Communication NNNNN

Effectiveness of Emotion Detector in Health
Dela Cruz, Airon Cesar S. Casiple, Benneath Stanley Jun L Clacio Ivan A. Enriquez, Rovie C. Nimer,
Nathaniel
College of Engineering
Fundamentals of Electronic Communications
University of Rizal System – Morong
Engr. Joemer G. Mendoza
Research Adviser
April 2024
Effectiveness of Emotion Detector in Health 1
Certificate of Originality
I hereby certify that
{Dela Cruz, Airon Cesar S.}

Researcher
{Casiple, Benneath Stanley Jun L}

Researcher
{Clacio Ivan A.}

Researcher
{Enriquez, Rovie C.}

Researcher
{Nimer, Nathaniel }
Researcher
Attested by:
Engr. Joemer G. Mendoza

Research Adviser
April _ 2024
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Abstract
Emotions are integral to human experience, shaping our perceptions, actions, and
relationships. Understanding emotions, especially through facial expressions and body language,
is crucial for healthy social behavior and effective interpersonal communication. Emotional
intelligence, encompassing emotional self-awareness, enables us to navigate life's challenges with
resilience, facilitating better decision-making, problem-solving, emotional balance, and healthy
expression of emotions.
Facial expressions are potent indicators of human emotions, offering valuable insights into
an individual's mental well-being. It's essential for healthcare professionals to interpret these
expressions accurately to foster empathy and connection with patients. However, bridging this
gap requires developing methods like recognizing facial expressions using Deep Neural Networks
(DNNs), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), coupled with image edge detection
to advance emotion detection in images and videos.
The research aims to create robust algorithms for recognizing and interpreting human
emotions from facial expressions, leveraging AI and deep-learning models. The goal is to
integrate these capabilities into human-computer interaction (HCI) systems, enabling emotionally
aware interfaces that adapt and respond to users' emotional states in real-time. Challenges include
the variability and nuances of emotional expressions among individuals and cultures,
compounded by the dynamic nature of emotions influenced by contextual factors.
Despite these challenges, the pursuit is to establish reliable algorithms for interpreting
emotions objectively, considering the subjective nature of emotions and the complexity of
nonverbal cues. The study's limitations, such as potential sampling bias and the need for broader
representation, highlight the ongoing effort to improve the generalizability and reliability of
findings in emotion recognition research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
Title Page...........................................................................................................................................i
Certificate of Originality...................................................................................................................ii
Abstract............................................................................................................................................iii
Table content....................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................1
The problem and its Background..................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
Background of the study....................................................................................................2
Statement of the problem...................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................3
Review of Related Literature and Studies....................................................................................3
2.1 Literature review.................................................................................................................3
2.2 Theoretical Framework.......................................................................................................4
2.2 Variable discussion.............................................................................................................5
2.2 Research Simulacrum..........................................................................................................6
2.3 Research Question Hypothesis............................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3....................................................................................................................................9
Research Method.............................................................................................................................9
3.0 Methodology.......................................................................................................................9
3.1 Research Design................................................................................................................10
3.2 Research Locale................................................................................................................10
3.3 Population and Sampling....................................................................................................1
3.4 Research Ethics...................................................................................................................1
3.5 Research Instrument............................................................................................................1
3.5 Data Collection Process......................................................................................................1
Data Analysis............................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................................i
References.........................................................................................................................................ii
Appendix..........................................................................................................................................iii

1.0 The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Human experience is inherently shaped by emotions, which influence our thoughts, deeds,
and interpersonal interactions. They are intricate and varied occurrences that touch on a variety of
emotions, such as fear and sorrow in addition to happiness and love. We examine the significance
of emotions and how they affect different facets of our life in this essay.
Understanding emotion via facial expressions and body language is essential for engaging
in healthy social behavior. Understanding emotions influences how one behaves and reacts to
people, whether they are kind or harmful. Additionally, the capacity to identify emotions in others
is a prerequisite for good interpersonal communication.
Our emotional condition and mental well-being are intimately related. Tension, anxiety,
and other mental health issues can be brought on by emotional suppression or disdain. However,
we can handle life's ups and downs in a healthy way if we can identify and control our emotions.
The ability to identify, comprehend, and regulate our emotions is referred to as emotional
intelligence. Gaining knowledge of our own emotions, their sources, and their effects on us, is an
essential part of this. The term "emotional self-awareness" describes this. Better decision-making,
efficient problem-solving, and emotional balance are all made possible by this understanding.
Furthermore, it facilitates healthy emotional expression, which helps us communicate and form
relationships. Emotional self-awareness helps us overcome challenges and adapt to change, which
increases resilience.
Knowing expressions is important because they provide valuable insights into emotions
and intentions, facilitate effective communication, build strong relationships, aid in conflict
resolution, promote cultural awareness, support personal and professional growth, and contribute
to emotional regulation.
Facial expressions serve as powerful communicators of human emotions, ranging from the
elation of joy to the depths of sorrow, the apprehension of fear, and the intensity of anger. These
expressions are not just fleeting displays; they are intricate signals that provide invaluable
insights into an individual's mental well-being. For healthcare professionals, the ability to
decipher and interpret these expressions is paramount, as it allows them to gain a nuanced
understanding of a person's emotional state.

Emotion, as a mental state intertwined with the nervous system, encompasses feelings,
perceptions, behavioral reactions, and a spectrum of gratification or displeasure. The current
application of artificial intelligence (AI) utilizing neural networks focuses on facial recognition in
images and videos, serving purposes such as surveillance and crowd management, while recent
research delves into identifying specific emotions like anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness,
and surprise using facial images through deep-learning models. However, despite advancements,
human-computer interaction (HCI) often lacks the ability to capture users' emotional states
effectively, prompting increased interest in emotionally sensitive HCI systems for leisure,
commerce, well-being, and education, although a definitive solution remains elusive in this
evolving research field. (IEEE., 2020).
The challenge lies in bridging the gap between healthcare providers and patients by
effectively interpreting facial expressions to foster a deeper level of empathy and connection.
While this ability can create a safe and supportive healing environment, improving patient
engagement and overall outcomes, there is a need to develop tools and training that enable
healthcare professionals to accurately and empathetically interpret emotions expressed through
facial cues.
This paper suggests a method for recognizing facial expressions using Deep Neural
Networks, specifically convolutional neural networks, along with image edge detection. It
explores using recent advancements in computer vision and machine learning to detect emotions
in images and videos. The research aims to provide a thorough investigation into the challenges
and factors affecting the effectiveness of face emotion detection and recognition systems by
utilizing various datasets and techniques.
The challenge of recognizing human emotions lies in the intricate nuances and variability
of emotional expressions. Facial expressions, while a primary indicator of emotions, can vary
greatly among individuals and cultures. This variability poses difficulties in creating algorithms
that can accurately interpret and classify these nuanced emotional cues. Additionally, the dynamic
nature of emotions further complicates the task, as emotions can change rapidly and may be
influenced by various contextual factors.

The goal is to develop robust and accurate algorithms for recognizing and interpreting
human emotions in facial expressions, leveraging advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and
deep-learning models, and integrate these capabilities into human-computer interaction (HCI)
systems to create emotionally aware interfaces that can adapt and respond to users' emotional
states in real-time, while collaborating with experts from diverse fields to consider cultural and
individual differences in emotional expressions and create inclusive and effective emotion
recognition systems.
Accurately identifying or comprehending human emotions and sentiments is a difficult task

with many facets. Because emotions are intrinsically subjective and shaped by a multitude of
elements, including cultural origins, personal experiences, and social circumstances, it might be
challenging to construct objective criteria or algorithms for trustworthy interpretation of emotions.
Subtle nonverbal clues, such as body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions, are crucial to
human communication because they can reveal complex emotions that are difficult to describe
through words alone. However, interpreting these signs calls very acute observational abilities,
cultural awareness, and a comprehension of subtle contextual information.
The specific criteria used to select participants, including age, location, and cultural
diversity, may have limited the study's scope, and introduced potential selection bias. By focusing
on these criteria, there is a risk of unintentionally excluding individuals whose stress levels and
experiences differ significantly from those meeting the predetermined criteria. Consequently, the
study's findings may not adequately capture the diverse range of experiences and potential
impacts of different emotions. Additionally, the potential for sampling bias exists, as the sample
of young adults who voluntarily participate may not fully represent the entire young adult
population, potentially affecting the generalizability of the study's findings.

2.0 Review of Related Literature and Studies

In this chapter, we will discuss the literature review consisting of international and local.
Also, we categorized it by starting with Effectiveness of Emotion Detector in Health, and health,
commuters, where we base our study and the variable for our research.
Emotion is a mental state linked to feelings, perceptions, behaviors, and pleasure or pain.
AI uses neural networks for tasks like surveillance, including facial recognition. Newer AI
research focuses on identifying specific emotions from facial expressions, but accurately
capturing users' emotions remains a challenge in human-computer interaction (HCI). There's
growing interest in developing HCI systems that understand emotions for different purposes, but
a clear solution is still needed in this field. (IEEE, 2020)
1.1 Emotion detector
(Kostek, B., Czyżewski, A., & Cybulski, M. 2020) states that the recent advancement in
emotion recognition algorithms has extended to smartphones, leveraging their computing power,
built-in sensors, and cloud services. As smartphones have become the primary computing devices
for many, this article reviews the past decade's literature on emotion recognition via smartphone
sensors. It outlines key sensor characteristics, feature extraction methods, and machine learning
approaches employed for recognizing emotional states.
The paper by(Mihajlovic, V., Gruber, T., Keil, J., & Mihajlovic, V. 2020).discusses the
challenges and advancements in automating emotion recognition, highlighting the importance of
interdisciplinary approaches. It presents a methodology and experiment aimed at addressing
research questions regarding the adequacy of established techniques like the International
Affective Picture System (IAPS), state-of-the-art biometric research platforms, and differences in
emotional responses between children and adults. The findings, based on a mixed sample of
participants, involve statistical analysis of variables related to responses to IAPS pictures,
offering insights into the complexities of automating emotion recognition.
Good emotional health improves life quality, while poor emotional health can cause social
and mental issues. We suggest a healthcare system that focuses on emotions to address negative
feelings and enhance emotional well-being. This system uses emotion detection on a web
platform to recognize users' emotions. When negative emotions are detected from facial
expressions and speech, the system recommends services like relaxation and amusement through
augmented reality and Kinect. This paper highlights how we extract features and classify
emotions based on facial expressions. (IEEE., 2020).

This paper introduces an artificial intelligence (AI) system designed for emotion detection
from facial expressions, which is a crucial and challenging task in social communication research.
It emphasizes the use of deep learning (DL) techniques, particularly convolutional neural
networks (CNNs), for superior performance compared to traditional image processing methods.
The process of emotion detection outlined in the paper involves three key steps: face detection,
feature extraction, and emotion classification. The proposed CNN-based architecture is evaluated
using two datasets: Facial Emotion Recognition Challenge (FERC-2013) and Japanese Female
Facial Emotion (JAFFE). The results demonstrate high accuracies of 70.14% for FERC-2013 and
an impressive 98.65% for JAFFE datasets, showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed method
in accurately detecting emotions from images. (Jaiswal, A., Raju, A. K., & Deb, S. (2020))
1.2 health
According to Patil, M. N., & Surve, A. (2018)., Nowadays, healthcare is crucial in society,
with many people facing health-related issues. Research and surveys show that diseases are often
linked to a person's emotional or mental state. Emotions play a significant role in one's health, as
seen in literature. While technology can detect human emotions, there are challenges with
existing methods like image processing, which can struggle to distinguish real emotions from
fake ones. Given the rapid growth of technology, this area requires more research attention. This
paper proposes a system to enhance emotion detection using non-invasive biosensors like EDA
(Electro Dermal Activity) to measure skin conductance and identify various stimuli. By analyzing
behavior patterns, we aim to predict potential future diseases based on emotional states.
According to Singh, S. (2023). Human facial expressions serve as a reflection of our

thoughts, feelings, and mental states, making Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) a valuable tool
for social interaction. It enables silent communication and provides a social advantage by
allowing us to understand and respond to others' emotions effectively. In healthcare, FER
technology plays a crucial role in automatically detecting patients' emotions, which can help
prevent adverse outcomes such as suicide, mental disorders, or other mental health issues. By
deciphering emotional cues, we can address various challenges faced by individuals and improve
overall well-being. This article delves into the methodologies of emotion recognition and
detection, particularly in mental health patients, using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and
emotion detection libraries. It highlights the importance of linking emotions to mental health and
emphasizes the need for comprehensive AI-based FER methodologies encompassing datasets,
feature extraction techniques, algorithms, and recent advancements. The insights gained from

FER research can significantly impact the healthcare community, paving the way for innovative
solutions tailored to different age groups and enhancing overall health research endeavors.
Recent advancements in sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) have
significantly impacted medical applications and public healthcare, leading to the development of
Health Monitoring Systems (HMSs) aimed at enhancing patient care, safety, and real-time health
assessment. Sensors play a pivotal role in these systems by capturing vital signs and patient data,
which are then converted into electrical signals for analysis and action by caregivers. A key
challenge in HMSs is to identify low-cost yet accurate sensors that can be integrated into non-
intrusive, affordable, reliable, lightweight, and user-friendly devices. These devices are designed
to facilitate precise diagnosis and monitoring of patients, not only in clinical settings but also in
home environments. This dissertation focuses on the utilization of low-cost, non-contact
pyroelectric and thermopile passive infrared sensors for motion detection in health monitoring
applications. The research investigates the use of these sensors for convulsive body motion
detection, particularly for monitoring patients with epilepsy during sleep to prevent sudden
unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Additionally, the study explores subtle body motion
detection for estimating vital signs such as heart rate and respiratory rate. The dissertation also
delves into the development of efficient and cost-effective algorithms for these tasks, along with
their practical implementation and experimental validation. (Hanosh, O. (2021))
Difficulties in accurately perceiving and interpreting facial emotions are commonly

observed in individuals with mental health disorders and neurodevelopmental conditions. These
challenges can significantly hinder their ability to navigate social interactions effectively and can
have long-term repercussions on their social functioning and relationships. Recognizing the
importance of addressing these difficulties, interventions focused on improving facial emotion
recognition have emerged as a promising avenue in clinical settings, particularly for individuals
on the autism spectrum and those with similar conditions. Reed, Z. E., Suddell, S., Eastwood, A.,
Thomas, L., Dwyer, I., Penton-Voak, I., Jarrold, C., Munafò, M. R., & Attwood, A. (2023)
Theoretical Framework
According to Hadjar, H., Reis, T., Bornschlegl, M. X., Engel, F., Kevitt, P. M., & Hemmje,
M. (2021) the review article discusses enhancing the SenseCare KM-EP system by adding facial
expression-based emotion recognition, specifically for people with unpredictable emotions like
dementia patients. It highlights the importance of analyzing their emotional data to help
healthcare professionals understand their behaviors better. The article also explains the
development of an "Emotional Monitoring" web tool within the SenseCare project, which aims to
improve therapy quality by recognizing and visualizing facial expressions. The review outlines

the methods used for prototype implementation, including face-api.js and tensorflow.js for facial
expression detection and the PAD space model for 3D emotion visualization.
Furthermore, Hasnul, M. A., Aziz, N. a. A., Alelyani, S., Mohana, M., & Aziz, A. A.
(2021) believes that Emotion evaluation often involves annotating emotions based on collected
data, typically using a first-person or self-assessment approach. This method commonly utilizes
tools like the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), where individuals rate their emotions on pictorial
representations with intensity scales. However, internal annotation poses challenges as
individuals may feel uncomfortable or insecure about sharing their true emotional experiences,
both conscious and unconscious. This discomfort can impact the reliability of reported emotional
experiences, potentially affecting the accuracy of emotion labeling.
Affective computing merges human emotions with artificial intelligence in systems or

devices, offering benefits for individuals' mental health. Emotion recognition systems, a key
technology in affective computing, can be built using various techniques and algorithms. This
review paper focuses on research using electrocardiograms (ECGs) for emotion recognition,
either alone or alongside other methods. It examines data collection, processing, feature
extraction, classification, and validation, highlighting architectures with high accuracy. The
review also covers available ECG-inclusive databases, their popularity, and the advantages of
emotion recognition systems in healthcare. The paper provides insights for future research by
summarizing past work in ECG-based emotion recognition, identifying gaps, and suggesting
areas for development, particularly in healthcare applications. (Hasnul, M. A., Aziz, N. a. A.,
Alelyani, S., Mohana, M., & Aziz, A. A., 2021)
According to Tarnowski, P., Kołodziej, M., Majkowski, A., & Rak, R. J. (2017) The use of
Action Units (AU) to describe facial expressions, coupled with 3D modeling, has proven effective
in achieving high classification accuracy. In our study, we achieved an accuracy of 96% (using a
3-NN classifier) and 90% (using MLP) when randomly dividing the data. When the data was
divided naturally, the classification accuracy dropped to 73% for MLP and slightly worse for the
3-NN classifier. This indicates that neural networks exhibit good generalization capabilities. By
presenting the results in confusion matrices, we identified that sadness and fear were the most
challenging emotions to recognize, often being confused with neutral and surprise emotions,
respectively. This difficulty may stem from the limited use of only six AUs.

To further analyze the ability to distinguish between specific emotions, we conducted

additional tests focusing on classification in pairs. The results, shown in Table 9 for the 3-NN
classifier, highlight that the most common mistakes occur between pairs such as sadness-neutral
and surprise-fear. Facial expressions for surprise and fear share similarities, characterized by an
open mouth and raised eyebrow, leading to classification challenges. Similarly, distinguishing
between sadness and neutral emotions may be hindered by minimal changes in AU4, which is
crucial for distinguishing between neutral and sad facial expressions. These insights shed light on
the complexities of emotion classification based on facial expressions and the importance of
considering specific AUs in achieving accurate results.
Variable discussion
To determine a patient's emotions using a chart like the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM),
healthcare professionals follow a step-by-step process. They first observe the patient's facial
expressions for signs like smiles or frowns. Then, they refer to the SAM chart, which shows
emotions like happiness or sadness along with intensity levels. By matching the patient's
expressions to the chart, professionals can identify the likely emotions. They also consider
nonverbal cues like body language and the context to get a complete understanding of the
patient's emotions. This method helps healthcare professionals accurately assess and recognize
patient emotions.

Schematic model
The Affective Dimensional Model (ADM), often referred to as the continuous dimension
model, is a conceptual framework used to understand and categorize emotions based on two
primary dimensions: valence and arousal. Valence represents the positive or negative nature of an
emotion, ranging from pleasant to unpleasant experiences. For example, happiness and
contentment are associated with positive valence, while sadness and anger are linked to negative
valence. Arousal, on the other hand, refers to the intensity or activation level of an emotion. High
arousal emotions are intense and energizing, such as excitement or fear, while low arousal
emotions are more subdued, like calmness or relaxation.
In addition to valence and arousal, some researchers have expanded the ADM to include a
third dimension known as dominance. Dominance reflects the level of control or influence a
person feels in a given situation. It ranges from feelings of submission or powerlessness to
feelings of empowerment and control. For instance, emotions associated with high dominance
might include confidence, assertiveness, or feeling in charge, while emotions linked to low
dominance could include vulnerability, helplessness, or submissiveness.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
2. What kind of emotion the subject shown in term of

2.1 LVHA
2.2 LVLA
2.3 HVHA
2.4 HVLA
3. What are the effects of Emotion detector in health
3.1 Insight into Emotional States

3.2 Improved Communication
3.3 Security and Safety
3.4 Remote Monitoring

3.0 Research Method

This chapter discusses the research methodologies, the study's participants, the sampling
method, the research tool, the method of data collection, and the statistical analysis of data.
Methodology
The study aims to look into the effect of public transportation on young adults' stress
levels. This research methodology describes the approach and methods that will be used to carry
out this study. Researchers will adopt quantitative study and correlational research methods to
gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
The study's sample will consist of young adults aged 18 to 26 years. A random sampling
technique will be utilized to select participants from diverse backgrounds. A target sample size of
138 participants will be sought, ensuring a balanced representation across gender, age, and
socioeconomic status.
A structured questionnaire will be developed, covering the following aspects:
Demographics have significance in understanding how people interact with public

transportation and how it may affect their mental health. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and
location are all significant variables that can impact a person's experience with public
transportation and together with their stress level. Age significantly influences a person's physical
and mental resilience, as well as their transportation preferences. For instance, older individuals
may have distinct needs and stressors when using public transportation. Gender also plays a role
in transportation experiences, as men and women may have varying safety concerns and adhere to
different social norms. Access to transportation options is influenced by socioeconomic status,
particularly for those with lower incomes. Furthermore, the availability and convenience of
public transportation may differ significantly between urban and rural areas, making location a
critical factor.
Public transportation use encompasses several factors, including frequency, duration, and
mode of travel. Frequency indicates how often an individual relies on public transit and can
contribute to overall stress levels. Longer commutes could increase the likelihood of stress,
especially if they're uncomfortable or require a lot of transfers. The chosen mode of
transportation, be it a bus, subway, or train, can significantly impact passenger comfort, stress
levels, and the overall travel experience. Understanding how public transportation affects
different people requires a thorough assessment of their mental health. Validated scales such as
the Multimodal Commuting Stress Scale (MCSS) provide a structured method for quantifying

and analyzing the mental health status of public transportation users. By measuring the frequency
and intensity of stressful symptoms related to the use of public transportation, these scales enable
researchers to identify those who are vulnerable and in need of support.
Examining the relationship between public transportation and mental health requires
considering stressors. These stressors cover a variety of problems, such as crowded transportation
and delays, as well as worries about safety and cleanliness. Researchers may acquire important
insight into the factors that may be enhancing stress levels among public transportation users by
integrating questions designed to evaluate these specific stressors.
For data analysis, we will adopt the research tool utilized by (Useche et al., 2023) the
Multimodal Commuting Stress Scale (MCSS), a self-report measure for evaluating variables
associated with commuting stress among Rizal province commuters using several modes of
transportation.
Participants will be given informed consent forms and will have the option to withdraw
from the study at any time. All identifying information will be deleted from the quantitative data,
and the Data will be kept confidential.
The sample size of the study may not represent the entire population of young adults
because it excludes people who do not use public transportation. As a result, the findings may not
be completely applicable to all young adults. For data collection timing, our study may not have
taken into account changes in public transportation services or systems over time, which could
have an effect on the connection between public transportation and mental health. Lastly, the
budget and resource constraints may limit the scope and depth of data collection and analysis.
Future research that addresses these limitations will advance our knowledge of the intricate
connection between young adults' mental health and public transportation.
Following this research methodology, the study intends to provide valuable insights into
the relationship between public transportation and young adults' mental health, contributing to a
greater understanding of this critical topic.

3.1 Research Design
The research design that we will employ is quantitative research, which typically involves
collecting and analyzing numerical data. The type of quantitative research design that researchers
will use is descriptive correlational research, and statistical analysis is a method used to study the
correlation between two or more variables to identify any patterns. This design allows the
researchers to identify and analyze the connection between public transport and the mental health
of young adults. The relationship between public transportation and mental health is complex,
and there are various factors involved. Studying these patterns can help us understand why public
transportation might affect the stress level of young adults, which in turn could impact their daily
lives and academic performance.
We based the research design on the work of Cohen et., al. (2014) and Geurs et., al. (2009),
who stated that “quantitative measures such as minutes of pedestrian waiting time exist in
literature and might be useful for appraisal purposes.” Also, Geurs notes that in 2006, DfT
guidance “moved from quantitative estimation to monetary valuation.”
This analysis includes only papers that gave quantitative estimates rather than qualitative
descriptions to understand better the direction and size of the association between transportation
and mental health. We applied this approach with good fortune and successful results in precise
and careful planning for real-world circumstances, challenges, and issues. However, this research
required pertinent data from numerous reports and case studies.
3.2 Research Locale
The study will be conducted in Robinsons Place Antipolo terminal, located at Robinsons
Place, Sumulong Hwy, Antipolo, 1870 Rizal. A terminal where we can find a bus terminal going
to Cubao, Quezon City, a Modern jeepney terminal going to Marikina City, and a Tricycle
terminal going to different parts of Antipolo. This terminal serves students, employees, young
adults, etc. This terminal not only covers the students, employees, and young adults in Antipolo
City but also in different parts of NCR.
3.3 Population and Sampling
Random sampling is a technique used in our study; we are committed to ensuring that
every member of our population has a fair opportunity to participate. We can use random
sampling to select a representative sample of young adults who use public transportation.
Initially, we will

identify our target audience as young adults who use public transport to create a list or database
with every possible participant in our designated group. The sample for this study will consist of
young adults between 18 and 26 years old. We will use a method called random sampling will be
used to select individuals from diverse backgrounds, aiming for a sample size of 138 to ensure
equitable distribution based on gender, age, and socioeconomic status.
Formula:
𝑧2𝑝̂(1 − 𝑝̂
𝑛=
𝐸2
z = 1.96 (95%)
p̂ = 0.9
E = 0.05
1.962(0.9)(1 − 0.9)
𝑛=
0.052
3.84(0.09)
𝑛=
0.0025
0.3456
𝑛=
0.0025
= 138.24
= 138 minimum
3.4. Research Ethics

The participants will provided with informed consent papers, and they will always be
able to opt out of further participation in the study at any time. Quantitative data will have any
personally identifying information removed before being stored in a secure location, and the data
will kept confidential. According to the Belmont Report, this is one of the most essential aspects
of ethical research. By using informed consent and the three ethical principles outlined in the
Belmont Report, we make sure that the young adults participating in our research study do so
voluntarily and with full understanding. We take the time to fully explain the study's objectives,
procedures, potential risks, and benefits. We adopt secure data handling procedures to guarantee
that their information is protected because we believe it is essential that their privacy and
confidentiality be maintained, particularly when handling sensitive mental health information.
We always aim to maximize the benefits for participants while minimizing any possible
harm. Their well-being is our priority, so we conduct the study in a way that minimizes distress or
discomfort. To help them through the process, we make sure to provide resources or referrals for
mental health support if their participation in the study triggers emotional reactions or reveals
mental health issues. Ensuring that every participant receives fair and equitable treatment is our
top priority. In order to accomplish this, we actively search for a diverse sample that includes
people from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and geographical areas. This
method makes it easier to prevent biases and enables more successful findings generalization.
Furthermore, we are mindful of the accessibility of public transportation options for participants,
ensuring that everyone, regardless of circumstance, has equal access to participate in the study.
3.5. Research Instruments
A structured questionnaire will be developed, Demographic factors hold substantial

importance in the comprehension of how individuals engage with public transportation and the
potential ramifications on their mental health. Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and
geographical location constitute significant variables that can exert an influence on an individual's
interaction with public transportation and its consequent impact on their mental well-being.
Multimodal Commuting Stress Scale (MCSS), A psychological assessment tool called the
Multimodal Commuting Stress Scale (MCSS) was created to identify and measure the stress that
people who commute every day using numerous modes of transportation endure. The MCSS is
designed primarily to assess the stressors related to using multiple modes of transportation to get
to a destination, like walking, cycling, taking public transportation, and using a private

automobile. This scale is designed to identify and quantify the particular pressures and difficulties
that people could experience when they utilize a variety of transportation options during a single
commute. It seeks to offer a methodical approach to comprehending and measuring the pressures
that multimodal commuting's complexity can give rise to. In order for academics or professionals
to evaluate the amounts and causes of stress associated with this kind of commuting, the MCSS
typically comprises a series of questions or items that respondents answer. These inquiries could
touch on issues including scheduling conflicts, safety worries, route planning, and the overall
experience of fusing different forms of transportation. After that, the answers are tallied and
examined to offer some understanding of the stress levels that people who use many modes of
transportation encounter. To improve transportation services and ultimately improve the
commuting experience for people who rely on a combination of transportation modes for their
daily commutes, transportation planners, psychologists, and researchers can benefit from using
MCSS to gain a deeper understanding of the difficulties faced by these people.
These survey questionnaires will undergo reliability and validity testing to make sure that
the questionnaires are valid and reliable.
Cronbach's alpha is valuable for determining if the items in a test consistently measure the
same construct. This statistic finds widespread application in disciplines such as psychology,
education, and the social sciences, especially when researchers employ multi-item scales or
questionnaires to gauge intricate concepts like personality traits, attitudes, or behaviors.
We performed a Cronbach's alpha test to assess the reliability of our test items, utilizing a
sample of 40 participants at the Robinson Place Antipolo Terminal Station. The results of the test,
along with the corresponding variables, are presented in the table provided below.
Variable Number of Items Reliability Cronbach’s Interpretation

alpha
Public transportation 11 0.658 Reliable
Mental health status 10 0.590 Quite Reliable
Variable Number of Items Reliability Interpretation

Cronbach’s alpha
Buses and E beep 21 0.765 Reliable
transportation/ stress
level
3.6 Data Gathering Procedure
This section will discuss the procedure we used to gather the needed data for our study.
Before administering the survey in this data collection section, we used a draft questionnaire
validated by the experts in this field. Then, we will ask permission to conduct the study by
writing formally to the rightful authorities. Before creating a survey questionnaire, it comprises
questions from related literature and studies. We ensure that the set of questions provides
sufficient data for the analysis. We extensively reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its efficacy.
We modified it to address all the concerns related to mental health issues that young adults may
encounter while using public transportation. We also tackle the difficulties young adults face
while using public transport based on their experiences. We make sure to make all necessary
corrections to our questionnaire to ensure the clarity and comprehensiveness of the questions.
We conducted the survey questionnaires at Robinsons Place Antipolo, Sumulong Hwy,

1870 Rizal, and the target age of respondents is between 18 and 26 years old. During the survey,
we distribute the questionnaire to young adult respondents, and while interacting with our
respondents, we ask for the respondent's consent to participate in the study. The given
questionnaire will be answered briefly and concisely by the respondents. Also, we gathered
information that we could add to our research. After retrieving the questionnaires, the results will
be recorded, analyzed, and arranged to the frequency of answers selected by the respondents.
These questionnaires will be tailed, and the data will be critically calculated, evaluated, and
interpreted to generate solutions to the study's problems. After the use of our questionnaire, it will
be kept in an envelope, and only the researcher, as well as their adviser, will have access to the
survey form to serve their data privacy. Lastly, we will solve the result using several statistical
treatments and make a promotional video about young adults with practical ideas for improving
and enjoying their commutes. These results will help to determine how young adults deal with the
difficulties of using public transportation.
3.7 Data Analysis

• Descriptive question
• What are the primary factors influencing the cost-effectiveness of public

transportation systems?
• What effects does overcrowding in public transportation have on commuter's
experiences and statistical levels?
• What are the primary factors that affect the delays in public transportation?
• What are the effects of limited access in utilizing public transportation for
commuters?
• What are the effects of social interactions in public transportation on the mental
health status of commuters?
• What factors contribute to alterations in the commuters’ stress level and
their subsequent effect on mental health status?
• What are the effects of noise and disturbance on the mental health of commuters?
• Inferential question
• Is there a significant relationship between the perceived cost-effectiveness of
public transportation systems and the frequency of its use among
commuters?
• Is there a significant relationship between the specific routes or modes of public

transportation and the level of crowding experienced during peak and off-peak
hours?
• Is there a significant relationship between frequency and duration of delays
in public transportation linked to specific infrastructure issues, maintenance,
schedule, or external factors such as weather conditions?
• Is there a significant relationship between user-reported challenges related
to limited accessibility and the prioritization of infrastructure improvements
or service enhancement by transit authorities?
• Is there a significant relationship between an individual’s frequency of
social interactions and their reported mental health status or satisfaction with
life?
• Is there a significant relationship between the stress of commuters on daily basis
and be statistically associated with their mental health status?
• Is there a significant relationship between exposure to high levels of
environmental noise and disturbances together with their mental health status?
To address our research questions, we aim to use both descriptive and inferential

statistics. We will compute the mean and standard deviation to describe the types of public
transportation, and mental health status together with the crowding, delays, limited accessibility,
social interaction, stress, noise and disturbances, frequency and percentage will also be
computed, as necessary, to present proportions. Inferential statistics will be utilized to answer the
inferential questions and to determine whether to accept or rejects our null hypothesis. A multiple
regression will be used to determine the relationship between crowding, delays, limited
accessibility, social interaction, stress, noise and disturbances and type of public transportation
together with the mental health status. We selected the multiple regression test since our study
aims to determine the relationship between one dependent variable and two or more independent
variable (Polit & beck, 2022). The statistical test we have identified in this proposal will be
further enhanced after consulting a statistical. SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) will be
used for all the analysis, with p-values of <0.9 as a statistically significant computed value.

Acknowledgments
We would like to express our greatest gratitude to all those who have contributed to the
completion of this research study.
First and foremost, we extend our deepest appreciation to our research participants, without
whom this study would not have been possible. Your willingness to share your insights and
experiences was invaluable and greatly appreciated.
We are also profoundly grateful to our research advisor, Sir. Luis Macabasag for guidance,
support, and expertise throughout the research process. Your insights and feedback were
instrumental in shaping this study.
We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of our colleagues and peers who provided
valuable assistance and encouragement during this research journey.
Furthermore, we extend their gratitude to their research assistant and everyone who assisted with
data collection and analysis.
Thank you all for your invaluable contribution to this study.

References
Facial Emotion Detection using Deep learning. (2020, June 1). IEEE Conference Publication |
IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9154121/authors
Kostek, B., Czyżewski, A., & Cybulski, M. (2020). Smartphone Sensors for Emotion
Recognition: State-of-the-Art and Future Possibilities. Sensors, 20(21), 6367.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216367
Mihajlovic, V., Gruber, T., Keil, J., & Mihajlovic, V. (2020). Modulation of Cortical Activity in
5–8 Hz Range by Speed of Visual Motion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 70.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00070
Jaiswal, A., Raju, A. K., & Deb, S. (2020). Facial Emotion Detection using Deep learning.
2020 International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET).
https://doi.org/10.1109/incet49848.2020.9154121
Patil, M. N., & Surve, A. (2018). IOT in HealthCare: Smart Emotion Detector Utilizing
Wearable Bio Sensors. IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.
https://doi.org/10.1109/rteict42901.2018.9012232
Hasnul, M. A., Aziz, N. a. A., Alelyani, S., Mohana, M., & Aziz, A. A. (2021).
Electrocardiogram-Based Emotion Recognition Systems And Their Applications in
Healthcare—A Review. Sensors, 21(15), 5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155015
Hadjar, H., Reis, T., Bornschlegl, M. X., Engel, F., Kevitt, P. M., & Hemmje, M. (2021b).
Recognition and visualization of facial expression and emotion in healthcare. In Lecture
Notes in Computer Science (pp. 109–124). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68007-7_7
Tarnowski, P., Kołodziej, M., Majkowski, A., & Rak, R. J. (2017b). Emotion recognition
using facial expressions. Procedia Computer Science, 108, 1175–1184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.05.025
Singh, S. (2023). EMOTION RECOGNITION FOR MENTAL HEALTH PREDICTION

USING AI TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW. International Journal of Advanced Research
in Computer Science, 14(03), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v14i3.6975
Hanosh, O. (2021). Motion-based thermal sensing for health care monitoring Systems
(HMS) and healthcare applications. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.25417/uic.15261858.v1

Reed, Z. E., Suddell, S., Eastwood, A., Thomas, L., Dwyer, I., Penton-Voak, I., Jarrold, C.,
Munafò, M. R., & Attwood, A. (2023). Assessing the effectiveness of online emotion
recognition training in healthy volunteers. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory).
https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.10.23286897


Appendix 1.
In this study, we will conduct the survey at the terminal of Robinson Place, Antipolo Rizal, with
the consent of the desired participant for our study. We will use the Likert scale and checklist for
their tools, such as the following:
Questionnaire related to public transportation:
Instruction: Choose from the choices below your answer to the specific question on a given
number and put your answer in the next box.
NO. Question Choices Answer
I. Name (optional)
II What is your age?
III Sex?
IV Do you travel mostly around
Rizal, Rizal to NCR or NCR Yes or No
back to Rizal? Put a check for
your answer.
V On a scale of 1-5, how often do 1. Never
the social interactions within 2. Rarely
buses and E-beep systems affect 3. Occasionally
your stress level? 4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
VI On a scale of 1-5, How do 1. Very not affecting
people you look up to in your 2. Not affecting
social environment affect the 3. Neutral
way you see and handle stressful 4. Affecting
situations? 5. Very Affecting
VII On the scale of 1-5, how

important does health risks 1. Very not important
2. Not important
linked to bus & E-beep travel 3. Neutral
impact your stress levels 4. Important
5. Very important
VIII On a scale of 1-5, how often 1. Never
2. Rarely
do the social interactions
3. Occasionally
within buses and E-beep 4. Sometimes
5. Frequently
systems affect your stress
level

IX On a scale of 1-5, how would

you rate your income per 1. Very poor
2. Poor
month?
3. Fair
4. Good
5. Very Good
X
On a scale of 1-5, how often do
1. Never
you use buses at Antipolo
2. Rarely
Robinson station?
3. Occasionally
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XI
1. Never
you travel for school purposes?
2. Rarely
3. Occasionally
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XII
1. Never
you travel for family outing?
2. Rarely
3. Occasionally
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XIII
1. Never
you travel for personal events?
2. Rarely
3. Occasionally
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XIV
On a scale of 1-5, how do you
1. Very unsatisfied
rate the number of hours spent
2. Unsatisfied
when using public
3. Neutral
transportation for traveling?
4. Satisfied
5. Very satisfied
XV 1. Very unimportant
On a scale of 1-5, how do you
2. Unimportant
rate the importance of
3. Neutral
determining your daily expense
4. Important
of fees for public
5. Very important
transportation?
Instruction: rate the following questions given below that are related to the mental health status

and put the answer in the box next to the choices.
No. Question Choices Answer
XVI
On a scale of 1-5, please rate
1. No impact
the impact of stress on your
2. Minimal impact
overall well-being
3. Moderate impact
4. Significant impact
5. Severe impact
XVII
On a scale 1-5, how would you
1. Very bad
rate your overall sleep quality
2. Poor
in the past month?
3. Fair
4. Well
5. Outstanding
XVII
On a scale of 1-5, rate of your
I 1. Very sad
feeling for the past week
2. Sad
3. Neutral
4. Happy
5. Very happy
XIX
On a scale of 1-5, how often
1. Never
does your feeling affect your
2. Rarely
daily life?
3. Occasionally
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XX
On a scale of 1-5, how often in
1. Never
the past two weeks have you
2. Rarely
found it difficult to concentrate
3. Occasionally
on tasks?
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XXI
On a scale of 1-5, how often in
1. Never
the past two weeks have you
2. Rarely
found it difficult to make
3. Occasionally
decision?
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XXII
On a scale of 1-5, how
1. Not at all effective
effectively do you feel you can
2. Slightly effective
cope with stress in your life?
3. Moderately effective
4. Very effective
5. Extremely effective
XXII
On a scale of 1-5, To what
I 1. Not a contributor
degree do traffics contribute to
2. Minor contributor

3. Moderate contributor
your stress?
4. Major contributor
5. Overwhelming
contributor
XXI 1. Very poor

On the scale of 1-5 how do you
V 2. Poor
rate your eating pattern?
3. Fair
4. Good
5. Very good
XXV
Over the past month, have you
Yes or No
felt overwhelmed by the
number of responsibilities or
demands in your life?
XXV 1. Never
On a scale 1-5, how often do
I 2. Rarely
you feel stress in the past two
3. Occasionally
weeks?
4. Frequently
5. Very frequently
XXV
Have you experienced
II Yes or No
increased stress in the past
month?
XXV
Have you experienced
III Yes or No
increased pressure in the past
month?

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Effectiveness of Emotion Detector in Health

Fundamentals of Electronic Communications

University of Rizal System – Morong

Engr. Joemer G. Mendoza

I hereby certify that

{Dela Cruz, Airon Cesar S.}

{Casiple, Benneath Stanley Jun L}

{Clacio Ivan A.}

{Enriquez, Rovie C.}

Engr. Joemer G. Mendoza

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1.0 The Problem and Its Background

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accurately identifying or comprehending human emotions and sentiments is a difficult task

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2.0 Review of Related Literature and Studies

1.1 Emotion detector

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

According to Singh, S. (2023). Human facial expressions serve as a reflection of our

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Difficulties in accurately perceiving and interpreting facial emotions are commonly

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Affective computing merges human emotions with artificial intelligence in systems or

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

To further analyze the ability to distinguish between specific emotions, we conducted

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of:

2. What kind of emotion the subject shown in term of

3. What are the effects of Emotion detector in health

3.1 Insight into Emotional States

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.0 Research Method

A structured questionnaire will be developed, covering the following aspects:

Demographics have significance in understanding how people interact with public

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Research Locale

3.3 Population and Sampling

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.4. Research Ethics

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.5. Research Instruments

A structured questionnaire will be developed, Demographic factors hold substantial

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Variable Number of Items Reliability Cronbach’s Interpretation

Variable Number of Items Reliability Interpretation

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

We conducted the survey questionnaires at Robinsons Place Antipolo, Sumulong Hwy,

3.7 Data Analysis

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• Is there a significant relationship between the specific routes or modes of public

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Thank you all for your invaluable contribution to this study.

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Singh, S. (2023). EMOTION RECOGNITION FOR MENTAL HEALTH PREDICTION

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM - MORONG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING