CA DAO - TỤC NGỮ

Gừng càng già càng cay·························································With age comes wisdom

Tốt gỗ hơn tốt nước sơn·························································Handsome is as handsome does
Có qua có lại mới toại lòng nhau···············································You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours
Có mới nới cũ·····································································New one in, old one out
Mất bò mới lo làm chuồng······················································It’ too late to lock the stable when the horse is stolen
Gừng càng già càng cay·························································With age comes wisdom
Không có gì quý hơn độc lập tự do············································Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom
Đừng dạy cá học bơi/ Múa rìu qua mắt thợ···································Never offer to teach fish to swim
Chưa học bò chớ lo học chạy···················································To try to run before the one can walk
Chưa thấy quan tài chưa đổ lệ··················································Nobody has ever shed tears without seeing a coffin
Tiền nào của nấy··································································You get what you pay for
Khỏe như trâu·····································································As strong as a horse
Đường nào cũng về La Mã······················································All roads lead to Rome
Hữu xạ tự nhiên hương··························································Good wine needs no bush
Vỏ quýt dày có móng tay nhọn·················································Diamond cuts diamond
Thương cho roi cho vọt··························································Spare the rod and spoil the child
Nói một đường làm một nẻo····················································Speak one way and act another
Đừng đánh giá con người qua bề ngoài········································Don’t judge a book by its cover
Nói gần nói xa chẳng qua nói thật··············································It’s no use beating around the bush
Mưu sự tại nhân thành sự tại thiên·············································Man proposes God disposes
Xa mặt cách lòng·································································Out of sight out of mind
Dù trong dù đục ao nhà vẫn hơn················································East or West home is best
Chín người 10 ý···································································So many men, so many minds
Không ai hoàn hảo cả····························································Every man has his mistakes
Yêu ai yêu cả đường đi, ghét ai ghét cả tông chi họ hàng···················Love me love my dog
Cái gì đến cũng đến······························································What will be will be
Sông có khúc người có lúc······················································Every day is not Sunday
Nhập gia tùy tục··································································When in Rome do as the Romans do
Cười người hôm trước hôm sau người cười···································He laughs best who laughs last
Chậm mà chắc····································································Slow but sure
Cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp························································Beauty is only skin deep
Nghề nào cũng biết nhưng chẳng tinh nghề nào······························Jack of all trades and master of none
Nồi nào úp vung nấy·····························································Every Jack has his Jill
Hoạn nạn mới biết bạn hiền·····················································A friend in need is a friend indeed
Ác giả ác báo······································································Curses come home to roost
Tay làm hàm nhai································································No pains no gains
Tham thì thâm·····································································Grasp all lose all
Nói thì dễ làm thì khó····························································Easier said than done
Dễ được thì cũng dễ mất·························································Easy come easy go
Phi thương bất phú·······························································Nothing venture nothing gains
Mỗi thời mỗi cách································································Other times other ways
Còn nước còn tát··································································While there’s life, there’s hope
Thùng rỗng kêu to································································The empty vessel makes greatest sound
Có tật giật mình···································································He who excuses himself, accuses himself
Yêu nên tốt, ghét nên xấu·······················································Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã··············································Blood is thicker than water
Cẩn tắc vô ưu·····································································Good watch prevents misfortune
Ý tưởng lớn gặp nhau····························································Great minds think alike
Điếc không sợ súng······························································He that knows nothing doubts nothing
No bụng đói con mắt·····························································His eyes are bigger than his belly
Vạn sự khởi đầu nan·····························································It’s the first step that counts
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Cha nào con nấy··································································Like father like son
Ăn miếng trả miếng······························································Tit for tat
Càng đông càng vui······························································The more the merrier
Vắng chủ nhà gà mọc đuôi tôm·················································When the cat’s away, the mice will play
Chứng nào tật nấy································································Who drinks will drink again
Nói trước bước không qua (Đừng đếm trứng trước khi gà đẻ)·············Don’t count your chickens before they hatch
Chở củi về rừng···································································To carry coals to Newcastle
Dục tốc bất đạt····································································Haste makes waste
Cùi không sợ lở···································································If you sell your cow, you will sell her milk too
Không vào hang cọp sao bắt được cọp con···································Neck or nothing
Ở hiền gặp lành···································································A good turn deserves another
Sai một ly đi một dặm···························································A miss is as good as a mile
Thắng làm vua thua làm giặc···················································Losers are always in the wrong
Một nụ cười bằng mười thang thuốc bổ·······································Laughing is the best medicine
Miệng hùm gan sứa ······························································If you can’t bite, never show your teeth
Tình yêu là mù quáng····························································Love is blind
Không có lửa sao có khói························································Where there’s smoke, there’s fire
Việc gì qua rồi hãy cho qua····················································Let bygones be bygones
Gieo gió ắt gặp bão·······························································We reap what we sow
Nhất cử lưỡng tiện································································To kill two birds with one stone
Thuốc đắng dã tật·································································Bitter pills may have blessed effects
Chết vinh còn hơn sống nhục···················································Better die on your feet than live on your knees
Đoàn kết là sống, chia rẽ là chết················································United we stand, divided we fall
Đồng thanh tương ứng, đồng khí tương cầu··································Birds have the same feather stick together
Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim··············································Practice makes perfect
Nói ít làm nhiều (Hành động có ý nghĩa hơn lời nói)························Actions speak louder than words
Uống nước nhớ nguồn···························································When you eat a fruit, think of the man who planted the tree
Chớ thấy sáng loáng mà tưởng là vàng········································All that glitters is not gold
Việc gì làm được hôm nay chớ để ngày mai··································Never put off tomorrow what you can do today
Thả con tép bắt con tôm·························································To set a sprat to catch a mackerel
Thà trễ còn hơn không···························································Better late than never
Đi một ngày đàng học một sàng khôn·········································Travel broadens the mind
Không hơn không kém···························································No more no less
Được ăn cả ngã về không (bơi hoặc chìm)····································Sink or swim
Được đồng nào hay đồng đó····················································To live from hand to mouth
Được voi đòi tiên·································································To give him an inch, he will take a yard
Được cái này thì mất cái kia····················································You can’t have it both ways
Trai khôn vì vợ, gái ngoan vì chồng···········································A good wife makes a good husband
Nhìn việc biết người·····························································A man is known by the company he keeps
Mua danh ba vạn bán danh ba đồng············································A good name is sooner lost than won
Tốt danh hơn tốt áo·······························································A good name is better than riches
Nhân hiền tại mạo································································A good face is a letter of recommendation
Đầu xuôi đuôi lọt·································································A good beginning makes a good ending
Vàng thật không sợ lửa··························································A clean hand needs no washing
Thất bại là mẹ thành công·······················································The failure is the mother of success
Chạy trời không khỏi nắng······················································The die is cast
Chết là hết·········································································Death pays all debts
Thua keo này ta bày keo khác··················································Better luck next time
Thời gian sẽ làm lành mọi vết thương·········································Time cure all pains
Có tiền mua tiên cũng được·····················································Money talks
Họa vô đơn chí····································································Misfortunes never come alone.
Cây ngay không sợ chết đứng··················································A clean hand wants no washing.
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Tiền là một người đầy tớ đặc lực nhưng là một ông chủ tồi················Money is a good servant but a bad master
Trẻ mãi không già································································As ageless as the sun
Giống nhau như 2 giọt nước····················································As alike as two peas
Xưa như quả đất··································································As ancient as the sun
Sau cơn mưa trời lại sáng························································After rain comes fair weather
Không tệ như mọi người nghĩ···················································To be not as black as it is painted
Càng mong càng lâu đến, càng đợi càng sốt ruột ···························A watched pot never boils
Vạn sự khởi đầu nan ·····························································A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

VÍ DỤ DỊCH TỪ

1. contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ làm bẩn 1. greenhouse effect /ˈgriːnhaʊs ɪˈfɛkt/ hiệu ứng nhà kính
2. destroy /dɪsˈtrɔɪ/ phá hủy 2. industrial waste /ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl weɪst/ chất thải công nghiệp
3. die out /daɪ aʊt/ chết dần 3. natural resources /ˈnæʧrəl rɪˈsɔːsɪz/ tài nguyên thiên nhiên
4. disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə/ biến mất 4. oil spill /ɔɪl spɪl/ sự cố tràn dầu
5. dry up /draɪ ʌp/ khô cạn 5. ozone layer /ˈəʊzəʊn ˈleɪə/ tầng ozon
6. dump /dʌmp/ vứt bỏ 6. pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ sự ô nhiễm
7. emit /ɪˈmɪt/ bốc ra 7. preservation /ˌprɛzəːˈveɪʃən/ bảo tồn
8. erode /ɪˈrəʊd/ xói mòn 8. rainforest /ˈreɪnˌfɒrɪst/ rừng mưa nhiệt đới
9. leak /liːk/ rò rỉ 9. sea level /siː ˈlɛvl/ mực nước biển
10. threaten /ˈθrɛtn/ đe dọa 10. sewage /ˈsjuːɪʤ/ nước cống thải

DỊCH TÊN RIÊNG

The wars of the roses: cuộc chiến tranh hoa hồng Nã Phá Luân (Napoleon),

London: Luân Đôn A Lịch Sơn đại đế (Alexander đại đế),

Beijing: Bắc Kinh Bối Đa Phần (nhạc sỹ Beethoven),

Shakespeare: Thạch sĩ Bia A Lịch SƠn Đắc Lộ (Alexandre De Rhodes),

Charles Dickens: Sác Đíchken Đạt Lai Lạc Ma (Dalai Lama),

Mã Khắc Tư (Karl Marx), Kha Luân Bố (Colombo),

Mạnh Khắc Lạc Khắc Tốn (Micheal jackson), Lệ Ninh (Lenin),

Phi Cát (Picasso – họa sỹ). Kim Nhật Thành (Kim Il-sung, cố lãnh tụ Bắc Hàn),

Lỗ Bình Sơn (Robinson), Kim Chính Nhất (Kim Jong-il, đương kiêm lãnh tụ Bắc Hàn, con
trai Kim Nhật Thành),
Mã Lý Lệ Mộng Cổ (Marilyn Monroe),

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 CÁC LOẠI HÌNH DỊCH THUẬT

1. Word-for- - Nguyễn Thượng Hùng: Từ trong ngôn ngữ đích được – Từ phía đông thổi về một ngọn gió lạnh và ẩm.
word đặt ngay dưới từ của ngôn ngữ gốc, nên cách dịch này
→ From side east blow back a wind cold and wet.
translation được gọi là dịch xen hàng (interlinear translation)
(From the east came a cold wet wind).
Dịch từng từ/ - Peter Newmark: ‘Cách dùng chính của phương pháp
– Anh thì gầy, nó thì béo.
Dịch từ đối từ này là để hiểu được cơ chế của ngôn ngữ gốc hoặc
→ You are thin, he is fat.
giải thích một văn bản khó trước khi dịch (The main
(You are skinny, and he is fat).
use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or – - Ăn mày đòi xôi gấc.
to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation – → Beggars asking for momordica sticky rice (
process.) Beggars can’t be choosers. )
Dùng nghĩa thông dụng của các từ ngữ
2. Literal - Cấu trúc ngữ pháp của ngôn ngữ gốc được chuyển – Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon was built by
translation sang cấu trúc của ngôn ngữ dịch ở dạng gần nhất. Từ King Jeogjo (r.1776 – 1800) as an act of filial
Dịch nguyên văn vựng vẫn dịch một cách đơn lẻ, tách khỏi văn cảnh. piety to restore the honor of his father who was
Là sự thay thế cấu trúc cú pháp của ngôn ngữ gốc murdered as a result of palace intrigue. The
thường là câu hoặc mệnh đề bằng cú pháp đồng dạng Fortress was designed by Jeong Yak-yong known
hoặc gần như đồng dạng as Dasan, one of the greatest Confucian Silhak
 The SL grammatical constructions are converted to (School of Practical Learning) scholars (WK).
their nearest TL equivalents) , but the lexical words are Dịch nguyên văn: Pháo đài ở Xu-on được xây
translated singly, out of context. dựng bởi Nhà vua Gi-ong-gio (1776 – 1800) như
- Phương pháp dịch nguyên văn có thể được xem dịch một hành động hiếu thảo của con cái nhằm khôi
phác trước, nó giúp cho người dịch thấy được vấn đề phục danh dự cho người cha đã bị sát hại do một
cần phải giải quyết trong bản dịch mưu đồ trong cung đình. Pháo đài được thiết kế bởi
 as a pre-translation process, this indicates the Gi-ong I-ác-i-ong còn được gọi là Đa- xan, một
problems to be solved. trong những học giả lớn nhất của trường phái Học
- Các yếu tố văn hóa ngôn ngữ gốc được chuyển dịch hành của đạo Khổng.
trực tiếp, nguyên xi sang bản dịch (như so sánh, ẩn Dịch hoàn chỉnh: Vua Gi-ong-gio (1776 – 1800)
dụ, tu từ v.v,), đôi khi phương pháp này được sử đã xây dựng pháo đài Hoa Xương ở Xu-on để tỏ
dụng với mục đích đặc biệt như để giữ gìn cách diễn lòng hiếu thảo của một người con nhằm truy tôn
đạt nguyên văn ở bản gốc, tạo văn phong ngoại lai vua bị một mưu đồ trong cung đình sát hại. Gi-ong
v.v, I-ác-i-ong, còn được gọi là Đa-xan , một trong
Đảm bảo cấu trúc: chủ động, bị động, tường thuật, những học giả lớn nhất của trường phái Thực học
… trong Nho gia, đã thiết kế công trình này.
3. Faithful Là phương pháp dịch mà người dịch cố gắng truyền thông điệp, hướng tới tác động của nó đối với người tiếp
translation nhận bản dịch, những nét nghĩa văn hoá trong bản dịch thông báo phải được dịch ở ngôn ngữ đích.
Dịch trung thành Cần gắn với ngữ cảnh
4. Semantic Giữ đúng ngữ nghĩa của từ. Là phương pháp dịch mà người dịch diễn đạt lại các nghĩa và nét nghĩa của bản
translation gốc, cả nét nghĩa tạo nên giá trị thẩm mĩ (aesthetic value) của bản gốc. Bản dịch được viết hướng tới người đọc
Dịch ngữ nghĩa ở ngôn ngữ dịch do vậy bản dịch mượt mà hơn, ít cứng nhắc vì lệ thuộc vào các quy tắc ngữ pháp của bản gốc
hơn so với phương pháp dịch trung thành và bản dịch chấp nhận những sáng tạo của người dịch. Bản dịch lúc
này đã gần gũi với người tiếp nhận ở ngôn ngữ dịch.
Đúng nghĩa đang dịch
5. Communicativ Là phương pháp dịch ở đó người dịch chuyển dịch chính xác ý nghĩa văn cảnh của bản gốc, tạo ra bản dịch có
4
 e translation nội dung và hình thức dễ chấp nhận và dễ hiểu cho người đọc ở ngôn ngữ dịch , hướng đến mục tiêu tương
Dịch thông báo đương hướng tới giá trị thông báo của câu. Các yếu tố văn hoá trong ngôn ngữ gốc được thay bằng các yếu tố
văn hoá tương đương trong ngôn ngữ dịch. Dịch thông báo chủ yếu hướng đến mục tiêu về giá trị thông báo
của câu để đảm bảo việc “giao tiếp” của quá trình dịch thuật. Đây là phương pháp dịch thường dùng để dịch
các văn bản thuộc thể loại thông tin.
6. Idiomatic Là phương pháp dịch mà người dịch diễn đạt những thông tin bình thường trong ngôn ngữ gốc thành thông
translation tin mang tính thành ngữ ở ngôn ngữ dịch. Bản dịch có chứa nhiều cách nói khẩu ngữ, có chứa thành ngữ mà
Dịch thành ngữ bản gốc không có. Bản dịch lúc này sinh động, mượt mà, tự nhiên và gần gũi với người đọc ở ngôn ngữ dịch.
7. Free Là phương pháp dịch mà dịch giả chỉ đặt mục đích chuyển tải nội dung chính của văn bản nguồn sang văn bản
translation đích mà không quan tâm đến các chi tiết ràng buộc về hình thức và ngôn ngữ trong nội dung của nguyên bản.
Dịch tự do Đây là cách dịch nhằm tái tạo lại thông điệp của bản gốc với nhiều sáng tạo của ngôn ngữ dịch. Nghĩa từ vựng
chỉ là các căn cứ để phân tích ngữ nghĩa và tìm thông điệp để chuyển dịch, đây là phương pháp dịch thường
dùng để dịch các văn bản thuộc thể loại thông tin như hội thoại, quảng cáo...
8. Adaption Là phương pháp dịch tự do nhất trong các phương pháp dịch, trong đó dịch giả chỉ giữ lại chủ điểm, bối cảnh
Phỏng dịch và nhân vật ở văn bản gốc để tạo ra bản dịch theo cách riêng của mình. Văn hoá của ngôn ngữ gốc cũng được
chuyển sang văn hoá của ngôn ngữ dịch, đây là cách viết lại bản gốc ở ngôn ngữ dịch, phương pháp này chủ
yếu được dùng cho việc dịch thơ, phim, bài hát và kịch.

Considerations 1. Culture: văn hóa

Lưu ý
2. Structure: văn phạm

3. Semantic diversity ( = meaning = ngữ nghĩa )

Ví dụ:
* He kicked the bucket
- Word for word: anh ấy đã đá cái xô
- Semantic ( Ngữ nghĩa ): anh ấy thiệt mạng
* The problem is handled by him
- Literal ( nguyên văn ): vấn đề đã được giải quyết
- Semantic ( Ngữ nghĩa ): Anh ta xử lý xong vấn đề

EXERCISE 1:
1. Speak softly love - Thú yêu thương
2. Unchained melody - Đợi anh về
3. Sealed with a kiss - Tình yêu trong đời
4. A time for us dịch thành - Tình sử Romeo & Juliet
5. Somewhere my love dịch thành - Hỡi người tình Lara.
6. Casablanca dịch thành - Sao không đến bên em,
7. The end of the world dịch thành - Thương nhớ trong mưa,
8. Sway dịch thành - Ai sẽ là em,
9. Hold me for a while dịch thành - Bình minh sẽ mang em đi,
10. Love is blue dịch thành - Tình xanh,
11. How can I tell her dịch thành - Nói sao em hiểu,
12. Unbreak my heart dịch thành - Đừng làm tan vỡ trái tim em.
13. Goodbye; ca khúc mang tựa đề Donna, bản dịch cũng được đặt tên là Donna. Theo sự hiểu biết của chúng tôi, đây là những tiêu đề
có chứa những từ ngữ quen thuộc với cộng đồng người sử dụng ngoại ngữ hoặc là những tên riêng của người hay địa danh.

5
EXERCISE 2:
1. Which type of translation attempt to reproduce as closely as possible the meaning of the original text?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
2. Which type of translation aims to convey the original author's intended meaning while still taking grammatical and cultural
differences between languages into account?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
3. Which type of translation is more concerned with preserving the style ( giữ y hệt, không đổi ), tone, and rhetorical effect of the
original text?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
4. Which type of translation focuses on translating individual words without considering the context or structure of the original text?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
5. Which type of translation is more appropriate ( phù hợp hơn ) for translating poetry or literary works ( thơ/ tác phẩm văn học )?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation đúng nhất là adaption
6. Which type of translation is more appropriate for translating technical or legal documents ( pháp lý, kỹ thuật )?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
7. Which type of translation emphasizes the source text's content = meaning rather than its form ( nhấn mạnh nội dung hơn hình
thức )?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
8. Which type of translation aims to produce a text with the same emotional or cultural impact as the original, even if that means
taking some liberties with the translation?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
9. Which type of translation may use idiomatic expressions or cultural references to convey the meaning of the original text ( truyền
tải ngữ nghĩa )?
a. Literal translation b. Word-for-word translation
c. Faithful translation d. Semantic translation
10. Which type of translation is more likely to produce a readable and idiomatic target text ( mục đích cuối cùng: đúng với yêu cầu và
có thể đọc được )?
a. Literal translation (đúng cấu trúc ) b. Word-for-word translation ( đúng nghĩa từng từ )
c. Faithful translation ( văn hóa ) d. Semantic translation ( ngữ nghĩa )

6
 FORM AND MEANINGS
1. Form: hình thức
In translation, form refers to the structure and grammar of a language, including elements such as word order, tense, and
gender ( trật tự từ, thì, giới tính, … )
2. Surface structure: cấu trúc bên ngoài
Surface structure refers to the literal or physical elements of a sentence, such as the placement of words and the
grammatical structure, rather than its underlying meaning ( cấu trúc chủ động, bị động, … )
3. Meaning: ngữ nghĩa
Meaning is the significance or interpretation associated with a word or phrase. In translation, the meaning of a word or
phrase can be influenced by its context, cultural connotations, and other linguistic factors. ( nghĩa của từ, nghĩa trong ngữ
cảnh, đa nghĩa, nghĩa bên trong của từ, … )
4. Source language: ngôn ngữ nguồn
The source language is the language being translated from, or the original language of the text being translated.
5. Receptor/ target language: ngôn ngữ đích/ dịch/ nhận
The receptor or target language is the language that is being translated into, or the language that the translated text will be
understood in by the intended audience.

=> Ưu tiên giữ nguyên meaning, nhưng chọn form ( cấu trúc ) tùy theo từng trường hợp.
Ví dụ 1:
SL: Spanish I have sleep (S + V + N)
Aguaruna: My sleep lives (N phrase + V)
English: I am sleepy (S be Adj)
Chọn meaning đúng với ngôn ngữ nguồn và
ngôn ngữ đích, hình thức có thể thay đổi

Ví dụ 2: English phrase: "Kick the bucket"

- Form ( cái mình nhìn thấy ): This phrase is composed of three words and is in the imperative form. ( ra lệnh )
- Meaning: This phrase is an idiom that means to die or to pass away.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Ấn chân lên cành" or "Lên đời" or "Qua đời"
Ví dụ 2: English word: "Run"
- Form: This is a one-word verb in the present tense.
- Meaning: This word has multiple meanings depending on the context. It can mean to move quickly, to direct or control something,
to operate or function, among others.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Chạy"
- Semantic: I run this company: Tôi điều hành công ty này.
Ví dụ 3: English sentence: "I am going to the store"
- Form: This is a simple sentence composed of six words in the present continuous tense.

7
- Meaning: The meaning is that the speaker is currently in the process of going to the store.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Tôi đang đi đến cửa hàng"

Ví dụ 4: English sentence: "I am taking the exam tomorrow."

- Word for word: Tôi đang cầm bài kiểm tra ngày mai
- Literal ( dịch nguyên văn ): Tôi đang có bài kiểm tra ngày mai
- Semantic ( ngữ nghĩa ): tôi có bài kiểm tra vào ngày mai
Ví dụ 5: English phrase: "Break a leg"
- Form: This phrase is composed of three words and is in the imperative form.
- Meaning: This phrase is a common idiom used to wish someone good luck, especially before a performance or presentation.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Chúc may mắn" or "Chúc vận may tốt"
Ví dụ 6: English word: "Love"
- Form: This is a one-word verb in the present tense.
- Meaning: This word is used to express a strong affection or liking for someone or something.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Yêu", "Thương", "Mãi Yêu", "Thương mến", TÙY NGỮ CẢNH
Ví dụ 7: English sentence: "The book is on the table"
- Form: This is a simple sentence composed of six words in the present tense.
- Meaning: The meaning is that the book is currently located on the table.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Quyển sách đang nằm trên bàn"
Ví dụ 8: Translate the following sentence from English to Vietnamese: "The black cat is sleeping on the green couch."
Identify the form and meaning in your translation for the Vietnamese word "đen."
- Form: The form of "đen" is a singular adjective.
- Meaning: The meaning of "đen" is "black" in English.
- Translation: "Con mèo đen đang ngủ trên ghế màu xanh lá cây."
Ví dụ 9: Translate from Vietnamese to English: “con mèo đen”
- Form: "Đen" is an adjective.
- Meaning: The meaning of "đen" is "black" in English.
- Translation: The black cat The cat is black The cat that is black
Ví dụ 10: English sentence: "The failure of the project was due to a lack of communication"
- Form: This is a complex sentence composed of ten words, including a dependent clause, a prepositional phrase, and a noun phrase.
- Meaning: The meaning is that the project failed because communication was insufficient or inadequate.
- Vietnamese translation: "Sự thất bại của dự án là do thiếu giao tiếp"
Ví dụ 11: English word: "Challenge"
- Form: This is a one-word noun that can also be used as a verb.
- Meaning: The word can refer to a difficulty or obstacle that must be overcome or a call to action or competition.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Thử thách" or "Thách thức"
Ví dụ 12: English sentence: "She tried to explain her feelings, but they were too complex to put into words"
- Form: This is a complex sentence composed of fifteen words, including two dependent clauses and an adjective phrase.
- Meaning: The meaning is that the speaker attempted to express her thoughts and emotions, but found them too intricate and difficult
to articulate.
- Vietnamese Translation: "Cô ấy cố gắng giải thích cảm xúc của mình nhưng chúng quá phức tạp để diễn tả thành lời"

Others blamed John because of the difficulty => khác cấu trúc nhưng có cùng nghĩa
Others blamed John for the difficulty
Others blamed the difficulty on John
Others said John was responsible for the difficulty
Others accused John of being responsible for the difficulty

EXERCISE FORM AND MEANINGS:

8
A. Identifying change of meaning versus change of form. Some of the following pairs of sentences differ in their form. Some
differ in meaning. Indicate if the primary change is in the form or in the meaning ( Thay đổi chủ yếu nhất )
Ex: They robbed the old man
The old man was robbed by them → change of form

1. The students like to study semantics 6. I came; I saw; I conquered.

The students like studying semantics → change of form I came, saw, and conquered. → change of form
2. I bought a pair of horseshoes. 7. Two weeks later he came
I bought a pair of leather shoes → change of meaning After two weeks he came → change of form
3. He saw the bird 8. There is a table in the book
She heard the cat → change of meaning There is a book on the table → change of meaning
4. Phillip went walking 9. The young man had a Greek grammar book stolen
Phillip took a walk → change of form A Greek grammar book was stolen from the young man
→ change of form
5. Go to bed 10. He was awakened by a thunderclap
I want you to go to bed → change of form A thunderclap awakened him → change of form

B. List as many grammatical forms as you can which realize the same meaning as the one given below. Then put the same
meaning into a language other than English in as many forms as you can
Ex: The cat is black the black cat the cat, which is black
1. The water jug → the jug of water
2. John bought a car → A car was bought by John
3. A hot day → A day is hot → A day which is hot
4. Mother’s long blue dress → The mother's dress is long and blue
5. Peter’s house → This house belong to Peter → The house of Peter

C. All of the following have the same grammatical form. With the change of lexical items, there is a change of meaning which
is signaled by that lexical item, apart from the referential meaning of the world itself. What meaning is signaled in each of the
following possessive phrases? Answer by restating. How can that meaning best be expressed in another language which you
speak?
Ex: the man’s car - the man owns the car - chiếc xe là tài sản của người đàn ông
the man’s eye - the eye is part of the man - mắt của anh ấy
1. the doctor’s office - văn phòng của bác sĩ ( nơi làm việc của bác sĩ )
2. the doctor’s patient - bệnh nhân của bác sĩ ( người được bác sĩ khám bệnh/ sử dụng dịch vụ của bác sĩ )
3. the doctor’s book - quyển sách của bác sĩ ( sách dành cho bác sĩ )
4. the doctor’s brother - anh/em trai của bác sĩ ( người có quan hệ huyết thống )
5. the doctor’s hand - tay của bác sĩ ( bộ phận của cơ thể )
6. the doctor’s house - nhà của bác sĩ ( tài sản/ nơi ở của bác sĩ )

D. For each pair of sentences, state whether the two sentences are (1) the same in meaning or (2) different in meaning
1. (a) It rained all night ( trời mưa cả đêm ) 2. (a) There are a book on the table
1 2
(b) Rain fell all night ( mưa giảm cả đêm ) (b) There is a table in the book
3. (a)John was very surprised when he heard the news 4. (a) It was a hot day
1 1
(b)The news very much amazed John when he heard it (b) The day was hot
5. (a) Peter’s house 6. (a) He remained silent
1 1
(b) The house that belongs to Peter (b) He did not say anything
7. (a) I bought cloth to make Mary a new dress 2 8. (a) I bought vegetables in the market 2
9
 (b) I bought a new dress for Mary
10. (a) John is ill; he has a bad case of malaria
(b) John is very ill indeed
11. (a) There are four rooms in the house
12. (a) In my opinion, the government is doing well and
making many improvements in the country. But there are
many people who do not agree that this is so.
(b) I bought tomatoes and onions in the market
9. (a) My parents are well
1 1
(b) My mother and father are well
(b) The house has four rooms and a kitchen at the back 2/1
(b) Opinions are divided concerning the government. Some
say they are doing well and making many improvements in 2
the country. Others do not agree.

LITERAL ENGLISH - NGHĨA ĐEN IDIOMATIC ENGLISH - NGHĨA BÓNG

I don’t have my eye on you - dõi theo I don’t remember you
I’ve already buried my eye I’m already ready to go
I’ll put your eyelid I’ll ask a favor of you
My eye is hard on you I remember you
My head is strong I’m stubborn, insistent
I’ll do it with my head I’ll do it the way I think it should be done
His ear is rotten He is spoiled
I ate in your tooth cavity I ate in your absence

HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG THANG MÁY

Instruction for elevator using Instruction - cần có ngữ cảnh Direction for use
Manual instruction Elevator instructions Elevator user’s guide
Lift usage instructions Instructions for use Instruction - cần có ngữ cảnh
Elevator using instructions Instructions in using the lift

CÁC CÂU NÀY CÓ ĐỒNG NGHĨA VỚI NHAU KHÔNG? SL: ngôn ngữ nguồn
1. SL: The wealthy live here ( người giàu )
RL: People who have lots of money live here → same
3. SL: No fewer than ten people came last night
RL: At least ten people came last night → same
5. SL: Everybody is talking about what is happening
RL: Everybody is talking about the high enrollment at the college
( Understood from the context )
→ same trong một vài trường hợp cần ngữ cảnh rõ ràng
7. SL: Someone in the department embezzled the money
RL: Someone in the department ate the money → same
10. SL: They were supposed to ring the office after nine
RL: They were supposed to telephone the office after nine
RL: ngôn ngữ dịch
2. SL: The wolf snatched them and scattered them
RL: the savage animal snatched them and scattered them
→ Same trong một vài trường hợp
4. SL: Mary borrowed the book from James
RL: James loaned the book to Mary → same
6. SL: She glanced at the teacher ( liếc nhìn )
RL: She looked quickly at the teacher → same
8. SL: The baby’s nose was running
RL: The baby’s nose was dripping → same
9. SL: The boy was sitting at the foot of the stairs
RL: The boy was sitting at the bottom of the stairs → same
→ same

10
 TRANSPOSITION - ĐỔI VỊ TRÍ DỊCH
- “He spent the early part of the first evening talking alone with Miss Paddock in a corner of the room => Buổi tối đầu tiên, anh nói
chuyện riêng với cô Paddock ở góc phòng”
- “Use your napkin to wipe the area around your mouth every few minutes => Chốc lát bạn hãy dùng khăn ăn lau quanh miệng”
- “The train had already left when we arrived at the station => khi chúng tôi đến thì xe lửa đã rời ga rồi ”
- “Trying not to show her sadness, she went into Johnsy’s room, whistling => Cô ta vừa đi vào phòng của Johnsy vừa huýt sáo cố
gắng không để lộ nỗi buồn ( cố gắng giấu nỗi buồn )”
- “Nếu nó cứ lười biếng như thế mãi, thì về sau chắc sẽ phải khổ suốt đời => He will be unhappy all his life, if he continues to be
lazy”
Further practice
1. I attended their wedding party yesterday => hôm qua, tôi đã dự tiệc cưới của họ
2. It’s very nice to meet you => gặp bạn thật là vui/ thú vị
3. It’s very kind of you to help him => bạn thật tử tế/ tốt bụng khi giúp đỡ anh ta
4. I’ve hardly met her recently => dạo này/ gần đấy tôi rất ít gặp cô ấy
5. It’s a sin to be late => đến trễ là một điều không thể tha thứ
6. It is well with my mother => mẹ tôi vẫn khỏe
7. The man was watching the boat through binoculars => bằng ống nhòm/ qua ống nhòm, ông ấy thấy con tàu
8. There is nothing wrong with being popular => được nổi tiếng không có gì là sai/ được nổi tiếng thì có tội tình gì

REPLACEMENT - THAY THẾ

- To tell him an hour before your date is the epitome of bad manners => Chỉ báo cho người yêu trước cuộc hẹn một tiếng đồng hồ là
biểu lộ lối cư xử tệ
- Họ sẽ nằm trên cỏ trong vòng tay của nhau => They would lie down on the grass in one another’s arms, …
- They would listen to the beating of their hearts => Họ sẽ lắng nghe nhịp đập của trái tim
- He was a failure in art => Ông ấy đã thất bại trong nghệ thuật
- Our belief is that Vietnam’economy will be at the top-ten of the world => Chúng tôi tin rằng nền kinh tế Việt Nam sẽ được xếp vào
10 nước đứng đầu thế giới
- Trong buổi họp tổng kết, các chuyên gia đã tiếp chuyện một cách thân mật và sôi nổi với các đại diện của chính phủ => At the
summing-up conference, the experts had friendly and enthusiastic talks with government and representatives
- Oh dear, never more could my love turn to him; for faith has been blighted => Ôi, không bao giờ tôi có thể yêu anh ấy được nữa; vì
lòng chung thủy đã không còn
- He is a name writer => Anh ta là một nhà văn có tiếng/ nổi tiếng/ có tên tuổi
- Is it your pleasure that I cancel the arrangements? => Anh có muốn tôi hủy bỏ những sắp xếp này hay không?

Further practice
1. It’s my hope that you will get well soon => tôi hy vọng bạn sẽ sớm bình phục
2. Is it your pleasure that I cancel the arrangements? => Anh có muốn tôi hủy bỏ những sắp xếp này hay không?
3. He’s a great reader => Anh ấy là người đọc rất nhiều sách
4. We were taken to the circus by our teacher last week => Tuần trước, chúng tôi được cô giáo dẫn đi xem xiếc.

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5. He’s a name writer => Anh ta là một nhà văn có tiếng
6. They’ll make announcement next week => tuần sau họ sẽ thông báo
7. He nodded his approval. => Ông ta gật đầu đồng ý.

ADDITION - THÊM VÀO

- A peace committee => ủy ban bảo vệ hòa bình
- Now, try to take some soups and let me get back to work => Nào, hãy cố ăn một ít cháo để anh yên tâm đi làm
- Bấy nhiêu người đều ùa nhau vào đẩy, thì hòn đá lăn ra bên đường => All men eagerly push the stone, it rolls out of the road
immediately
- He was always glad because he showed his gratitude to his parents => Vậy mà lúc nào ông ấy cũng lấy làm vui vẻ trong lòng, vì có
thế thì con mới tỏ hết lòng hiếu với cha mẹ

Further practice
1. It is a money talk => một cuộc nói chuyện về tiền bạc
2. Marriage certificate => giấy đăng ký kết hôn
3. Health services => dịch vụ chăm sóc sức khỏe
4. Wedding guests => khách tới dự đám cưới
5. Wind shield => kính chắn gió
6. Baggage check => phiếu nhận hành lý
7. Fire-boat => tàu chữa cháy
8. Lime wash => vôi quét tường
9. Duty staff office => văn phòng dành cho nhân viên trực ban
10. For further information, please contact … => muốn biết thêm chi tiết, …
11. There was a run on the bank yesterday => … đổ xô tới ngân hàng để rút tiền ký gửi
12. Drinking too much alcohol is very bad for you => … có hại cho sức khỏe của bạn

OMISSION - BỎ BỚT
- The right to rest and leisure => Quyền nghỉ ngơi
- … and he bent down over the bed and took his wife’s hand and began to caress her forehead => … rồi anh cúi xuống cầm tay vợ và
vuốt ve trán nàng
- Với tư cách là những sinh viên mới, chúng ta phải học bài trước khi đến lớp học => As new students, we must study lessons before
class
- One day, a dog entered an inn, stole a piece of meat and ran away with it => một hôm, có một con chó vào hàng cơm ngoạm trộm
miếng thịt rồi bỏ chạy

Further practice
1. He drew himself up to his full height => anh ấy đứng phắt/ thẳng dậy
2. He is dull and uninteresting in his conversation => anh ta nói chuyện thật là tẻ nhạt
3. He’s fond of the company of others => anh ấy thích giao tế
4. We gave them a clear indication of good will => chúng tôi đã tỏ ra có thiện chí với họ
5. I’m on the side of him => tôi ủng hộ anh ấy

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 TRANSFORMING: GENERAL INTO SPECIFIC - CHUYỂN ĐỔI NGỮ NGHĨA chung → cụ thể
Ông ta có những kế hoạch đầy tham vọng => He has big plans
His speech contains big words => Bài nói của ông ta toàn những lời đao to búa lớn

Further practice
1. A busy street => 1 con đường nhộn nhịp 2. A busy doctor => 1 vị bác sĩ đắt khách/ đông bệnh nhân
3. A busy design => 1 bản thiết kế rườm rà 4. A busy restaurant => 1 nhà hàng đông khách
5. He’s big plans => Ông ta có những kế hoạch đầy tham vọng
6. It’s a big match => một trận đấu quan trọng
7. Do you do English at school? => bạn có học tiếng anh ở trường không?
8. Have you done any Shakespeare? => bạn có học/ đọc tác phẩm nào của … ?
9. We’ve made 100 miles today => … đã đi được …
10. I’m sorry, I couldn’t make your party last night => …. không thể đến dự …
11. Her new novel has made the best seller lists… => … có trong danh sách những …
12. The raw industrial wastes endanger the supply of drinking water => các chất thải công nghiệp chưa xử lý gây nguy hại cho nguồn
nước

TRANSFORMING: SPECIFIC INTO GENERAL - CHUYỂN ĐỔI NGỮ NGHĨA cụ thể → chung
- Our luch break is at 11 => Chúng tôi thường nghỉ làm để dùng cơm trưa lúc 11h
- They’re from the same home town and they help each other => Họ là đồng hương và họ thường giúp đỡ nhau

Further practice
1. He is a man of his word => anh ta là người luôn giữ lời hứa/có chữ tín
2. All men are created equal => mọi người sinh ra đều được bình đẳng

ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION - DỊCH NGƯỢC LẠI/ TRÁI NGHĨA

- He couldn’t write until he was 5 => Mãi tới 5 tuổi nó mới có thể biết viết
- Don’t have the party until I come back from work => Đừng có tổ chức tiệc đến khi tôi đi làm về

Further practice
1. She wants to go nowhere => cô ta không muốn đi đâu cả
2. He loves no one, but himself => anh ấy chẳng yêu thương ai ngoài bản thân anh ấy
3. He finished punishing her => ông ta không trừng phạt cô ta nữa
4. I don’t think he’s honest => tôi nghĩ rằng anh ta không thật thà
5. I did the problem in 10 minutes, there was nothing to it => … nó rất là đơn giản

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6. Every dog has his day => không ai giàu ba họ, khó ba đời
7. Nothing succeeds like success => hết thành công này đến thành công khác

TRANSLATION OF FIXED EXPRESSIONS

- No guide, no realization => không thầy đố mày làm nên
- Có tiền mua tiên cũng được => Money talks/ makes many things
- Practice makes perfect => có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
- They know which side their bread was buttered on => Họ biết ăn cây nào rào cây ấy
Further practice
1. A machine which goes into as a pig and come out of as a sausage. => Dây chuyền khép kín
2. “What goes around comes around – this time it’s the Chinese who are getting burned”. => Có qua có lại, có đi có đến, đến lượt
người Hoa bị ‘phỏng tay’.
3. At first, it seemed that the company’s chairman, Patricia Dunn, would carry the can alone (chịu tội một mình, đưa đầu chịu báng)
for the use by a security firm working for HP of pretexting: using false pretences to obtain personal information.
4. Many people believe that too many educational institutions are offering too many MBA programs, and too many would-be
managers are lapping them up (lao vào cuộc đua) in an effort to get themselves on the fast track (chạy tắt).
5. The difference between involvement and commitment is like an eggs-and-ham breakfast: the chicken was involved – the pig was
committed. (quýt làm cam chịu.)
6. In the world of entrepreneurship, at some time you have to accept that you are like the pig when it comes to breakfast!
7. The teacher is out of sorts this morning (cáu kỉnh).
8. Policy decision-making seems to be at odds (chỏi với) with the workings of capital market.
9. India’s Sunil Mittal has built a mobile-phone empire by turning outsourcing on its heads (thay đổi hoàn toàn).
10. Then one day, completely out of the blue (bất ngờ), I had a letter from her.
11. As soon as I find my map and my keys we’re in business (bắt đầu rồi).
12. If you try any funny business (hành động bất thường), you’ll be sorry.
13. So what kind of monkey business (foolish things) have you kids been up to while I was out?
14. Of course, there is always the possibility of Vietnam being beset by hubris (ngủ quên trong chiến thắng). In this scenario Vietnam
does little to try to exert itself but instead proudly on its current achievements and becomes a hard-to-please player in the globalized
world.
15. Some of us for the whole four years. For others, a college degree just isn’t a ticket (tấm vé / giấy thông hành) they need to punch
before setting out to build an empire (lập nghiệp) and change the world.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - NGÔN NGỮ NGHĨA BÓNG

* Metonymy - Hoán dụ
- The kettle is boiling => nước đang sôi
- He has a good head for business => ông ta là người rất có tài về kinh doanh
Further practice
1. He‘s the captain of his soul => anh ấy là người lí trí
2. The Whitehouse has denied the report => Người đứng đầu nhà trắng/ tổng thống đã phủ nhận/ bác bỏ báo cáo
3. They all had a loyalty to the crown => tất cả học đều trung thành với hoàng gia
4. Have you ever read Mark Twain? => bạn đã đọc tác phẩm nào của nhà văn … chưa?
5. The visit would strengthen cultural ties between the two countries => Chuyến viếng thăm đã củng cố thêm mối liên kết văn hóa
giữa hai nước

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6. He employed twenty hands on his farm => Ông ấy thuê 20 người làm việc ở nông trại
7. He lives by his pen => Anh ấy sống bằng cách sáng tác/ bằng cách viết văn
8. How does he earn his bread and butter? => anh ta kiếm sống bằng cách nào?
9. He never had a private house from the cradle to the grave
10. She has a good ear for languages => cô ấy giỏi ngoại ngữ
EUPHEMISM - NÓI GIẢM NÓI TRÁNH
- His parents passed away ( died ) along time ago => cha mẹ nó đã qua đời cách đây đã lâu
- The boy wants to pass water ( urinate ) => thằng bé muốn đi tè

Further practice
1. He’s waiting for a job => anh ta đang thất nghiệp/ đang đợi việc
2. Oh, eff off! I’m tired of your complaints => ồ biến đi! Tao chán những lời than phiền của mày lắm rồi
3. He’s a little hard of hearing => ông ta hơi bị lãng tai
4. He’s a funeral director => ông ta là chủ công ty mai táng
5. The powder room is over there => nhà vệ sinh nữ ở đằng kia
6. He is intoxicated => ông ta đã quá chén

SIMILE & METAPHOR - ẨN DỤ

- Tom eats like a horse => Tom ăn khỏe như trâu
- Her words stabbed at his heart => Lời nói của cô ấy đã thấu tim đen anh ta

Further practice
1. My hands are as cold as ice. =>Tay tôi lạnh như băng.
2. He’s as brave as a lion. => Ông ta can đảm như sư tử.
3. She has a face like a mask. => Cô ta có gương mặt giống như cái mặt nạ.
4. His face is as pale as a ghost. => Mặt nó lạnh như tàu lá.
5. He’s as gentle as a lamb. => Ông ta hiền như bụt.
6. He’s sleeping as soundly as a log. => Cậu ta ngủ say như chết
7. It’s as easy as ABC. => dễ như ăn cháo/ dễ như trở bàn tay
8. Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.
9. She has a heart of stone.
10. Jane is a peach. => Jane là 1 cô gái mới lớn
11. Rock isn’t really my cup of tea.
12. He’s a good egg. => anh ta là người tốt bụng

6 BƯỚC KHI DỊCH - Steps

1. Read through (Individual work) - đọc lướt qua bài theo quan điểm cá nhân
2. Learn new words/phrases difficult to translate (Group work) - Học từ vựng mới
3. Identify sentence structures (Class work) - Phát hiện các cấu trúc trong bài
4. Translation activities - Tiến hành dịch
5. Style - Xem văn phông
6. Comment - Chỉnh sửa

FINAL TEST: In the 4 files of lessons, pay much heed to the following:

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 1. Equivalence (the source text/language and the target one)
2. The target audience
3. Factors: Culture, Structure, Semantic diversity and Proper name
4. Ways of translation: word-for-word/ literal/ faithful/ semantic/ free/ adaptation
5. Form and meanings
6. Sentences with synonyms and in different languages.
Chapter 1: Current views on translation and the role of contextual analysis in translation
Câu 1: The original text may deal ……….. ………….any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute
technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour.
a. With b. About c. Of d. For
Câu 2: Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may ………………one or
some of them in accordance with his talents and experience.
a.Come in b.Specialize in c.Put in d.Give in
Câu 3: Translation …………………… is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory,
description and application of , , and .
a. Studies b. Work c. Learn d. Tutoring
Câu 4: The concept of context has been extensively studied by different linguists from …………………………………….., such
as pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics.
a.Different minds b.Different thinkings c.Different trials d.Different perspectives
Câu 5: Translation shifts ………………….. both at the lower level of language, i.e. the lexicogrammar, and at the higher
thematic level of text.
a. Find b. Run c. Drive d. Occur
Câu 6: Different types of translation can be singled out ……………………….the predominant communicative function of the
source text or the form of speech involved in the translation process.
a.Depending to b.Depending for c.Depending on d.Depended on
Câu 7: The …………………. of the translation should follow that of the original text.
a. Results b. Reasons c. Causes d. Structure
Câu 8: In translation, there should be no change in the ………………………of narration or in the arrangement of the
segments of the text.
a. Path b. Sequence c. Road d. Play
Câu 9: Literary translation deals with literary texts, i.e. works of fiction or poetry whose main function is to make an
…………………….. or aesthetic impression upon the reader.
a.Emotional b.Emotion c.Motion d.Moving
Câu 10: The transformational model postulates that in any two languages there is a number of nuclear structures which are
fully …………… … …. …….. each other.
a. Equivalent of b. Equivalent to c. Equivalent with d. Equivalent for
Câu 11: A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative translations, though the principles of
……………………….. here are somewhat different.
a.Classifying b.Classify c.Class d.Classification
Câu 12: It is ……………………. that the translation has the same meaning as the original text.
a. Think b. believe c. presumed d. understand
Câu 13: Translation is a …………………….. of interlingual communication.
a. Seed b. Direction c. Means d. Wing
Câu 14: Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement and
…………………… ……………..specific artistic means to impress the reader.
a.Makes useful of b.Makes use of c.Makes using of d.Makes usefulness of
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Câu 15: Contemporary translation activities of a translator are characterized by a great variety of types, …………….. and
levels of his responsibility.
a.Forms b.Former c.Forming d.Formation
Câu 16: Translation is a ………….. of actions performed by the translator while rendering the source text into another
language.
a. Wing b. Set c. Branch d. part
Câu 17: The source language ……………….. of cultural context and situational context.
a. Contents b. Contain c. Consists d. Have
Câu 18: Each language has an area of equivalence in …………………… to the other language.
a. Means b. Respect c. Way d. Effect
Chapter 2: The Role of Grammatical Analysis in Translation
Câu 1: In the process of communication, the meaning system is largely determined ………situational context: ideational
meaning by field, interpersonal meaning by tenor and textual meaning by mode .
a.By the two aspects of b.By the three aspects of c.By the five aspects ofd. By the four aspects of
Câu 2: The study is devoted to the exploration of English writing skill which sets out to obtain some concrete information on
the students’ problems in writing English ……………………………………
a.Supporting by Systemic Functional Grammar. b.Supposed by Systemic Functional Grammar.
c.Support by Systemic Functional Grammar. d.Supported by Systemic Functional Grammar.
Câu 3: Thematic progression helps give cohesion and thus coherence to a text, guiding the reader through the text ……………
a.In a logical and ration course. b.In a logical and rationally course.
c.In a logical and rational course. d.In a logically and rational course.
Câu 4: According to the frequency analysis, the topical/ideational elements occurred at the most frequent rates followed by
…………………………………..and interpersonal elements.
a.Textual elements b.Texted elements c.Texting elements d.Text elements
Câu 5: Context of situation is closely related to various texts. Certain ………………………………………asks for certain text
and in return, certain text creates certain context.
a.Situational contextual b.Situated context c.Situation context d.Situational context
Câu 6: Theme can be identified in terms of three metafunctions: …………………..
a.Ideational,interperson and textual. b.Ideation,interpersonal and textual.
c.Ideational,interpersonal and text. d.Ideational, interpersonal and textual.
Câu 7: Theme and Rheme boundary is a sequential ordering and range of possible groups or phrases that use for setting
………………….structure.
a.Theme and Modality b.Tenor and Rheme c.Theme and Rheme d.Theme and Mood
Câu 8: The ideational is subdivided into two components, i.e., “experiential” and “logical”. They convey …………
a.Different paths of meanings. b.Different ways of meanings.
c.Different roads of meanings. d.Different facts of meanings.
Câu 9: The multiple Theme or split Rheme pattern was used at the most frequently. This indicates that the multiple Theme or
split Rheme patterns are ……………………………….
a.Dominated in the texts. b.Domination in the texts.
c.Dominant in the texts. d. Dominating in the texts.
Câu 10: The topical Theme is divided into two subtypes: ………………………………Simple marked Theme refers to when a
topical element is chosen for foregrounding while simple unmarked Theme refers to that which is most usual.
a. Unmarked and usual Theme. b. Unmark and marked Theme.
c. Unmarked and mark Theme. d. Unmarked and marked Theme.
Câu 11: Thematic structure includes Theme and Thematic progression patterns, information structure includes ……………
and cohesion includes reference, conjunction, ellipsis and lexical cohesion.
a.Given and take units of information b.Given and taken units of information
c.Give and new units of information d.Given and new units of information
Chapter 3: The Role of Cohesion Analysis in Translation
Câu 1: In most cases, a translator decodes a text …………………………………………, conditioned by his ideology and world
knowledge

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a.According to his understanding b.According on his understanding
c.According with his understanding d.According for his understanding
Câu 2: As in the case of referential cohesive devices, the translator also …………………………………………the strategy of
deletion while translating the condi-tional conjunction “even if”.
a.Made fool of b.Made part of c.Made fun of d.Made use of
Câu 3: Finally, pragmatic understanding is related to ……………………………… ………………………………….In
that case, the target does not state what is transferred, but it states the requirement of the process.
a.The message or implies of a sentence. b.The messager or implication of a sentence.
c.The message or implication of a sentence. d.The message or implicative of a sentence.
Câu 4: The process of ………………………………………………..in a target language involves both lexico-grammatical and
pragmatic analysis.
a.Decoding a text and encoding it b.Decoding a text and encode it
c. Decode a text and encoding it d. Decodification a text and encoding it
Câu 5: In regard to reference, the Target Text tends ……………………………that are equivalent to the ones used in the
Source Text.
a. To presenting cohesive devices b. To presentation cohesive devices
c. To presentative cohesive devices d. To present cohesive devices
Câu 6: Furthermore, words such as hence and so indicate that there is a preceding segment of text presenting a cause or
reason, and … ………………………………………………
a.A following segmentation presenting a result. b.A following segmental presenting a result.
c.A followed segment presenting a result. d.A following segment presenting a result.
Câu 7: Translators need ……………….. ……………………………………………that help to achieve their goals in enhancing
communication across different nations.
a.Encompass a diversity of factors b.Encompassing a diversity of factors
c.To encompass a diversity of factors d.To encompassing a diversity of factors
Câu 8: Similarly to pronoun reference, the cohesive device of conjunction proves ……………………………of the Target Text.
a. To problematic for the translator b. To be problem for the translator
c. To be problematic for the translator d. Be problematic for the translator
Câu 9: Furthermore, the fourth device —substitution— is marked by the use of nouns, verbs or clauses ………………
previously presented.
a.Replace some informations b.To replace some information
c.To replacing some information d.To be replaced some information
Câu 10: A world of …………………………. ………………………..needs translators that beside their specialized knowledge in
the two languages, they should also experience intercultural competence.
a.Different interacting cultures b.Differing interacting cultures
c.Different interactingly cultures d.Different interaction cultures
Câu 11: The distinctive relationship between ……………………………………………….is established by the ability of
translation to approximate a multilingual communication to a monolingual one.
a.The original and translation b.The origin and translation
c.The original and translating d.The original and translated
Câu 12: Text is a meaningful unit, but to guide persons towards meanings it is recommended to start from
…………………………..after that inspect the STs and their probable translation.
a.The lexico-grammatical realizations analysis, b.The lexicology-grammatical realizations analysis,
c.The lexico-grammar realizations analysis, d.The lexico-grammatical realizing analysis,
Câu 13: The device of substitution was not extensively used’ in either text. Only the ST employed it once, …………
a. To using the verb “do” b. Usage the verb “ do” c. Using the verb “do” d. Uses the verb “do”
Câu 14: There are also omissions, partial equivalences and even complete alterations of …………………………...in the ST.
a.The being connected signaled by the cohesive device b.The connective signaled by the cohesive device
c.The connection signaled by the cohesive device d.The connecting signaled by the cohesive device
Câu 15: The writers used multiple Theme by ………………………………………..to topical Theme to create connectedness in
the text. As a result, it provides the writers with an effective way to convey information circulated in the written text.

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a.Adding text Theme and interpersonal Theme b.Adding textual Thematic and interpersonal Theme
c.Adding textual Theme and interperson Theme d.Adding textual Theme and interpersonal Theme

Chapter 4: Kinds of Translation and Problems related to the Translation of Scientific, Technical Discourse, Poetry, Prose
Translation together with Evaluating a translation
Câu 1: Transliteration is the process rendering the letters of one alphabet in terms of the letters of another with a different
alphabetical system. In transcription the pronunciation of …………………………………………is transcribed in the
alphabetical system of the Target Language.
a.The Source Linguistic word b.The Source Language word
c.The Course Language word d.The Resource Language word
Câu 2: Literal translation ………………...word to word; group to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence
to sentence. The smaller the unit, the commoner the approach, following the basic translation procedures.
a.Ranges around b.Ranges from c.Ranges for d.Ranges about
Câu 3: …………………………………., the theory of translation should be a branch of comparative linguistics. His approach
was purely linguistic and textual.
a.According for Catford b.According on Catford
c.According with Catford d.According to Catford
Câu 4: Technical translation is a type of involving the of documents …………………………………….. (, , etc.), or more
specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and
technological information.
a.Producing by b.Produced by c.Being producing by d.Production by
Câu 5: While the presence of specialized is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not ……………
………………………. classifying a text as “technical” since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not “technical”
possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology
a.Insufficiency for b.Sufficiently for c.Sufficient for d.Sufficiency for
Câu 6: Technical and scientific translation has traditionally been the dogsbody of theoretical discussions of translation. The
underlying rationale when approaching this type of translation has usually been that literature ………………………..a
creative elaboration of language.
a.Involvedly b.Involving c.Involves d.Involvement
Câu 7: In addition to reading comprehension ability, the knowledge of specialized subjects ……………………….and a wide
cultural background, and the global vision of cross-cultural and interlingual communication.
a.Derived around specialized training b.Derived with specialized training
c.Derived from specialized training d.Derived about specialized training
Câu 8: Word-for-word translation transfers Source Language grammar and ……………………………., as well as the
primary meanings of all the Source Language words into the translation, and is normally effective only for brief simple
neutral sentences.
a.Word-order b.Word-line c.Word-boundary d.Word-arrangement
Câu 9: Mode refers to what part the language is playing, what it is that the participants are
………………………………………in that situation: the symbolic organization of the text, the status that it has, and its
function in the context.
a.Expectation the language to do for them b.Be expecting the language to do for them
c.Expecting the language to do for them d.Expected the language to do for them
Câu 10: …………………., conjunctions do not signal the informa-tion present in the text, rather they signal, by means of
“formal markers”, “the way the writer wants the reader to relate what is about to be said to what has been said before”
a. As to being opposed to reference b.As be opposed to reference
c.As opposing to reference d.As opposed to reference
Câu 11: Translators should be skilled to handle the challenge of intercultural associations, which in a way incorporates forces
of ……… …………………………………………………and many other historical and societal factors.
a. Politics, economics, religion, poetics, ideology,
b.Politics, economics, religious, poetics, ideology,
c.Political, economics, religion, poetics, ideology,
d.Politics, economical, religion, poetics, ideology,
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