AWS WHB-q ô 2 M 07ôL12b5 0 0 0 9 0 5 ~2 8.

Welding Handbook
Seventh Edition, Volume 4

Metals and Their.

WeIdability

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AWS WHB-4 82 078q265 0 0 0 7 0 5 5 4 W

The Five Volumes of the

Welding Handbook, Seventh Edition

1 Fundamentals of Welding

2 Welding Processes-

Arc and Gas Weidìng and Curring,

Brazing, and Soldering

3 Welding Processes-
*>
Resistanie and SolidStare Welding
and Other Joining Processes

4 Metals and Their Weidability

5 Engineering, Costs,
Quality, and Safetya

a. Scheduled to replace Sec. 5 6 t h Ed., in 1984.

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 A W S WHB-Lb 8 2 E 0789265 0 0 0 7 0 5 6 b

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Welding Handbook
Seventh Edition, Volume 4

Metals and Their WeLdability

W. H. Kearns, Editot
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
550 N.W. Lejeune Rd.
Miami, FL 33126

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 iL AUS WHB-4 ô 2 E 07ôq2b5 0007057 ô re

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Library of Congress Number: 75-28707

International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-218-0

American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126

61982 by American Welding Society.

All rights reserved.

The Welding Handbook is a collective effort of many volunteer technical specialists to provide
information to assist with thc design and application of welding and allied processes.
Reasonable care is taken in the compilation and publication of the Welding Handbook to insure
authenticity of the contents. No representation or warranty is made as to the accuracy or reliability
of this information.
The information contained in the Welding Handbook shall not be construed as a grant of any
right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction in connection with any method, process, apparatus,
product, composition or system, which is coverad by patent, cofight, or trademark. Also, it shall
not be constnied as a defense against any liability for such infringement. No effort has been made
to determine whether any information in the Handbook is covered by any patent, copyright or
trademark, and no research has been conducted to determine whether an infringement would occur,
Printed in the United States of America

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AWS WHB-4 8 2 W 0784265 0007058 T M I

Contents

Welding Hand& Commìrree .............................................. ìx

Prejiace ................................................................ xi

Chapter 1. Carbon and L o w Alloy Steels .................................... 2

WeldingClassification ................................................ 2
GeneralCorisiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CarbonSteels ....................................................... 8 .

High-Strength Low Alloy Steels ........................................ 24

Quenched-and-TernperedSteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 .
.Heat Treatable Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chromium-Molybdenum Steels ....................... ~ . ~ ~ " 53~
46
~ ~ ~ ~ .
PrecoatedSteels ..................................................... 61
Supplementary Reading List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Chapter 2. Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

GeneralDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Martensitic Stainless Steels ............................................ 87

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Femtic Stainless Steels ............................................... 93
AusteniticStainlessSteels ............................................. 98
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels .................................. 129
BrazingandSolde~ing ................................................ 135
ThermalCutting ..................................................... 142
Safe Practices ....................................................... 144
Supplementary Reading List ........................................... 146

Chapter 3. Tool and Die Steels ........................................... 148

Genera1Descnp:ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
HeatTreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
ArcWelding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Flash and Friction Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Brazing ........................................................... 166
SafePractices ....................................................... 168
SupplementaryReadingLIst ........................................... 168

V
I'

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 CONTENTS

Chapter 4. High Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

General Considerations ............................................... 170
Ultra High Strength Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
MaragingSteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Austenitic Manganese Steel ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Supplementary Reading List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Chapters, Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

General Description ................................................... 212
. WeldingConsiderations ................................................ 217
Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Oxyacetylene Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
BrateWcIding ...................................................... 225
Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 226
Other Joining Processes ............................................... 227
Cutting ............................................................. 228
Supplementary Reading List ........................................... 229

Chapter 6, Nickel and Cobalt AllÓys ....................................... 232

Metal Propet-íi,es . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................
&. 232 .
Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
ClobaltAlloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;..................................... 239 .
Surface Preparation .................................................... 241
Arcwelding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 .
Oxyacetylene Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Resistance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Electron Beam Welding ............................................... 260
Laser Beam Welding ................................................. 261
Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
ThemalCutting ..................................................... 266
SafePractices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Supplementary Reading List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Chapter 7, Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Joining Process Selection .............................................. 277
Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Resistance Welding .................................................. 299
Castings ........................................................... 300
Postweld Heat Treatment .............................................. 301
Brazing ........................................................... 302
Spldering .......................................................... 308
Safe Practices ....................................................... 312
Supplementary Reading List ........................................... 313
--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

vi

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AWS WHB-4 ô2 07ô4265 0009060 ô B

Conrenrs

Chapter 8. Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3i6

Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
AluminumAlloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Selection of Joining Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Welding Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Preparations for Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Electron Beam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Laser Beam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Welding of Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Stud Weldiiig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
.Resistance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Solid-State Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Properties and Performance of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
AdhesiveBonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Joining to Other Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Arccutting ...................... ................................ 384
.
SaiePractices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Supplementary KeadingList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Chapter 9. Magnesium Alloys ............................................ 390

Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Surface Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Arcwelding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Resistance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Oxyfuel Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Other Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Plasma Arc Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
SafePractices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Supplementary Reading List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Chapter 10. Titanium. Zirconium. Hafnium. Tantalum. a n d Columbium . . . . . . . 434

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Zirconium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Hafnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Columbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
477
478
482
Supplementary Reading List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
vi¡

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AWS WHB-L) 8 2 9 0784265 0009ObL T m

COrnNTS

Chapter 11. Oîher Metals ................................................ 490

Beryllium .......................................................... 490
Uranium ........................................................... 493
Molybdenum and Tungsten ............................................ 495
Gold .............................................................. 499
Silver ............................................................. 502
Platinum ........................................................... 503
Palladium ........................ f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Other Precious Metals ................................................ 504
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Supplementary ReadingList ........................................... 510

Chapter 12. Dissimilar Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Definition and Scope .................................................. 514
Fundamentals ........................................................ 514
Service Considerations ............................................... 519
Filler Metal Selection ................................................. 521
Welding Process Selection ....................... : ..................... 522
Specific Dissimilar Metal Combinations .................................. 522
Welding Clad Steel ................................................... 538
Supplementary Reading List ........................................... 547
i c

Index ofMajor Subjec:s ................................................... 549

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

viii

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AUS WHB-4 82 a 0784265 00070b2 I

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Welding Handbook Committee

J. R . Condra. Chairman E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

J. R . Hannah. Vice-Chairman Midwest Testing Laboratories
W.H . Kearns, Secretary American Welding Society
D. R . Arios Westinghouse Electric Corporation
1. G. &I:' Department of the Army
E . H . Qaggett Babcock and Wilcox
R . L.. Frohlich Westinghouse Electric Corporation
A . F. Manr Union Carbide Corporation ,
L. J. Privoznik Westinghouse Electric Corporation
D. D. RageP Reynolds Metals Company
* E . G.Signes Bethlehem Steel Corporation
M . J. Tomsic Hobart Brothers Company
W.L. Wiìcop Scott Paper Companj,

a. Resigned March 18, 1981

b. Term expired May 31. 1981

ix

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
 AWS WHB-4 ô 2 Bs 0 7 ô 4 2 b 5 0009063 3 W

Preface
This is the fourth volume of the five volume series f p the 7th Edition of the Weíàing
H a w . This volume updates and expands the information on the weldability, brazeabil-
ity, and solderability of metals and their alloys. Information contained in Volumes 1, 2, and
3 supplements the material presented herein with respect to welding metallurgy, joining
processes, testing methods, residual stresses, and distortion.
The order of presentation has changed somewhat from the corresponding volume of
the 6th Edition. The information.presented on many metals is more extensive. Chapters
covering tool and die steels and commonly uséd, dissimilar metal combinations are now
included. Carbon and low alloy steels, stainless steels, and high alloy steels (other than tool
and die steels) are grouped in distinct chapters to show their similarities with respect to
joining. The reactive metals, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, and columbium, are
grouped in a chapter for the same reasqm. Another chapter addresses the jojning of '
nonswctural metals including kryllium, uranium, molybdenum, tungsten, lead, and the
precious metais.
, Some of the subjects covered in Section (Volume) i of the 6th Edition will be revised

--```,```,`,,,`,``,```,,````,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
in Volume 5 of this Edition, when published. That volume should be retained until Volume
5 is available.
An index of major subjects precedes the volume index. It enables the reader to quickly
locate information on a major subject in the current volumes of Welding Handbock,
including Volumes (Sections) 1 and 5 of the 6th Edition.
This volume was a voluntary effort by the Welding Handbook Committee and the
Chapter Committees. The Chapter Committee Members and the Handbook Committee
Member responsible for a chapter are recognized on the title page of that chapter. Other
individuals also contributed in a variety of ways, particularly in chapter reviews. All
participants contributed generously of their time and talent, and the American Welding
Society expresses herewith its appreciation to them and to their employers for supporting
the work,
The Welding Handbook Committee expresses its appreciation to Richard French,
Deborah Swain, Hallock Campbell and other AWS Staff Members for their assistance in
the production of this volume.
The Welding Handbook Committee welcomes your comments on the Handbook.
Please address them to the Editor, Welding Handbook, American Welding Society, P.O.
Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135.

J. R. Condi a, C h o i G n W. H. Kerns, Editor

Welding Haruibmk Committee Welding Handbook

.
xi

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/21/2003 05:04:53 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.