MIDTERM EXAM IN ETHICS-REVIEWER DISAPPROVED or do not like the

thing.
REASON
FEELING
 Basis or motive for an action,
 Are said to be judgments about the
decision or conviction
accomplishments of one’s goals.
 It is a requirement for morality
 Feelings are also visceral or
 It spells the difference of moral
instinctual by providing motivations
judgment from mere expression of
to act morally.
personal preferences.
 Reasons and emotions are NOT
 Reason commends what it
really opposites
commends regardless of our
 Ethical judgment is highly emotional
feelings, attitudes, opinions and
as people emotionally express their
desires.
strong approval or disapproval.
 Moral sentiments highlight the need IMPARTIALITY
for morality to be based also on
 ALL are equally important
sympathy for other people.
 Even-handedness/ Fair-mindedness
 Therefore many ethicist conclude
 Principle of Justice that holds
that being good involves both
decisions based on objective criteria
thinking and feeling
rather than bias or prejudice.
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM  It assumes that every person is
equally important, that is no one is
 A theory that runs contrary to the
seen as more significant than
principle that morality is objective.
anyone else.
 It is NOT about what things are
good and bad
 It also does not tell how we should MORAL COURAGE EXAMPLES
live or what moral norms we should
 You can depend on me
practice.
 I broke this mom I’m sorry
 Example: it is a fact that some
 I’ll march with you
people are Homosexual and some
are heterosexual but it is not a fact  No, thanks. I don’t want to hear a
that one is good and one is bad. secret!

EMOTIVISM LACK OF MORAL COURAGE EXAMPLES

 Utterances in ethics are NOT fact-  That’s got nothing to do with me

stating sentences that is, they are
not used to convey information
 Moral judgements in emotivism are
not statements of fact but mere
expressions of the emotions of the
speaker.
 It proposes that saying that
something is morally good means
WE APPROVED of that thing while
morally bad means WE
 I might get into trouble
 There no use of trying to change the
system
 Just let it slide
 How could you do this to me?
 It’s not for me to judge
7 steps of Moral Reasoning Model
1. Gathering of Facts
  Indispensable first step before
any ethical analysis and
reflection on case.
2. Determine the Ethical Issue
 Uses P vs. Q format to reflect the
interest that colliding in specific
moral dilemma
3. Identify the Principle that have
bearing on the case
 The sure moral values
4. List the Alternatives
 Involves coming up with various
alternatives course of action as part
of creative thinking
5. Compare the Principle to
Alternatives
 Eliminate alternatives according to
principles that have bearing on the
case.
6. Weigh the Consequence
 Both positive and negative
consequence are to be considered
7. Make a Decision
 Good decision consists of more
positive consequences.
MORAL COURAGE
 Doing the right thing even at the
risk of inconvenience, ridicule,
punishment, loss of job or security
 It requires that we rise above the
apathy, complacency, hatred,
cynicism and fear-mongering in our
political system etc.
 It also requires us to recognize our
responsibilities and be accountable
to the consequences of our own
actions
WILL
 It is the faculty of the mind which
chooses at the moment of making
decision
 Strongest desire from among various
desires present.
 Does not refer to any particular
desire but rather the Capacity to act
decisively on one’s desires
 Enable the person to act deliberately
 will is important as one of the
distinct parts of the mind, along
with reason and understanding.
 It also requires us to recognize our
responsibilities and be accountable
to the consequences of our own
actions
WILL-POWER
 It refers to the inner strength to
make decision, take action and
handle and execute any aim until it
is accomplished, regardless of inner
and outer resistance, discomfort or
difficulties.
 Ability to overcome negative
emotion and feelings.
 It bestows the ability to overcome
laziness, temptation and negative
habits to carry out actions even if
they require effort and are
unpleasant to one’s habit
 For parents, using willpower
demands to put aside compelling
but momentary pleasures or
comfort to set good example for
their children.
Deeds to repeat or do that shows moral
courage and will
 Reporting a crime
 Participating in peaceful contest
  Giving all students equal voice
regardless of differences.
4. Repeatedly to acts that shows
moral courage and will
 If one wishes to nurture moral
Deeds to avoid that shows Lack of
courage and will, he/she must
Moral courage and will
strive to do acts that manifest
 Breaking a promise them whenever opportunity
 Cheating and Lying allows it.
 Remaining silent in the face of
wrong doing 5. Avoids deeds that show lack of
 Being inconsistent moral courage and will
 Involves evading acts that
show irresponsibility,
How to DEVELOP MORAL WILL AND cowardice, apathy, rashness,
COURAGE? imprudence, ill will and
wickedness.
1. Develop and practice Self-
Discipline
 Involves rejection of instant
gratification
 Giving up instant pleasure
and satisfaction for better goal
 It develops self-control
including nurturing the ability
to stick to actions, thoughts
and behaviour which lead to
moral improvement and
success.

2. Do mental strength training

 By following a methodical
method of training, a person
can reach far, have control
over oneself and one’s life
achieve satisfaction and peace
of mind.

3. Draw inspiration from people of

great courage
 People in all walks in life, who
sheer will power and moral
courage, overcame difficulties
and hardships, improve their
moral life, advanced on
spiritual path and worthy of
imitation.