CHAPTER

Differentiation
2
2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY
2.2 THE DERIVATIVE
2.3 COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVES: THE POWER
RULE
2.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
2.5 THE CHAIN RULE
2.6 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.7 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

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 CHAPTER
Differentiation
2
2.8 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.9 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Secant Lines and Tangent Lines

Consider the curve y = x2 + 1.

A secant line is a line between a

pair of points on the curve.

The secant line shown here has a

slope

And the secant line has the

equation
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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Secant Lines and Tangent Lines

Choose the second point to be
much closer to (1, 2), say,
(1.05, 2.1025).

It is reasonable to ask, “What is

the slope and the equation of the line as the second point
approaches the first one?”
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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Secant Lines and Tangent Lines

Continue this process by computing the slope of the
secant line joining (1, 2) and the unspecified point
(1 + h, f (1 + h)), for some value of h close to 0 (but h = 0).

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Secant Lines and Tangent Lines

Notice that as h approaches 0,

the slope of the secant line
approaches 2, which we define
to be the slope of the tangent
line, or the line tangent to the
curve at the point (1,2).

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

REMARK 2.1
Tangent lines may intersect a curve at more than one
point.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

The General Case

The difference quotient.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

DEFINITION 1.1

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.1 Finding the Equation of a Tangent Line

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.1 Finding the Equation of a Tangent Line

Solution

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.1 Finding the Equation of a Tangent Line

Solution

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.2 Tangent Line to the Graph of a Rational

Function

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.2 Tangent Line to the Graph of a Rational

Function
Solution

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.2 Tangent Line to the Graph of a Rational

Function
Solution

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.3 Graphical and Numerical Approximation

of Tangent Lines

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.3 Graphical and Numerical Approximation

of Tangent Lines
Solution

A reasonable estimate of the slope of the tangent line at

the point (0, −1) is then 2.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.3 Graphical and Numerical Approximation

of Tangent Lines
Solution
A reasonable estimate of the
slope of the tangent line at
the point (0, −1) is then 2.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Velocity
Suppose that the function s(t) gives the position at time t
of an object moving along a straight line.

That is, s(t) gives the displacement (signed distance) from a

fixed reference point, so that s(t) < 0 means that the object
is located |s(t)| away from the reference point, but in the
negative direction.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Velocity
Then, for two times a and b (where a < b), s(b) − s(a) gives
the signed distance between positions s(a) and s(b). The
average velocity vavg is then given by

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding Average Velocity

The position of a car after t minutes driving in a straight
line is given by

where s is measured in miles and t is measured in

minutes. Approximate the velocity at time t = 2.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding Average Velocity

Solution
Averaging over the 2 minutes from t = 2 to t = 4, we get

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding Average Velocity

Solution
We get an improved approximation by averaging over
just one minute:

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding Average Velocity

Solution
It stands to reason that, if we compute the average
velocity over the time interval [2, 2 + h] (where h > 0) and
then let h → 0, the resulting average velocities should be
getting closer and closer to the velocity at the
instant t = 2.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.4 Finding Average Velocity

Solution

It appears that the average

velocity is approaching 1
mile/minute (60 mph), as h → 0.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

DEFINITION 1.2
If s(t) represents the position of an object relative to
some fixed location at time t as the object moves along
a straight line, then the instantaneous velocity at time
t = a is given by

provided the limit exists. The speed is the absolute value

of the velocity.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.5 Finding Average and Instantaneous

Velocity
Suppose that the height of a falling object t seconds after
being dropped from a height of 64 feet is given by
s(t) = 64 − 16t2 feet.

Find the instantaneous velocity at time t = 2.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.5 Finding Average and Instantaneous

Velocity
Solution

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.5 Finding Average and Instantaneous

Velocity
Solution

The negative velocity indicates that the object is moving in

the negative (or downward) direction.

The speed of the object is 64 ft/s.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Velocity
Note that the instantaneous
velocity at time t = 2
corresponds to the slope of the
tangent line at t = 2 on the
graph of s(t) vs. t.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Rates of Change
Velocity is a rate (more precisely, the instantaneous rate of
change of position with respect to time). In general, the
average rate of change of a function f between x = a and
x = b (a ≠ b) is given by

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

Rates of Change
The instantaneous rate of change of f at x = a is given by

provided the limit exists. The units of the instantaneous rate of

change are the units of f divided by (or “per”) the units of x.

Recognize this limit as the slope of the tangent line to

y = f (x) at x = a.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.7 A Graph with No Tangent Line at a Point

Determine whether there is a tangent line to the graph of
y = |x| at x = 0.

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 2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY

EXAMPLE 1.7 A Graph with No Tangent Line at a Point

Solution

The tangent line does not exit.

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