Electrochemistry

d. What is electrochemistry ?
And Itis the study of production of
production of electricity from energy
released
during spontaneous chemical Rx !
Q what is seduction $ Oxidation ?
Any Reduction
It is the process in

one or more eo
which an atom ,
ion or molecule gain
e.g cud -1+2 eo → Cu

✗ idation
It is the process in which an atom .
ion or

molecule lose one or more eo .

e.g .
zn → 2nd -1+200

IL is RIG
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 Those Rxn in which oxidation as well as

reduction both takes b lace

simultaneously

G. Classify substances on the basis of electrical conductivity ?

itn-s.c-ONDUC-OR.ir which allow electricity to pass through them

ISULAT0R_ : -
which doesn't allow electricity to pass through them

S_EMlC0NDR : -
whose electrical conductivity lies b/w
conductor and Insulator .

types → n -

type $ b- type Semiconductor

-

Bp WE
Electrolyte : Those substance which dissociate into ions
in their aqueous sun on
passing electricity are known as

electrolyte e.grace KU
.

Non -

Electrolyte :
Those substance which
doesn't dissociate into ions in their

aqueous solution on
passing electricity
is known as non -
electrolyte
eg Sugar ,
Urea ,
Glucose .

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which dissociate completely which dissociate partially

into tons .
into ions .

HU HMOs , Hasan etc e

g NH&0H Cal OH )a
EJ
-

, ,
, ,

CH COOH etc
]
.
 CONDUCTORS
'

Metallic Conductors Electrolytic conductors

•
Flow of
electricity is due to the •
Flow of electricity is due to
flow of eo the flow of ions .

• Also known as electronic -

Also known as ionic

conductors
conductors .
,

flow of electricity takes place Flow of

• .

electricity takes place

without the decomposition of by the decomposition of
substance substance .

•
The electrical conduction decreases .
The electrical conduction increases
with increase of
temperature .
with increase of tents .

because kernels start

vibrating because increase of temp ,
increase
which produce hindrance in in dissociation or decrease in
the flow of electrons . inter ionic attraction .

well
low as as
High Only low voltage of current
• °

voltage of current pass can can pass

through electrolytic
metallic conductors conductor
through
ejfe ,
Al ,
Ag etc .

eg NaCl ,
NaOH ek .
 Factors
Influencing Electrolytic Conduction
• :

→
Nature of Electrolyte :

of ions is conductance
large , the no .

,
more

Nature of Solvent :
electrolytes ionize in
→
The water but not in

organic solvents like benzene because water is polar whereas

benzene is non-polar .

So electrolytic
,
conductance increase in
polar solvents .

→ solute -
solvent attractions / Solvation or
Hydration :

solvation of ions lesser is conductance

larger the
,

→
Temperature : As the temp increases the conductance also
.

increases because the dissociation of electrolyte increases .

So , number of ions as well as the speed of ions increases .

→ Dilution :
As dilution increases ,
the number of ions of a
weak
electrolyte as well as their speed increases and so

conductance also increases .

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g. What is cell ?
Any It is a device which used to convert one form of energy
into another form of
energy
.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ELECTROLYTIC CELL .

 Salt Bridge $ its functions :
a U -

shaped glass tube

Solh
containing
concentrated of an
inert electrolyte like Kal K N°3
,

i
Kasia in agar agar form -

whose one end is dipped

in one beaker and 2nd end
is dipped in another beaker .

function is prevent into another

the
passage of one electrolyte
Ii ) It complete the inner cell circuit .

ii 'D It maintains the electrical neutrality of Solh in both halt

cells .

in used to connect both the beakers .

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Electrochemical cell / Galvanic cell / Voltaic cell : -

It is used to
convert chemical energy into electrical
energy .

•
we take two beakers
•
In Ist beaker we take 2h
rod dipped in 2ns 04 Solh .

•
In Ind beaker we take
Cu sod dipped in CUSO & Sol ?
Salt Bridge is used to connect
•

both the beaker

• Oxidation takes place at
2h rod in Ist beaker
•
Reduction takes place at Cu
•
Oxidation half Rxu trod in 2nd beaker .

2h → 2m£ -1+200
•
Reduction half Rxn
Cad -1+2 e @ → Cee

Overall # zn + cud + → 2m£ + + be

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Electrode Potential
the tendency of an electrode to either
lose or
gain eo when
it is placed in its own solution .

I 1
Oxidation Potential Reduction Potential
The tendency of an electrode The tendency of an electrode
to lose eo to
gain eo

Device which is used to

STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE CS.tt E)
calculate standard electrode
nor Potential
of any electrode .

→ It can act as bothoxidation

as well as Reduction Potential .

Asttnode
µ2→ 211++200
Ascathode
211++2 e • → Ha .

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Electrochemical Series
Arrangement q various electrodes in the

increasing order
of standard reduction potential .

chat Li → lithium -3.05W

chit ca → calcium -2.87W
31kt Al - Aluminium -1.66W
cent 2h → zinc -
0.76W
th Fe → Iron -0.46W
of Ni Nickel
→
-0.25W
lioecdot Pb lead
→ -0.13W
§ H
cute
→
Hydrogen 0.00W
(4 → copper +0.34W
3iHo1 AT -
silver +0.80W
9dKJzH Bo → Bromine +1.08W

31T¥ RUTH Au → Gold + I -50W

BPLIVE
Application
1.) Comparison of Relative Reducing Power or
Oxidising Power .

2.)
Predicting the feasibility spontaneity of Redox
or a
Reaction .

metal will react with dilute

3.)
Predicting whether a will
mineral acids and evolve Hydrogen gas or Not .

a.) Activity or
reactivity of metals .

5.) Calculation of the EMF of a cell .

EMF =
tceee =
Er -

Eu
=
E
cathode
-

PAN ode
Prediction Eooxidation
=
-

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 Nernst Eqn
Dependence of EMF on concentration of electrolyte
and
temperature
Nernst eqn for half cell Rxn
Minaj! ,
+ neo → Miss

EM-RJ-flnfmmf.si?-aq.pEm--
Em =

electrode potential
of metal under given condition
Em : electrode potential of metal under standard condition
l
R= gas constant 8.3145K 1m01
-
-

T Temp in Kelvin
=

F Faraday constant ( 96500 Cmol 1)

-
=

n= no of
-

eo loss or
gain in reaction
Em Em
oons-91-ligg.mn
-

,
• For cell : -

cctdDEceee-tceee-oon-91-gqn.gl?ELgd-n
aA+bB

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 08

Eceee Peele
-005¥ lg{%÷,
-
-

Eceee equilibrium
o.gg#logQc
-

constant
where Qc is concentration Quotient §
At equilibrium Eceee :O and c-
-

Kc

cat 29814
Feed =

0-9591-19 Kc

standard maximum
Gibbs or work done A- 4. = -

hfteeee
Free by cell
Energy
.

BPUVE
 Conductance of Electrolytic solutions
is the
•

Resistance : It obstruction to the

the conductor top
flow of electric
current
through
.

,
.

It is directly proportional to its length (d) and inversely

proportional to area of Crossection CA )
RX
¥ or R= S
ta
← specific Resistance
or Resistivity .

Unit of Resistance = 0hm (D)

metre ( Dm )
unit of Resistivity = 0hm

Conductance :
inverse of resistance
•

The .

a- -

f- =

§ F- =
K ¥
Unit of conductance is 0hm -1 or mho or I -1 or Siemens .

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 CONDUCT 1111TH : the inverse of resistivity is called
•

conductivity
( specific conductance ) unit =
0hm -1 cm -1

when A t.ms l= 1am

G-
KAI
:

G- K
-

conductivity of a material is its conductance

when it is 1am
long and its area of
cross section is 1am ?
•

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY :
conductivity of all the ions
It is the

produced by dissolving 1g mole of an electrolyte in Sol

"

It is denoted by Am
am K XV 08 am *✗
100£ K✗Yn÷oity
- -

-
=
=

"
Units Ohm -1 c. Md Mot Ior s c. M2 MOI
-

Note
ftp.E.A-la-b
't
R -
-
called cell constant denoted by a

a
*
=
F- = RK
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 KOHL RAUSCH LAW : -

is
Limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte the sum of individual contribution of
anion and cation of electrolyte .

Ain AB = Ani A+ + Ani B-

Ain A+ limiting
=
molar conductivity of cation .

Aim B- :

limiting molas conductivity of Anion .

APP "
calculation of limiting molar conductivity of weak
electrolyte
calculation of the Degree of Dissociation
.

ii )
-

Degree of Dissociation (a) =Amc- → molar conductivity at any

conc C.
limiting
.

him molar
→
conductivity .

iii) calculation of dissociation constant of weak electrolyte:

Concentration
Dissociation constant ( Kc )
4¥
=
c-

✗ =
Degree of Dissociation .

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Faraday 's law of Electrolysis :
first law :
The mass of substance deposit or liberated at
any electrode
during
electrolysis is directly
proportional to the amount of charge
passed .

Mathematically w✗Q E. E- OH ]
b w ✗ Ixt
[ Ixt =D ]
w -

- ZXIXT
Ws mass
ofsubstance deposit / liberate
electrochemical equivalent
M÷÷
↳

gtsoo
2-
-

=
I> current t → time

9 What do you mean by Faraday constant ?

Auf charge of one mole of e -0
"
6.022×1023×1.6×10 96487 ( Mott
-

C Mot '
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 Second law : when same amount of electricity passed through
-

two different electrolyte connected in series , amount

of substance deposited at electrodes is directly proportional
to their equivalent weight .

Amount of Ag deposit .
eq.wt.qAg_
Amount Ca deposit eqiwt of Cy
of
.
.

g. A solution of Cusa is electro lysed for 10minutes with a

current of 1.5 amperes What is the
. mass of copper
deposited at cathode NCERTO
Any Acc . to Rxn cu2+ +Leo → Cu

mgY✗May- ✗ Ixt 635×-9%15×600

w= ZXIXE =

I 0.2938g
A solution of N :( Noda is electro lysed between platinum electrodes

using
nickel
a
will be
current
of 5.0 ampere for 20 minutes what mass of .

deposited at the cathode ? CAT man of Ni -58.7) NCERT

- -

Aug Acc to Reaction

µi2++2eo Ni
.

M¥gM¥f→I✗t 52%-500×50×1200
w -
- ZXIXE

1825g = BP LIVE
Electrolysis
 Trick
to get Product
at cathode

Reduction potential of Reduction potential of

Hao > Reduction potential Hao { Reduction potential
of cations do 4 & and 13 other cations ( than
of
periodic of 1,2 and 13GB)
table
groups of cations

so Reduction of 110 occurs ca 2-1, Agt, Ants Cddt

at cathode e.g ,

2nd -1 eh .

So Reduction of the

occur at
doesn't
cathode
 To at Anode
get product
① Oxidation potential of H2O> Oxidation
SOF, soit , Noi , Soi etc
-

potential of f-, .

So oxidation of H2O occur at anode

@ oxidation potential of Hao a Oxidation

potential of UT Brit etc
-

So oxidation of these ions occur

at Anode