Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus

Raja Almukahhal
Larame Spence
Mara Landers
Nick Fiori
Art Fortgang
Melissa Vigil

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Mara Landers
Nick Fiori
Art Fortgang
Melissa Vigil
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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

C HAPTER
1 Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Here you will learn about the antiderivative, and you will explore the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Velocity due to gravity can be easily calculated by the formula: v = gt, where g is the acceleration due to gravity
(9.8m/s2 ) and t is time in seconds. In fact, a decent approximation can be calculated in your head easily by rounding
9.8 to 10 so you can just add a decimal place to the time.
Using this function for velocity, how could you find a function that represented the position of the object after a
given time? What about a function that represented the instantaneous acceleration of the object at a given time?

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Antiderivatives

If you think that evaluating areas under curves is a tedious process you are probably right. Fortunately, there is an
easier method. In this section, we shall give a general method of evaluating definite integrals (area under the curve)
by using antiderivatives.

TABLE 1.1:
Definition: The Antiderivative

If F ’ (x) = f (x), then F ’(x) is said to be the antiderivative of f (x).

There are rules for finding the antiderivatives of simple power functions such as f (x) = x2 . As you read through them,
try to think about why they make sense, keeping in mind that differentiation reverses integration.

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TABLE 1.2:
Rules of Finding the Antiderivatives of Power Functions

• The Power Rule

R n 1 n+1
x dx = n+1 x +C
where C is constant of integration and n is a rational number not equal to -1.

• A Constant Multiple of a Function Rule

1 n+1
kxn dx = k xn dx = k · n+1
R R
x +C
where k is a constant.

• Sum and Difference Rule

R R R
[ f (x) ± g(x)]dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx

• The Constant Rule

R
k · dx = kx +C

where k is a constant. (Notice that this rule comes as a result of the power rule above.)

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus makes the relationship between derivatives and integrals clear. Integration
performed on a function can be reversed by differentiation.

TABLE 1.3:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If a function f (x) is defined over the interval [a, b] and if F(x) is the antidervative of f on [a, b], then
Rb
a f (x)dx = F(x)|ba
= F(b) − F(a)

We can use the relationship between differentiation and integration outlined in the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
to compute definite integrals more quickly.

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Examples

Example 1
R2 2
Evaluate 1 x dx.
This integral tells us to evaluate the area under the curve f (x) = x2 , which is a parabola over the interval [1, 2], as
shown in the figure below.

To compute the integral according to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we need to find the antiderivative of
f (x) = x2 . It turns out to be F(x) = (1/3)x3 + C, where C is a constant of integration. How can we get this? Think
about the functions that will have derivatives of x2 . Take the derivative of F(x) to check that we have found such a
function. (For more specific rules, see the box after this example). Substituting into the Fundamental Theorem,

TABLE 1.4:
Rb
f (x)dx = F(x)|ba
Ra2 2 2
=  13 x3 +C 1  

1 x dx
=  13 (2)3 +C − 31 (1)3 +C


= 83 +C − 13 +C


= 37 +C −C
= 37
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So the area under the curve is (7/3) units2 .

Example 2

Evaluate x3 dx.
R

1 n+1
Since xn dx =
R
n+1 x +C, we have

TABLE 1.5:
R 3 1 3+1
x dx = 3+1 x +C
1 4
= 4 x +C

To check our answer we can take the derivative of 14 x4 +Cand verify that it is x3 , the original function in our integral.

Example 3

Evaluate 5x2 dx.

R

Using the constant multiple of a power rule, the coefficient 5 can be removed outside the integral:
5x2 dx = 5 x2 dx
R R

Then we can integrate:

TABLE 1.6:
1 2+1
= 5 · 2+1 x +C
5 3
= 3 x +C

Again, if we wanted to check our work we could take the derivative of 53 x3 +Cand verify that we get 5x2 .

Example 4

Evaluate (3x3 − 4x2 + 2)dx.

R

Using the sum and difference rule we can separate our integral into three integrals:
(3x3 − 4x2 + 2)dx =
R

3 x3 dx − 4 x2 dx + ( 2dx)
R
R
R

→ 3 · 14 x4 − 4 · 13 x3 + 2x +C→ 34 x4 − 34 x3 + 2x +C

Example 5

R5 √
Evaluate 2 xdx.
√
The evaluation of this integral represents calculating the area under the curve y = x from x = -2 to x = 3, shown in
the figure below.

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TABLE 1.7:
R5 √ R 5 1/2
2h xdx = 2 x dx
i5
1 1/2+1
= 1
+1
x
h2 i5 2
1 3/2
= 3/2 x
2 3/2 5
  2
= 3 x 2
2 3/2 − 23/2

= 3 5
= 5.57

So the area under the curve is 5.57.

Example 6
R 6 dx
Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to solve: 4 x .
1
Given what we know, that if F(x) = ln x, then F’(x) = x
Thus, we apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
−46 dx
R
x = lnx|−46
= F(6) - F(4) = [ln(6)] - [ln(4)] = 0.4055

Example 7
R 2p
Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to solve: −2p 3cos(x)dx.
Given what we know, that if F(x) = 3sin(x), then F’(x) = 3cos(x)
So we apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
R 2p
−2p 3cosdx = 3sin(x)|2p
−2p
= F(8) - F(0) = [3sin(2p)] - [3sin(-2p)] = 1 - 0 = 0

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Review

Evaluate the integral:

1. Evaluate the integral 03 5xdx

R

2. Evaluate the integral 01 x4 dx

R

3. Evaluate the integral 14 (x − 3)dx

R

Find the integral:

4. Find the integral of (x

√ + 1)(2x - 3) from -1 to 2.
5. Find the
R0
integral of x from 0 to 9.
6. Find −1 −3dx
R3
7. Find −1 dx
R p
8. 2
Find −p −4cos(x)dx
R2
9. Find 0 −dx
Find 27 dx
R
10.
R0 x
11. Find −2 x + 5dx
R 3p
2
12. Find −p 6sin(x)dx
R 7 dx
13. Find 6 x

Challenge yourself:

14. Sketch y = x3 and y = x on the same coordinate system and then find the area of the region enclosed between
them (a) in the first quadrant
RR
and (b) in the first and third quadrants.
15. Evaluate the integral −R (πR − πx2 )dx where R is a constant.
2

Review (Answers)

To see the Review answers, open this PDF file and look for section 8.13.