Module 14:

The Philosophy of
Immanuel Kant
 Man and Duty
Anything that has to be done or omitted. Others
believe that it is a moral obligation one has to do but within
the framework of human freedom.

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 TYPES OF DUTY

1. Natural Duty – These are moral duty of citizens to obey

the laws of their state and God in relation to the Eternal
Law.

2. Positive Duty – An obligation to do an act, on the part

of the person on whom it is imposed.

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 TYPES OF DUTY

3. Affirmative Duty – these are things that adhere to

moral obligation.

4. Negative Duty – Moral obligation to avoid or refrain

from doing something.

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Kant’s Philosophy of Good Will

To act out of a sense of moral obligation or "duty".

His will is his ability to pursue his good with help of

human reason but then again the goodness or badness of an
act lies in the purpose why had he done it.

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 Kant’s Categorical & Hypothetical
Imperative
▫ Hypothetical Imperatives- commands that are dependent
on the goals to be fulfilled.

▫ Categorical Imperatives- are commands that are

universal and impartial.

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Module 15:
Rights
 Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of
freedom or entitlement. Rights are part of modern civilizations,
and are regarded as established pillars of society and culture.

Human rights are inherent among human beings

because that is part of their existence regardless of their race,
color or creed.

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 TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

1. Civil and Political Rights- “civil-political” rights center

on political liberties dealing with politics.

2. Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights – are human

rights guarantee equal conditions and treatment of
necessities provided by the State.

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 TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

3. Collective-Developmental Rights – the right of peoples

and groups to development in relation to states’ rights to
public assembly.

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 Rights VS. Privileges
Right is an inherent, A privilege refers to
irrevocable entitlement held special powers or immunities
by all citizens or all human held as a consequence of
beings from the moment of political power, social status,
birth or wealth.

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 Moral Right VS. Legal Right
Moral rights adhere to
the idea that men are to be
respected because they are
rational people
Legal rights are people’s
rights under some legal system,
granted by the government or
any duly-constituted authority.
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 Module 16:
The Philosophy of
Utilitarianism
 UTILITARIANISM

The rightness or wrongness of an object depends on

the effect of the consequence regardless of the method it
utilized.

• ACT UTILITARIANISM- belief about the goodness or

badness of a particular act
• RULE UTILITARIANISM-the goodness or evilness of an
act itself.

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 UTILITARIANISM

▫ Positive Utilitarianism - “Greater

happiness for the greater number”

▫ Negative Utilitarianism- “Least misery

for the least number of people”

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Module 17:
Justice and
Fairness
 State
State is a community of persons more or less numerous
permanently occupying a definite territory having a
government of their own to which a great body of inhabitants
render habitual obedience and enjoying freedom from external
control.

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 Elements of State
1) People: Mass of population living within the state;
2) Territory: Land, maritime, aerial and fluvial area over which
jurisdiction exists;
3) Government: The agency through which the will of the state
is carried out;
4) Sovereignty: Supreme power of the state to enforce its will on
the people without foreign intervention and;
5) Recognition: the acceptance of a nation into the Family of
Nations.
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 Law
A body of rules made by the government interpreted
by the courts and backed by the power of the State. It is a legal
order which refers to a specialized phase of social control.

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 Government and Justice
1) Egalitarianism - It favors equality to everyone where people are
treated the same as equals.
2) Communism - is simply based class dictatorship of the proletariat
(the ruling party). This type of governance was thought of by Karl Marx,
where a society is dominated by one class over the entire state.
3) Socialism - A political ideology that advocates for an equal
redistribution of wealth and power in society through a democratic
ownership and distribution of society’s means of production (or means
of making money).

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