the remaining data. The Pressure
output values for the testing data, which includes High High Critical
glucose and blood pressure readings, are illustrated High Low Normal
in Table 5. In this table, the first column represents Low High Normal
glucose values, the second column indicates Low Low Critical
diastolic blood pressure, and the third column Table 9
indicates whether the patient is diabetic or non-
diabetic.  Result And Discussion

Furthermore, Table 6 outlines the notifications that This study applied five machine learning models to
would be sent to the doctor based on the patient's predictably assess a patient's cardiac condition. As a
consequence, the dataset came from Kaggle, as was
glucose and blood pressure levels. Notifications are
already mentioned. The dataset has 12 characteristics.
generated if the patient exhibits high or low levels Data from 937 patients, or 80% of our training dataset,
in these vital indicators. This comprehensive were utilized. Data from 235 patients, or 20% of our
approach combines both traditional and machine testing dataset, were used.
learning methods provide a holistic prediction of
blood pressure categories and diabetes onset,
contributing to more effective healthcare decision-
making. 1. Cardiovascular Events Prediction using
Machine Learning Techniques
Input:
Table Sysolic
7 Result Input:
of Blood Output:
Presure Category Predication.
Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood
(mmHg) Blood Pressure Kotecha et al. [1] conducted a systematic review and
Pressure Category meta-analysis to predict cardiovascular events using
(mmHg) machine learning techniques. The study encompassed a
140 90 High comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and
180 120 Hypertension reported outcomes related to the application of machine
(Critical) learning in cardiovascular event prediction.

40 60 Low 2. Heart Disease Prediction with Diabetes

90 80 Normal using Bayesian Theorem
117 80 Normal
142 90 High Gudi et al. [2] presented a case studyutilizing the
30 10 Hypotension PIMA Indian dataset to predict heart disease in
individuals with diabetes. The Bayesian theorem was
employed as a predictive tool, demonstrating its
potential in identifying the risk of heart disease in
diabetic populations.
 3. Machine Learning Algorithms for Ischemic Heart
Disease Prediction
Bani Hani and Ahmad [3] conducted a systematic review
on machine-learning algorithms for predicting ischemic
heart disease. The study highlighted various algorithms and
their effectiveness in predicting the occurrence of ischemic
heart disease, providing valuable insights for future
research.
3. Machine Learning and Data Mining Methods
Diabetes Research
Kavakiotis et al. [4] explored machine learning and data
mining methods in diabetes research. The study delved into
the application of these techniques, showcasing their
relevance and contribution to advancing our understanding
of diabetes and its predictive modeling. 5. Machine-
Learning Algorithms to Assess the Risk of Heart Failure
Admissions Natarajan et al. [5] developed machine-learning
algorithms to assess the risk of heart failure admissions
based on personal health record data. The study
demonstrated the potential of utilizing personal health data
for accurate prediction of heart failure risk. 6. Predicting
Diabetes Mellitus using Machine Learning Techniques Al-
Masni et al.
[7] investigated the use of machine learning techniques in
predicting diabetes mellitus. The study focused on the
development of predictive models, shedding
Fig 9. The comparison ROC curve of the five models
The accuracy value of applied classifiers is shown in Fig.
10. The best performance in this research is XGB which is
91.9%, and the lowest accuracy rate is CART which is
84.2%. RF achieved 91% accuracy in this work. GBM
achieved 85.1% model accuracy and the Extra tree classifier
got 90.2% accuracy.
Combines.
Five different techniques. When compared to prior
research, this study has demonstrated a considerable
improvement and a high level of accuracy. In machine
learning, preprocessing is a vital step that promotes
improved outcomes. In order to increase their accuracy,
this paper compared machine learning algorithms with
several performance criteria. In our method, missing data
from the preprocessing stage is replaced with the mean
in value. Outcomes demonstrate how well the mean
performs when used to replace missing variables. Using
the XGB model, the best accuracy of 91.9% was attained.
The limitation of this paper is the dataset. We will work
more organized and bulk dataset in the future. This
research also aims to use deep learning with additional
datasets in the future so that the findings show that the
system may be efficient and useful for doctors.
GB 85.10
Extra 90.20
XG 91.90
RF 91
CAR 91.90
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00%
Fig. 8. Accuracy comparison between
five algorithms
Table 10 Comparison to other works

Model Accuracy Precision Sensitivity Specificity 𝑭𝟏 −

(%) Score

XGB 91.9% 0.906 0.943 0.892 0.924

RF 91.0% 0.886 0.951 0.866 0.917

Extra 90.2% 0.878 0.943 0.857 0.909

Tree

GBM 85.1% 0.828 0.902 0.794 0.863

CART 84.2% 0.835 0.869 0.812 0.852

Table 9

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Patients with heart failure are becoming more prevalent
every day. A system that can be used to create or classify
data rules is required to get out of this dangerous situation
and reduce the likelihood of heart disease. As a result, this
study of machine-learning techniques discusses, proposes,
and implements a machine-learning algorithm that
Ref Contributions Algorithms Best
used Accuracy
This Applied top machine learning XGB, RF, 91.9%
work algorithms to predict early- GBM, CART (XGB)
stage cardiovascular disease.

[6] Authors improved NB, SVM, and 86.8%

cardiovascular disease KNN (SVM)
prediction. It enabled doctors
diagnose cardiovascular
illness and identify the
patient's heart status.
[7] Developed several machine RF, SVM, NB, 86.5% (LR)
learning algorithms for GB, and LR
forecasting cardiovascular
[9] SVM, RF, and LR—machine SVM, LR, and 78.84%
learning methods—were used RF (SVM)
to predict cardiovascular
disease.

[11] Cloud-based machine KNN, DT, 87.4%

learning algorithms were NB, LR, (Vote)
used to forecast heart SVM, NN and
disorders. An Arduino-based Vote (a hybrid
monitoring device detects technique with
temperature, blood pressure, Naïve Bayes
and heartbeat every ten and Logistic
seconds. Regression)
 [10] A. K. Paul, P. C. Shill, M. R. I. Rabin, and K. Murase, “Adaptive
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