Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

Laboratory Exercise No. 3

Terminologies in Livestock and Poultry Production
Agri - I
General Agriculture

Name: Orolfo, Abegail E. Year & Section: BS BIO 3A

Introduction
It has been recognized that many technical terms have been used in instruction but their precise
understanding of the general accepted meaning in Animal Science has been given this attention. These are
terms which are used to describe certain class, sex, character, or condition of animals. Some are used to
describe this meat of animals, system and methods of breeding, kind and type of feeds or breeding system and
other important terminologies use in animal production.
Knowledge therefore of the common terms in Animal Science is necessary for their proper usage description
and comparative understanding by the Animal Science students.

Objectives:
1. To familiarize the students with the terms used in animal husbandry and,
2. To define animal husbandry terms in their most acceptable meanings.

Procedure:
Define the following husbandry terms based on their most acceptable meanings.

A. General Terms
1.Parturition: process of giving birth.
a. Farrowing: The process of giving birth to piglets, specifically in pigs.
b. Kidding: The process of giving birth to kids, which are young goats.
c. Foaling: The process of giving birth to a foal, a young horse.
d. Lambing: The process of giving birth to lambs, young sheep.

2.Gestation: The period of development in the uterus from conception until birth; pregnancy.
3. Conception: The fertilization of an egg by sperm to form a zygote.
4. Dam: The female parent of an animal, especially in relation to her offspring.
5. Sire: The male parent of an animal, especially in relation to his offspring.
6. Fertility: The ability of an organism to reproduce.
7. Fecundity: The potential reproductive capacity of an organism, often referring to the number of offspring
produced.
8. Sterility: The inability to produce offspring; lacking reproductive capability.
9. Puberty: The stage of development at which an animal becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
10. Weanling: A young animal that has just been weaned from its mother’s milk and is starting to eat solid food.
11. Weaning: The process of gradually accustoming a young mammal to food other than its mother’s milk and
withdrawing it from suckling.
12. Impotency: The inability of a male animal to achieve or maintain an erection or to ejaculate, often resulting
in infertility.

B. Cattle and Carabao

1. Ox: A castrated adult male bovine trained for draft work, characterized by its strength and docile
temperament.
2. Cattle: Domesticated mammals of the Bovidae family, primarily raised for meat, milk, and other products.
It includes both sexes and all ages of bovine animals.
3. Bull: An adult male bovine that is typically uncastrated and used for breeding purposes due to its
reproductive capabilities.
4. Cow: An adult female bovine that has given birth to at least one calf.
5. Heifer: A young female bovine that has not yet borne a calf, typically under three years of age and
intended for future breeding.
6. Steer: A castrated male bovine, usually raised for beef production due to improved meat quality and docile
behavior.
7. Stag: A male bovine, often referring to a castrated male deer rather than a specific term for cattle
husbandry.
8. Calf: A young bovine, either male or female, typically under one year of age.
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

9. Bull calf: A young male bovine that has not been castrated and has potential for breeding or beef
production.
10. Caracow: A term not commonly used in husbandry; it could be a local or regional variation of “cattle” or a
specific breed of cattle.
11. Bullock: A young bull that has been castrated and is typically raised for beef production.
12. Carabull: Similarly, not a commonly used term in husbandry. It could refer to a breed or type of cattle
specific to a certain region or a variation of the term “bull.”
13. Carahiefer: Another term not widely recognized in husbandry. It might refer to a specific breed or type of
heifer, but without context, it’s difficult to determine its precise meaning.

C. Horse
1. Stallion- A male horse that is intact (not castrated) and used primarily for breeding purposes.
2. Mare: A mature female horse, typically over the age of three, used for breeding or riding.
3. Colt: A young male horse, usually under the age of four.
4. Filly: A young female horse, typically under the age of four.
5. Foal: A young horse of either sex, usually under the age of one year.
6. Gelding: A castrated male horse, typically used for riding or driving.
7. Yield mare: This term isn’t commonly used in general horse husbandry. It may refer to a mare that has
been yielding in terms of conception or possibly a mare that has been previously used for breeding but
is now retired.
8. Ridging: This term isn’t standard in horse husbandry. It might refer to a ridgeback horse breed or a specific
technique or practice not widely known.
9. Equitation: The art and practice of horse riding and horsemanship.

D. Swine
1. Boar: A mature, intact male pig used for breeding purposes.
2. Sow: A mature female pig that has given birth to piglets.
3. Gilt: A young female pig that has not yet given birth.
4. Shote: A young pig, typically weaned but not fully grown.
5. Barrow: A castrated male pig, often raised for meat production.
6. Weanling: A young pig that has recently been weaned from its mother’s milk.
7. Suckling: A very young pig still nursing from its mother.
8. Litter: A group of piglets born to the same sow at the same time.
9. Litter size: The number of piglets born in a single birth to a sow.
10. Stag: This term isn’t commonly used in modern swine husbandry. It might refer to a castrated male pig
or a specific use in certain regions or contexts.

E. Sheep and Goat

1. Ram: A male sheep, typically an adult, used for breeding purposes.
2. Ewe: A female sheep, typically an adult, used for breeding purposes and usually raised for its wool, meat,
or both.
3. Lamb: A young sheep, usually less than one year old, specifically before weaning or when its meat is
tender for consumption.
4. Shearling: A sheep or lamb that is between one and two years old, typically shorn for its fleece for the
first time.
5. Fleece: The wool covering of a sheep or similar animal, typically shorn off for use in textiles or other
products.
6. Billy goat: A male goat, typically an adult, used for breeding purposes.
7. Pelt: The skin and fur of an animal, often used for leather or fur products after processing.
8. Doe: A female goat, typically an adult, used for breeding purposes and often raised for its milk, meat, or
both.
9. Kid: A young goat, typically less than one year old, used for its meat, milk, or as a pet.
10. Wether goat: A castrated male goat, typically raised for meat or as a companion animal due to its docile
nature.
11. Doe kid: A young female goat, typically less than one year old.
12. Wether sheep: A castrated male sheep, typically raised for meat or as a companion animal.
13. Buck kid: A young male goat, typically less than one year old, used for breeding purposes or raised for
meat.

F. Poultry
1. Poultry – Refers to domestic birds kept by humans for their eggs, meat, or feathers. This category
includes birds like chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and quail.

2. Chicken – A domesticated bird that belongs to the species Gallus gallus domesticus. Chickens are
primarily raised for their meat and eggs.
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

3. Rooster – A male chicken, typically characterized by its larger size, brightly colored feathers, and the
presence of a comb and wattles on its head.

4. Cockerel – A young male chicken, usually less than a year old, that has not reached sexual maturity.

5. Capon – A castrated male chicken raised for meat production. Caponization is the process of removing
the testes to improve the quality of the meat.

6. Pullet – A young female chicken that has not yet started laying eggs, usually under one year old.

7. Hen – A female chicken, especially one that is mature and laying eggs.

8. Duck – A waterfowl belonging to the family Anatidae, known for its broad, flat bill, webbed feet, and ability
to swim. Ducks are often raised for their meat, eggs, and feathers.

9. Drake – A male duck.

10. Duckling – A young duck, typically less than 8 weeks old.

11. Gander – A male goose.

12. Tom – A male turkey.

13. Poult – A young turkey, usually under 5 weeks old.

14. Squab – A young pigeon, typically harvested for its tender meat.

15. Chick – A baby chicken, newly hatched or very young.

G. Meat of Different Animals

1. Chevon: The meat obtained from goats, specifically from young goats that are still relatively tender.

2. Beef: The meat obtained from cattle, particularly from mature cattle, typically used as a source of protein
in various cuisines worldwide.

3. Carabeef: This term refers to the meat obtained from water buffalo, especially in regions like South Asia.
It’s commonly used in dishes and cuisine in those areas.

4. Lapan: A term not commonly found in English-speaking contexts. If it refers to husbandry, it might pertain
to a local or regional term for a specific type of livestock or meat, but without further context, it’s hard to
define precisely.

5. Pork: The meat obtained from pigs, typically domesticated swine raised for consumption. It’s a common
meat source in many cuisines globally.

6. Mutton: The meat obtained from mature sheep, usually over two years old. It’s distinguished from lamb,
which comes from younger sheep.

7. Lamb: The meat obtained from young sheep, generally less than one year old. It’s tender and has a mild
flavor compared to mutton.

8. Veal: The meat obtained from young calves, usually between one to three months old. Veal has a tender
texture and is often paler in color compared to beef.

9. Venison: The term used for the meat of deer, typically obtained through hunting or game farming. It’s lean
and has a distinct flavor compared to other red meats.

H. Standard Technical Figures (please provide the formula of the ff.)

1. Initial Weight- the weight of the animal at the beginning of the observation period.

2. Final Weight- the weight of the animal at the end of the observation period.

3. Gain in weight-represents the increase in weight over the observation period. (Gain in weight = Final Weight

Initial Weight)
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

4. Average Daily Gain (ADG)- calculates the average amount of weight gained by the animal per day during the
observation period. (ADG Final Weight – Initial Weight) / Number of days)

5. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)- t indicates the amount of feed required to produce a unit of weight gain in the
animal. The lower the FCR, the more efficient the feed conversion. (FCR Feed Consumption / Gain in

Weight)

6. Feed Consumption- the total amount of feed consumed by the animal during the observation period. This can
be measured in weight (e.g., kilograms) or volume (e.g., liters or kilograms).

Other Important Terminologies

1. Artificial insemination: The process of introducing semen from a male animal into the reproductive tract
of a female animal using techniques other than natural mating.

2. Brooding: The act of providing care and warmth to newly hatched or newborn animals, typically done by
a mother or through artificial means such as heat lamps.

3. Cannibalism: The behavior in which animals consume members of their own species, either partially or
entirely.

4. Castration: The surgical removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries of an animal, usually to prevent
reproduction or to control behavior.

5. Crossbreeding: Breeding animals of two different breeds or varieties to produce offspring with desirable
traits from both parental lines.

6. Cryptorchidism: A condition in male animals where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.

7. Culling: The process of removing animals from a population based on specific criteria, often done to
improve the overall quality of the remaining animals.

8. Dry period: The period in a female animal’s reproductive cycle when it is not producing milk, typically
occurring between lactation periods.

9. Dystocia: Difficulty in giving birth, often requiring intervention or assistance to ensure the safety of both
the mother and offspring.

10. Estrous Cycle: The recurring reproductive cycle in female mammals, characterized by changes in
hormone levels and behavior, including estrus.

11. Estrus: The period of sexual receptivity in female mammals, often accompanied by behavioral changes
and physical signs of readiness to mate.

12. Estrus period: The specific time frame within the estrous cycle when a female animal is in estrus and
receptive to mating.

13. Flock: A group of animals, typically birds or sheep, that are kept together, often for the purpose of
breeding, feeding, or protection.

14. Gestation period: The duration of pregnancy, measured from conception to birth, specific to each species.

15. Herd: A group of animals, usually of the same species, that are kept together and managed as a unit,
often for breeding, grazing, or other purposes.

16. Inbreeding: Breeding between closely related individuals within the same family line, which can lead to
an increase in genetic disorders and a decrease in overall genetic diversity.

17. Judging: The evaluation of animals based on specific criteria such as conformation, performance, or
breed standards, often done in competitions or for breeding purposes.

18. Line crossing: Breeding animals from different genetic lines or families to introduce genetic diversity and
improve overall performance or traits.
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

19. Litter: The offspring produced by an animal in a single birth or hatching event.

20. Litter size: The number of offspring produced by an animal in a single birth or hatching event.

21. Milk: The nutrient-rich fluid produced by female mammals to nourish their young.

22. Mortality: The rate at which animals die within a population, often expressed as a percentage.

23. Mummified: The state of being dried out and preserved, often referring to the remains of a deceased
animal.

24. Natural Mating: The process of animals mating without human intervention, typically occurring through
instinctual behaviors.

25. Outbreeding: Breeding animals that are less closely related to each other than the average individuals in
the population, aimed at increasing genetic diversity and reducing the likelihood of genetic disorders.

26. Outcrossing: Breeding animals from different but related lines or populations to introduce new genetic
material and increase genetic diversity.

27. Pedigree method: A breeding strategy that emphasizes the selection of animals based on their lineage
and documented ancestry, aiming to maintain or improve specific traits within a population.

28. Puberty: The stage of development in which animals become sexually mature and capable of
reproducing.

29. Selection: The process of choosing which animals to breed based on specific criteria such as
performance, conformation, or genetic traits, with the goal of improving the overall quality of the
population.

30. Selection index: A method of combining multiple traits or criteria into a single value to aid in the selection
of breeding animals, often used to balance competing objectives.

31. Stillborn: An offspring that is born dead or dies shortly after birth.

32. Tandem method: A breeding strategy that involves mating animals in sequence based on specific criteria,
often used to achieve a particular genetic goal or combination of traits.