Main features of the permanent incisors

• The four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaw are called incisors. Their main function
is to cut food. The two incisors on either side of the midline are known as the central incisors.
The two teeth adjacent to the central incisors are known as lateral incisors. Incisors have a
single root and a sharp cutting edge.
The front incisors begin to emerge at the age of 7 after the milk teeth. After the age of 8, the
permanent front teeth replace the upper front milk teeth. At the age of 8-9, 8 permanent front
teeth are completed in the upper and lower jaws of the child.

Maxillary central incisor

•Maxillary central incisors are the most visible teeth as they are located in the upper and
middle part of the front of the mouth and are located mesial to the maxillary lateral incisors.
The average length of the maxillary central incisor is 16 mm, the crown length is 6 mm, and
the root length is 10 mm. Compared to the permanent maxillary central incisor, the root to
crown length ratio is greater in the primary tooth. The central incisor maxillary is the single-
rooted and single canal. The root tip is distally curved and close to the labial surface. In
young people have 2 or 3 pulp horns extending to the cutting edge.
The labio-palatal width of the pulp is greater than its mesiodistal width. The permanent
maxillary central incisor is the widest mesiodistaltically of an anterior tooth. Its labial surface
is not very convex, although it is wider than the adjacent lateral incisor. As a result, the
central incisor can be said to be the most rectangular or square-like tooth. The mesial incisal
edge is sharper than the distal incisal edge. When this tooth first erupts into the mouth, three
rounded features appear on the incisal edge, called mamelons. Mamelons disappear as the
enamel wears off due to friction.

Maxillary lateral incisor

•The maxillary lateral incisor is located distal to the maxillary central incisor and is mesial to
the two maxillary canines. The lateral incisor maxilla has a single root and a single canal. The
crown and root are smaller than the central tooth. Root canal curves in the distal or palatal
direction. Two pulp horns are seen in juveniles. The access cavity is similar to the central
tooth. While crown-root angle deviations are frequently seen in upper lateral and lower first
premolars, developmental anomalies called dens invaginatus can be seen unilaterally or
bilaterally in upper lateral incisors.

The mandibular incisor is referred to as the smallest tooth in permanent dentition.

Mandibular central incisor
• The mandibular central incisor is located just next to the midline of the face in the chin.
Both mandibular lateral incisors are mesial. From the incisal edge to the cervical claw, it
follows a concave course as in other incisors. Unlike other incisors (mostly) on the lingual
surface, there are no fossae except for a few linear depressions. The cingulum is prominent.
The linguale slope is present as with all cutters. The cervical region is convex. The formation
of the cervical line is similar to that of other incisors. Since the tooth is symmetrical, there is
not much difference between the distal view and the mesial view. The mandibular central
tooth is the smallest in the oral cavity. These two teeth are very similar to each other in terms
of the shape of the pulp cavity.
A single root can have 40-41% double canals. In this case, the canals are located close to the
labial and lingual faces. The labial canal runs straighter.

Mandibular lateral incisor

•The mandibular lateral incisor is located distal to both mandibular middle incisors and
mesial to the canines. Slightly larger in all respects than the mandibular central incisor.
complements the central in function. The distal contact is with the deciduous mandibular
canine until that tooth's exfoliation and then contact is shared with the permanent canine.
Incisal margin may slope slightly gingivally toward distal, which results in a distoincisal
angle that is more rounded than same angle of central incisor. This feature creates a slightly
shorter distal margin, when compared to mesial outline. Lingual outlines are similar to those
of labial aspect. Structures of lingual surface are similar to their counterparts on the central
incisor expect cingulum is more offset to distal, and as a result curvature of cervical line is
also offset distally.