GALILEO GALILEI & JEREMY BENTHAM

IN RELATION OF INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

Prestation by Group 3

Correctional Administration
INTRODUCTION OF
GALILEO GALILEI
 GALILEO GALILEI
(1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions
to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy.

Through the development of his enhanced telescope, Galileo was able to observe and
document the moons of Jupiter, the lunar surface roughness, sunspots, Saturn's rings,
and the phases of Venus. Due to his talent for self-promotion, he made enemies with
the leaders of the Catholic Church and strong allies with Italy's ruling class.

Galileo’s advocacy of a heliocentric universe brought him before religious authorities in

1616 and again in 1633, when he was forced to recant and placed under house arrest
for the rest of his life.
 GALILEO’S
EARLY LIFE, EDUCATION AND EXPERIMENTS

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa in 1564, the eldest of six children born to
Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and scholar. At the age of 16, in 1581, he enrolled at
the University of Pisa with the intention of studying medicine but soon found his
passion diverted to mathematics.

From 1589 to 1610, Galileo held the position of chair of mathematics

successively at the universities of Pisa and Padua. During this period, he
conducted experiments on falling bodies that constituted his most significant
contributions to the field of physics.
 GALILEO’S
EARLY LIFE, EDUCATION AND EXPERIMENTS

Galileo had three children with Marina Gamba, with whom he never
formalized his relationship through marriage. His offspring included two
daughters, Virginia (later known as "Sister Maria Celeste") and Livia Galilei, as
well as a son named Vincenzo Gamba. Despite Galileo's own later conflicts with
the Catholic Church, both of his daughters chose to become nuns, residing in a
convent near Florence.
 GALILEO,
TELESCOPES AND THE MEDICI COURT

Galileo's 1609 telescope discovered four celestial bodies orbiting Jupiter, documented
in his treatise "Sidereus Nuncius" (“The Starry Messenger”) revealing Jupiter's four
largest moons, lunar surface observations, and new stars in the Milky Way.

Galileo proposed naming Jupiter's moons the "Medician Stars" to honor Cosimo II de
Medici, the influential Tuscany grand duke, and the Medici family's patronage.

"The Starry Messenger" led Galileo to fame in Italy, and Cosimo II appointed him as
the mathematician and philosopher to the Medicis, allowing him to spread his theories
and challenge opponents.
 GALILEO,
TELESCOPES AND THE MEDICI COURT

“Siderius Nuncius” (“The Starry Messenger”)

Galileo’s first telescope
 GALILEO,
TELESCOPES AND THE MEDICI COURT

Galileo's observations directly contradicted the prevailing Aristotelian

worldview, which both scientists and theologians widely accepted at the time. The
rugged terrain of the moon's surface challenged the notion of celestial perfection,
while the orbital patterns of the Medician stars challenged the geocentric belief
that the universe revolved around the Earth.
GALILEO GALILEI’S
FIRST TRIAL

In 1616 the Catholic Church placed Nicholas

Copernicus’s “De Revolutionibus,” the first modern
scientific argument for a heliocentric (sun-centered)
universe, on its index of banned books. Pope Paul V
summoned Galileo to Rome and told him he could no
longer support Copernicus publicly.
 GALILEO GALILEI’S
FIRST TRIAL

In 1632, Galileo published "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World

Systems," presenting arguments for both heliocentrism and geocentrism. However,
his impartiality was questioned, particularly with his advocate for geocentrism,
"Simplicius."

In 1633, Galileo, summoned before the Roman Inquisition, initially denied

advocating heliocentrism but later claimed it was unintentional. Convicted of
"vehement suspicion of heresy," he was forced to express regret and renounce
his errors under the threat of torture, resulting in a severe condemnation of his
actions.
GALILEO GALILEI’S
FIRST TRIAL

At nearly 70 years old during his trial,

Galileo spent his final nine years under
comfortable house arrest. During this time, he
produced a summary of his early motion
experiments, which became his last
significant scientific work. He passed away in
Arcetri near Florence, Italy, on January 8,
1642, at the age of 77, after experiencing
heart palpitations and a fever.
 WHAT WAS GALILEO
FAMOUS FOR?
Galileo's laws of motion, made from his measurements that all bodies accelerate
at the same rate regardless of their mass or size, paved the way for the
codification of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton.

His inventions, from compasses and balances to improved telescopes and

microscopes, revolutionized astronomy and biology.

Galileo discovered craters and mountains on the moon, the phases of Venus,
Jupiter's moons, and the stars of the Milky Way.
 WHAT WAS GALILEO
FAMOUS FOR?
In his conflict with the Church, Galileo was also largely vindicated. According to
recent studies, Galileo's trial and punishment were motivated by courtly intrigue
and philosophical minutia, as well as the inherent tension between religion and
science.

In 1744, Galileo's "Dialogue" was removed from the Church's list of banned books,
and in the 20th century, Popes Pius XII and John Paul II made official statements
of regret for how the Church had treated Galileo.
INTRODUCTION OF
JEREMY BENTHAM
 JEREMY BENTHAM

Jeremy Bentham, British philosopher, born in 1748. He believed that people can
choose right from wrong and good from evil. He attributed criminal behavior to
hedonistic tendencies, focusing on pleasure and pain avoidance. Bentham argued
that the criminal justice system should discourage people from committing crimes, as
they believe they stand to gain more than they risk losing.
 JEREMY BENTHAM’S
PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Bentham’s perspectives on human behavior had its roots in the concept of

utilitarianism, which assumes that all of a person’s actions are calculated. For
Bentham, people calculate actions in accordance with their likelihood of obtaining
pleasure or pain. Bentham stated that an act possesses utility if it “tends to produce
benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness to prevent the happening of mischief,
pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered.”
 JEREMY BENTHAM’S
PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Jeremy Bentham, a renowned philosopher, made significant contributions to

human behavior and ethics through his development of (felicitous calculus) moral
calculus. He proposed a method for estimating the likelihood of a person engaging in
a behavior by weighing the anticipated pleasure and pain associated with that
behavior. Bentham's focus extended beyond individual behavior to societal concerns,
advocating for a system of social control based on utilitarianism, which prioritizes
actions' contribution to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
 JEREMY BENTHAM’S
PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Bentham believed that checks or sanctions should be imposed on criminal

behavior to balance individual happiness with societal interests. He argued that
punishment, despite being a necessary evil, should be proportionate to the crime's
severity and serve as a deterrent. His ideas laid the foundation for modern criminal
justice systems, including proportionate punishment and social control measures. His
influence, along with that of Cesare Beccaria and the classical school of criminology,
has shaped the American criminal justice system.
 INFLUENCES OF THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
The U.S. Bill of Rights is rooted in Beccaria’s writings. Beccaria and Bentham also
influenced the development of the modern correctional system.

Beccaria's essay significantly influenced the development of penal practices and

legal systems worldwide. It shaped the first ten amendments to the US Constitution,
known as the Bill of Rights, and contributed to the evolution of present-day penal
practices. Beccaria's work paved the way for penal reform over the last two centuries,
extending beyond American jurisprudence to European legal systems.
 INFLUENCES OF THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL

Beccaria's essay significantly influenced the development of penal practices

and legal systems worldwide. It shaped the first ten amendments to the US
Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, and contributed to the evolution of present-
day penal practices. Beccaria's work paved the way for penal reform over the last two
centuries, extending beyond American jurisprudence to European legal systems.
 INFLUENCES OF THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Beccaria and Bentham advocated for a new philosophy and system of legal and
penal reform that prioritized the protection of society and its laws. They argued that
punishment should not be inflicted for vengeance but rather should focus on reducing
or deterring crime. They proposed abolishing excessively brutal punishments like
mutilation and death, advocating instead for punishments that fit the crime.

Thus, it was their belief that;

the punishments inflicted should be just severe enough to outweigh any
pleasures, either contemplated or actually experienced, that could be derived from
the commission of the criminal act;
 INFLUENCES OF THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL

in this way, the threat of punishment would deter most people from committing
crimes in the first place;
the actual infliction of punishment would deter an offender from committing
additional criminal acts.
 INFLUENCES OF THE
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Beccaria also presented compelling arguments for imprisonment as a form of
punishment, citing its effectiveness and efficiency in carrying out punishment. With
jails and prisons already existing throughout Europe, many of which were used for the
temporary confinement of offenders awaiting trial, they were easily adapted for
implementing Beccaria's and Bentham's programs. The classical theorists' influence
was instrumental in shaping the modern correctional system, emphasizing the
importance of proportional punishment and deterrence in addressing criminal
behavior.
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