3.
It gives provisions for people to be given credit for
DIGITAL/CYBER LITERACY
According to Wikipedia, digital literacy is the set of
competencies required for ‘full participation in society
that includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors involving
the effective use of digital devices for purposes of
communication, expression, collaboration and advocacy.
It is the ability of an individual to engage with the digital
environment and operate technologies safely by knowing
what to do and what not to do and how to avoid
unnecessary risks.
CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems,
networks, and programs from digital attacks (Cisco, n.d.).
These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing,
changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting
money from users; or interrupting normal business
processes.
TIPS ON HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST CYBER
THREATS
1. Monitor behavior on social networks
2. Keep devices safe
3. Understand how best to use passwords
4. Handle unsafe content
5. Consider safety for the future
CYBER CITIZENSHIP
Cyber citizenship refers to being responsible when
using the Internet. Doing online when no one is looking
speaks a lot about one's character and morals. The power
of this digital world is associated with responsibilities and
consequences. Therefore, we can explore and navigate all
information available online however, we should observe
cyber citizenship or manners and etiquette on the Web.
WAYS ON HOW TO BE A GOOD CYBER CITIZEN
1. Be careful and critical for whatever-you post online
that could be visible to the public even if on a “private”
page through tagging by a friend.
2. If you have a problem with someone, go to that person
or an adult to help work it out, instead of posting your
expression online.
3. Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but
give credit to the sources you use and critically analyze
everything you search online.
4. Use the Internet purposefully to leam more about
anything you are interested in, to help you research
relevant and needed data or information and to stay
connected with friends throughout the world.
5. Make sure you verify an information before you share
it or use it in a project and check on accuracy and truth in
the information you search on the web.
6. Give out certain information only.
7. Don't answer questions that make you uncomfortable.
8. Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you
decide to meet someone you knew through the Internet.
9. Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to
whom an article or a part of it is due.
10. Use only the computers that you are allowed to use.
Avoid hacking.
IMPORTANCE OF CYBER CITIZENSHIP
1. It keeps the Internet free from hurtful statements.
2. It creates a culture of more reliable information.
what they have created.
4. More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are
honest and talk to-adults.
5. It keeps information private.
PROPER NETIQUETTE
1. Make sure you have the.correct address (with proper
spelling), correct link-and you are sending the
information to the right person when doing it online.
2. Check information before sending or posting any
message and avoid false statements and information on
the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters to family
or friends.
3. Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you
want to say and the other person would interpret it the
same way.
4. Keep your comments clean and don't confront others
online or say anything that could be hurtful to them.
5. Keep your personal and friends’ information private
and don't forward information that was just given to you
without his/her permission.
6. Watch out for spam and other fraud e-mails and never
reply to them.
7. If you are going to write something personal or private,
think twice because messages can get misdelivered.
8. Adults should monitor kids' messages, especially when
they are sending e-mails to others without permission.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TEACHER CYBER
CITIZENSHIP
1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, -confidential
information and obscene pictures and messages online
that can be accessed by students and parents.
2. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal
message created by students online other than those
school-related.
3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your
cellphone.
4. Thou shall not give your email password to students.
5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts
and references without the author's citation.
6. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for
whatever purposes, the pictures of students without their
or their parents’ consent.
7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments
and disagreements against superiors, colleagues,
students and their parents using their social media
accounts.
8. Thou shall not use data from Intemet sources in any
documents like lesson plans, researches and
requirements without the consent of the author.
9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other's
information to anyone unless for specific purposes and
given the consent.
10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online
including academic rankings, school records, class outputs
and record of grades. De Leon (2019)
INTERNET SAFETY
Internet safety, online safety or cyber safety means trying
to be safe on the Internet. It is maximizing the user's
personal safety and security risks to private information
and property associated with using the Internet, including
self-protection from computer crime. Information
Security. Sensitive information, such as personal
information, identity and passwords are often associated
with personal property and privacy and may present
security concems if leaked. Unauthorized access and
usage of private. information may result in :
consequences, such as identity and property theft.
Common causes of information security breaches
include:
1. Phishing
2. Internet scams
3. Malware
PERSONAL SAFETY AND THREATS
The following are common threats to personal safety.
1. Cyberstalking
2. Cyberbullying
3. Online Predation
4. Obscene/offensive content
5. Sextortion
COMPUTER THREATS AND FIXING SOLUTIONS
A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to
anything that has the potential to cause serious harm to a
computer system. It is something that may or may not
happen, but has the potential to cause serious damage
and can lead to attacks on computer systems and
networks
WAYS ON HOW TO ENSURE THAT COMPUTER
NETWORKS CAN BE PROTECTED
1. Install anti-virus software.
2. Ensure that the anti-virus software is up-to-date.
3. Employ a firewall to protect networks.
4. Filter all email traffic.
5. Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e-mails.
6. Scan Intemet downloads.
7. Do not run programs of unknown origin.
8. Implement a vulnerability management system.
9. Make regular backups of critical data.
10. Develop an Information Security Policy.
11. Monitor logs and systems
12. Develop an Incident Response Plan.
13. Restrict end-user access fo the systems
CYBERBULLYING
Cyberbullying, cyberharassment or online bullying is a
form of bullying or harassment using electronic means
usually among minors in a school setting and has become
increasingly common, especially among teenagers.
The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as a
process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices
to send or post texts or images that intend to hurt or
embarrass another person. It may also include public
actions, such as repeated threats, sexual remarks,
pejorative labels or defamatory false accusations, ganging
up on a victim by making the person the subject of
ridicule in-online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites
about a person, and posting false statements to discredit
the targeted person.
TYPES OF CYBERBULLYING
1. Internet Trolling
2. Cyberstalking
Implications of Bullying in school. Schools should
initiate various anti-bullying programs and campaigns to
protect students from being threatened or victimized by
such offense. More so, teachers should be oriented and
trained in handling bullying cases and executing teaching
strategies to address and reduce bullying cases in class.
Also, schools should conduct student empowerment
activities that can be engaged in.by students, including
the bullies to divert their attention and energy into
something worthwhile and engagements that they can be
busy about.
CYBERCRIME
Avast defines cybercrime as any criminal activity carried
out using computers or the Internet. Cybercrime uses
tools like phishing, viruses, spyware, ransomware and
social engineering to break the law.
On the other hand, cybercrime is defined by Techopedia
as a crime with the computer as the object of the crime
(i.e. hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to
commit an offense (i.e. child pornography, hate crimes).
Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access
personal and confidential information or use the Internet
for exploitative or malicious purposes.
Techopedia cites common types of cybercrime that
include online bank information theft, identity theft,
online predatory crimes, unauthorized computer access,
and the most serious one like cyberterrorism. Cybercrime
encompasses a wide range of activities that can be
categorized as:
(1) crimes that target computer networks or devices,
including viruses and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks; and
(2) crimes that use computer networks to advance other
criminal activities, including cyberstalking, phishing and
fraud or identity theft.
EXPLORING THE INTERNET: RESEARCHING AND
EVALUATING THE WEB
The Internet is a global communication network that
allows computers to exchange and share information
worldwide. It makes possible for people around the world
to connect and share ideas across ‘time zones and
geographic locations. However, because cyberspace is
such a large realm, sometimes it is difficult to find the
needed information. So, the most effective way to
explore the Internet is to have strategies in place for
doing research on the Web and for evaluating the
websites.
KEY FACTORS IN SURFING THE WEB
1. Most surfing sessions start with the user-targeted
keywords ‘about the subject into a search engine.
2. Good strategies for searching the Web include writing
research questions; extracting keywords from the
questions and typing them into a search engine using
synonyms if the keywords do not bring up desired results;
keeping track of Keywords and synonyms used; and
recording the results of search.
3. Always be cautious about the information shared
online and in visiting websites.
Assessing credibility. Different websites
accessible on the Web can make the job of researchers
very challenging. Carefully evaluate the information
searched online. Consider the credibility, or
trustworthiness and reliability of the content before
taking it.
There are two types ‘of websites:
 Informational websites usually strive to offer
credible content to users
 Commercial websites present inaccurate information
in order to see something.
CHECKLIST OF CREDIBILITY CRITERIA
1. Author
2. Date
3. Purpose
4. Contact
5. Fact vs Opinion
6. URL
Common credible URLs.
1. When encountering a URL, look at the letters that
appear after the “dot” (i.e. www.whitehouse.gov.) and
that is called top-level domain. Thus, the URL's top-level
domain helps in determining a site's credibility.
2. Websites ending in .gov are government-related
websites, which generally, can be trusted to provide
credible statistical information, articles on many different
topics and govemment news.
3. Websites ending in .edu are the websites of
educational institutions, such as colleges and universities
that usually offer a variety of credible data, especially
about the school's operations and research. Since
students may create websites with an .edu top-level
domain, but they may contain inaccurate or biased
information.
4. Websites ending in" .org are the websites of
organizations. While many organizations, especially
nonprofit ones, provide credible information, they may
sometimes have advertising intent. ‘Since some
organizations show bias in their provided information, so
evaluate .org sites carefully.
Recognition of Information sources. Similar to
the informationin print sources, the use of online sources
must be given credit to the authors. This can be done by
applying proper referencing and citation procedures that
would get rid of risks, consequences and legal
implications because of the copyright issue, which means
that the ideas and words used belong to the author.
Citation. Each entry in the bibliography is called a
citation. Proper citation must be applied or included for
every source used, whether it is a website, a newspaper,
or a book. Online sources are cited differently because
they are different from traditional print sources. There
are different formats used to cite the sources.
Data privacy implication. The implementation of
data privacy in the country is becoming stronger and
powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and
other forms of report and paper works. This has also
corresponding legal implications once not processed
immediately and properly. It Involves uploading of
pictures, designs, graphics, concepts of ideas,
frameworks, art work, data, and other information that
are copyrighted without the consent of the author or the
source. These are commonly observed in schools.
TECHNIQUES IN RESPONDING TO DATA PRIVACY ISSUES
1. When getting data, put. proper citation and source
acknowledgment.
2. When using needed pictures downloaded from the
Internet, put acknowledgment (e.g. Photo credits to
PhilPost, 2019). But if possible to have personal pictures
taken with your original concept. Although, there is still a
need to seek the consent of those in the pictures.
3. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask
for the consent of the author, and wait for his/her
response.
4. However, if the data and information are for public
domain, just acknowledging/citing the author or the
source will do.
5. If the author doesn't really want anyone to utilize
his/her data file or article, learn the value of respect,
anyway that is his/her property. The author's disapproval
usually manifests through difficulty .in downloading the
file, some tricky signs that appear on screen, or direct
statement or notice of disapproval contained in the file.
Research and Data Collection Protocols. When
researching and collecting data from the Web, avoid
plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else's work
and pressniing it as your own (Turnitin.com).
Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble.
Sometimes, students don’t mean to plagiarize, but they
end up doing it accidentally because they are unaware or
unclear about it.
10 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM THAT TEACHERS,
RESEARCHERS AND STUDENTS SHOULD KNOW.
1. Clone plagiarism
2. Remix plagiarism
3. Ctrl+C plagiarism
4. Hybrid plagiarism
5. Find-Replace Plagiarism
6. Recycle plagiarism
7. Mashup plagiarism
8. 404 error plagiarism
9. Aggregator plagiarism
10. Re-tweet plagiarism
TIPS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
1. Read and understand the original document several
times before start explaining about it.
2. Do not copy any word or sentence from the original
document.
3. Give proper citation to all sources (book, joumal,
website,video, étc.).
4. In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval
date and appropriate URL in the reference.
5. Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted
and cited without any modification.
6. Make a practice to include the “references” section
whenever you write an academic document.
7. Cross verify all your citations before submitting your
document.
8. Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the
originality of the written document.
HOW TO EVALUATE A WEBSITE
Morris (2018) suggests ways on evaluating a website as
reference in research.
1. Open the site.
2. Skim read
3. Look for the answer to your question
4. Consider the credibility of the author or website.
5. Consider the purpose of the site.
6. Look for the date
INTEGRATING DIGITAL/CYBER LITERACY INTO THE
CURRICULUM
The following are suggested activities to integrate digital
literacy, higher-order thinking and construction of
meaning in the classroom;
1. Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver
lessons. Use Promethean and Smart Notebook with
teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of
designing your own.
2. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages
related to their learning.
3. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.
4. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create
and publish stories.
5. Set-up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google
group and post weekly discussion questions for students
to respond.
6. Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record
scientific experiments and expose students to video
editing software to create video production of learning.
7. Engage students in discussions about how and why
various media ‘work well to showcase leaming and why
others do not.
8. Thinking critically about the medium use to present a
message is as important as the message itself.
9. Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs,
projects, messages and photo-documents of group
activities and investigations online.
10. Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile
phones, Ipad and netbooks for Google search, dictionary
Apps, Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications in class
to complement their learning, especially during group
works - and concept reporting.

Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on

teachers, families and friends.
1. It motivates students in their learning due to their
enjoyment and ease of use with various technologicai
mediums.
2. It reaches students of various learning styles and
multiple intelligences.
3. It allows students to create and design their own
unique products reflective of their personalities and
learning needs/styles.
4. It encourages students to manipulate media in
constructing their own meaning.
5. It enables students to share their, learning with
teachers, families and friends.
6. It gives students the chance to explore technological
media that inevitably increase the job skills needed in the
workforce.