CA1 INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
program of rehabilitation in prison.
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
1. Imprisonment – Putting the offender in prison for
the purpose of protecting the public against criminal
activities and at the same time rehabilitating the
prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional
treatment programs.
2. Parole – A conditional release of a prisoner after
serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the
purpose of gradually reintroducing him/her to free life
under the guidance and supervision of a parole
officer.
3. Probation – A disposition whereby a defendant
after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which
does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released
subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing
court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a
criminal act.
5. Destierro – The penalty of banishing a person
from the place where he committed a crime,
prohibiting him to go near or enter the 25-kilometer
perimeter
PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATIONS OF
PUNISHMENT
1. Retribution
The punishment should be provided by the state
whose sanction is violated, to afford the society or the
individual the opportunity of imposing upon the
offender suitable punishment as might be enforced.
Offenders should be punished because they deserve
it.
2. Expiation or Atonement
It is punishment in the form of group vengeance
where the purpose is to appease the offended public
or group.
3. Deterrence
Punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing
to other what will happen to them if they violate the
law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential
offenders that they cannot afford to do what the
offender has done.
4. Incapacitation and Protection
The public will be protected if the offender has been
held in conditions where he cannot harm others
especially the public. Punishment is affected by
placing offenders in prison so that society will be
ensured from further criminal depredations of
criminals.
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation
It is the establishment of the usefulness and
responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest can
be better served by helping the prisoner to become
law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to
the community by requiring him to undergo intensive
THE PIONEERS:
1. William Penn (1614-1718):
1. Fought for religious freedom and individual
rights.
2. Advocated for imprisonment as correctional
treatment for major offenders.
3. Responsible for the abolition of the death penalty
and torture.
2. Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755):
o French historian and philosopher who analyzed
law as an expression of justice.
o Believed that harsh punishment would undermine
morality and advocated for appealing to moral
sentiments to prevent crime.
3. Voltaire (1694-1778):
o Versatile philosopher who believed fear of shame
was a deterrent to crime. o Fought against the
legally-sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794):
o Wrote "An Essay on Crimes and Punishments,"
advocating for humanistic goals of law.
o His work represented the principles of modern
criminal law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832):
o Reformer of English criminal law who believed in
negating pleasure or pain derived from crime to
reduce crime rates.
o Devised the concept of the Panopticon Prison,
although it was never built.
6. John Howard (1726-1790):
o Sheriff of Bedfordshire who devoted his life to
prison reform.
o Recommended reforms including single cells for
sleeping, segregation of women and youth, and
sanitation facilities.
7. Elam Lynds:
o Warden of Auburn and Singsing prisons.
o Developed early prison discipline in America,
implementing brutal punishment and degrading
procedures.
8. Jean Jacques Villain:
o Father of Penitentiary Science who pioneered
classification to separate different types of
prisoners.
9. James V. Bennett:
o Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who
oversaw the closing of Alcatraz Prison and the
construction of the Federal Correction Institution
in Seagoville, Texas.
10. Elizabeth Fry:
o English reformer known as the "Angel of Prisons"
for her efforts to treat prisoners humanely and
advocate for new legislation.
11. Richard Haklyut:
o He is known for promoting the English
Colonization of North America to his works
o Richard Haklyut encourage colonization greatly
through his writings.
o According to him, England would become richer
and more powerful if it established a colony in
North America.
GOALS (JAILS)
 A pre-trial detention facilities operated by English
sheriff
GALLEY SLAVERY
 Long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled
by sails, usually rowed by criminals.
 Ships used to transport criminals in the 16th
century.
PANOTICON PRISON:
The Panopticon is a prison design concept created by
English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It features a
circular building with a central watchtower allowing a
single guard to observe all inmates, who cannot tell if
they're being watched. This design promotes constant
self-regulation due to perceived surveillance. While never
built exactly as Bentham proposed, it influenced modern
prisons and discussions about surveillance and social
control.
WALNUT STREET PRISON:
3. ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE: Serving as the
Superintendent of the Penal Colony of Norfolk Island
in Australia in 1849, Maconochie introduced the
"Mark system." This system required prisoners to
earn marks through proper labor and behavior to
qualify for conditional release, similar to parole.
4. SIR WALTER CROFTON: As the Director of the Irish
Prison in 1854, Crofton introduced the Irish system,
later known as the Progressive Stage System. This
system included compulsory education, the casework
method, and extensive use of parole based on
indeterminate sentences.

America's first state prison, the Walnut Street Jail in
Philadelphia, was established in 1773. It was
transformative and turned into a penitentiary system
mainstay, focusing on inmate rehabilitation.
NEWGATE PRISON:
One of England's oldest prisons, Newgate Prison in
London, operated from the 12th century to 1902. It is
abandoned cooper mine located at Simsbury,
Connecticut, the inmates are confined underground and
were in considered as black hole of horrors, which really
belongs to the Barbaric past.
HULKS PRISON:
5. ZEBULON BROCKWAY: Brockway, as the
Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New
York in 1876, implemented a new institutional
program for young offenders. Elmira Reformatory is
regarded as the forerunner of modern penology,
incorporating elements such as compulsory
education, casework, and the use of parole based on
indeterminate sentences.
6. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE: Brise, the Director
of English Prisons, opened the Borstal Institution in
1897 after visiting Elmira Reformatory. Borstal
Institutions became renowned as reformation centers
for young offenders, focusing on individual treatment.

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Britain used "hulks,"

or old ships, as floating prisons to manage overcrowding.
It is also known as “Floating hell”, the conditions were
incredibly harsh. They housed prisoners, including those
awaiting transportation to penal colonies like Australia.

THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY

OF CORRECTION

A. The AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM, also known as the

"Congregate System," involved prisoners being
confined to their own cells during the night and
working together in shops during the day. Complete
silence was enforced, and strict discipline was
maintained.
B. The PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM, also
known as the "Solitary System," involved prisoners
being confined to single cells day and night. They
would live, sleep, eat, and receive religious instruction
in their cells. Complete silence was also enforced,
and prisoners were required to read the Bible.

REFORMATORY MOVEMENT

Notable individuals responsible for the reformatory

movement were:

1. MANUEL MONTESINOS: He served as the director

of Prisons in Valencia, Spain in 1835. Montesinos
introduced reforms such as dividing prisoners into
companies, appointing prisoners as petty officers,
providing sentence reductions for good behavior, and
offering trade training to prepare convicts for
reintegration into society.

2. DOMETS OF FRANCE: In 1839, Domets established

an agricultural colony for delinquent boys. He
implemented a system with house fathers overseeing
the boys and focused on their re-education. Upon
discharge, the boys were placed under the
supervision of a patron.