Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION ON HIGH

EXTRUSION-RATIO HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSION OF
POROUS MATERIAL

Dyi-Cheng Chen* and Ci-Syong You

Department of Industrial Education and Technology
National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C.

:‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻـﺔ‬

‫ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﺸﻮّﻩ‬DEFORMTM ‫( اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﻟﺠﺎﺳﺊ‬FE) ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬
‫ﻲ )اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ( ﻟﻠ ُﻤ َﺪ ْﻟﻔَﻨﺎت )آﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن( اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺜﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﻣِﺤﻮرﻳًﺎ وذات ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺜﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ‬
ّ ‫اﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻨ‬
‫ واﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ أﺟﺴﺎم ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎهﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺸﻮّﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﻤِﻜﺒﺲ‬،‫ن اﻟﻮِﻋﺎء‬
ّ ‫ وﻧﻔﺘﺮض ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ أ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
،‫ وﻗﺪ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ُﻤ َﺪ ْﻟﻔَﻨﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬
‫ واﻟﺤِﻤﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﺤﺜّﺔ‬،‫ واﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬،‫ واﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬،‫ واﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠ ُﻤ َﺪ ْﻟﻔَﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬،‫وآﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ُﻤ َﺪ ْﻟﻔَﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺜﻖ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻲ ذات ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬DEFORMTM ‫ وﺗﺆآﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎآﺎة اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.‫ﺧﻼل اﻟ ُﻤ َﺪ ْﻟﻔَﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺜﻖ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺜﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤُﺪﻟﻔﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴّﺔ‬

ABSTRACT
This study employs commercial rigid-plastic finite element (FE) DEFORMTM 2D software to investigate the
plastic deformation behavior of porous billets during their high extrusion-ratio axisymmetric hydrostatic extrusion
through conical dies. The FE analyses assume the container, ram, and die to be rigid bodies and ignore the
deformation-induced temperature rise which occurs within the billet during the extrusion process. The numerical
analyses investigate the respective effects of the semi-angle of the conical die, the initial density of the porous billet,
the extrusion ratio, and the initial diameter of the billet on the damage, effective strain, effective stress, and radial
load induced within the extruded billet. The simulation results confirm the suitability of the DEFORMTM 2D
software for modeling the high extrusion-ratio hydrostatic extrusion of porous billets.

*Corresponding Author:
E-mail: dyi3510@ms46.hinet.net

This paper was presented at the Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Technologies (AMPT) Conference held in Bahrain on
November 2–5, 2008.

June 2009 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C 11
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION ON HIGH EXTRUSION-RATIO HYDROSTATIC

EXTRUSION OF POROUS MATERIAL

1. INTRODUCTION
In conventional extrusion processes, the billet is enclosed within a container to avoid lateral deformation or
buckling under the end load applied by the punch. However, this side constraint induces high normal and frictional
stresses at the billet/container interface, which increases the pressure required to carry out the extrusion process;
particularly when extruding long billets. In hydrostatic extrusion, however, all regions of the billet other than the part
in contact with the die are surrounded by fluid, and thus the billet can deform only by extruding. Since the friction
effect at the billet/container interface is eliminated, the pressure required to achieve a given reduction is not only less
than that required in conventional extrusion processes, but is also independent of the length-to-diameter ratio of the
billet. Furthermore, the use of a high-pressure fluid as the pressure-transmitting medium rather than a direct
mechanical contact transmits a hydrostatic pressure to the billet, and yields a significant improvement in the ductility
of the extruded material as a result. Park et al. [1] investigated the hydrostatic extrusion of copper-clad aluminum
tubes and identified the basic flow characteristics of bimetal tube deformation. Hung and Hung [2] designed and
constructed an experimental hydrostatic extrusion apparatus with a maximum working pressure of 10000 Kg/cm2
and explored various means of reducing the cost of the apparatus in order to render it suitable for commercial
applications. Rhee et al. [3] investigated the effects of the extrusion ratio (ER: 8.5, 19, 49) and the die semi-angle
(30o, 45o, 60o) on the material characteristic of aluminum/copper clad composites fabricated using a hydrostatic
extrusion process. Swiostek et al. [4] explored the respective effects of the extrusion rate and the extrusion ratio on
the low temperature (100oC) hydrostatic extrusion of magnesium alloys and attempted to reproduce the
microstructure and material properties associated with ECAE (equal channel angular extrusion) billets. Elkholy [5]
investigated the respective effects of the die conical angle, the reduction ratio, the friction coefficient, the extrusion
and back-pressure ratios, and the die shape on the power required to perform hydrostatic extrusion.
In recent years, porous materials have attracted increasing attention in industrial and academic circles as a result
of their numerous favorable properties. According to Bevilacqua and Ferrara [6], porous materials may be classified
according to various aspects, e.g., whether they are natural or artificial, what they are used for, where they come
from, what their porosity characteristics are as concerns the shape, size, and interconnection degree of the pores, and
so forth. In their study, the authors demonstrated that the behavior of porous materials in comminution is strongly
affected by the type of porosity, i.e. the shape of the voids and their degree of interconnection. Da Silva and Ramesh
[7] investigated the influence of porosity and porosity evolution on the overall constitutive response and stability of
porous and fully-dense titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V.
In a previous study [8], the current authors demonstrated the feasibility of using commercial rigid-plastic finite
element (FE) DEFORMTM 2D software to model the plastic deformation behavior of CuZn37-A6061 composite
porous billets during their axisymmetric extrusion through conical dies using a conventional extrusion process. In the
present study, the same FE software is used to examine the plastic deformation behavior of porous billets during
their high extrusion-ratio axisymmetric extrusion through a conical die using a hydrostatic extrusion technique. The
simulations focus specifically on the effects of the die semi-angle, the billet density, the extrusion ratio, and the
initial billet diameter on the damage, effective strain, effective stress, and radial load induced within the extruded
billet.
2. APPLICATION OF PLASTICITY THEORY TO POROUS METALS AND SELECTION OF
APPROPRIATE FRICTION FACTOR
The application of a volumetric strain to a porous metal causes a significant change in its porosity. Consequently,
the yield criteria and flow rules governing the onset of plastic deformation are fundamentally different from those
associated with fully-dense materials. Accordingly, Kuhn and Downey [9] and Green [10] developed a modified
yield criterion and stress-strain relationship for porous solids. The basic principles proposed in these studies were
subsequently extended by Shima and Oyane [11] to form a general plasticity theory for porous metals. According to
this theory, the yield criterion for a porous metal has the form
′ = [{(σ 1 − σ 2 ) 2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) 2 + (σ 3 − σ 1 ) 2 } / 2 + (σ m / f ) 2 ]1 2 ,
fσ (1)

where σ m is the hydrostatic stress, f is a material-dependent factor, and f ′ is the ratio between the apparent
stress applied to the porous solid and the effective stress acting on the metal matrix.
From Equation (1), it can be shown that the stress-strain relationship for a porous metal is given by

12 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C June 2009
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

3 ρ dε ⎧⎪ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎫⎪
dε i = ⎨σ i − ⎜⎜1 − ⎟σ m ⎬
⎟ ⎪
for i = 1,2,3 , (2a)
2 f ′2 σ ⎪⎩ ⎝ 9 f2 ⎠ ⎭

where
f′ 2
dε = [ ((dε 1 − dε 2 ) 2 + ( dε 2 − dε 3 ) 2 + (dε 3 − dε 1 ) 2 + ( fdε v ) 2 )]1 2 (2b)
ρ 9
and
dε v = dε 1 + dε 2 + dε 3 . (2c)

Note that in the equations above, σ and ε denote the effective stress and the cumulative effective strain,
respectively. In hydrostatic extrusion processes, strain-hardening effects cause σ to vary as a function of ε . In
general, f and f ′ are functions of the relative density of the porous metal, ρ . For sintered porous metals, Shima
and Oyane [11] suggested the following correlations:
1
f = (3a)
A(1 − ρ )B
and

f ′ = ρC , (3b)

where A, B and C are material constants.

The relative density of a porous metal is given by
2 2
⎡ q ⎤ 1.028 ⎡ p ⎤
⎢ ' ⎥ + 2.49 (1 − ρ )
2 5
⎢ ' ⎥ −ρ =0, (4)
σ
⎣⎢ m ⎦⎥ σ
⎣⎢ m ⎦⎥

where p is the hydrostatic pressure, q is the von Mises equivalent stress, and σ m' is the matrix yielding stress.

In the case of large deformations such as those induced in an extrusion process, when the friction force at the
workpiece/die interface is larger than the shear yield stress of the deformed material, the internal shear deformation
of the workpiece occurs at a faster rate than that which takes place at the friction surface. In general, an assumption
is made that the friction stress ( τ f ) varies as a linear function of the shear yield strength (k) of the extruded material,
i.e.
τ f = m×k , (5)

where m is the friction factor ( 0 ≤ m ≤ 1 ).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simulations performed in this study make the following assumptions: (1) the container, ram, and the die are
rigid bodies; (2) the porous extrusion billet is a rigid-plastic material; (3) the friction factor (m) between the
extrusion billet and the ram is equal to that between the extrusion billet and the die; and (4) the effects of the
deformation-induced temperature rise are neglected. Figure 1 presents a schematic illustration of the high
extrusion-ratio hydrostatic extrusion process considered in the simulations. Note that in this figure, Di and Df are the
initial and final diameters of the porous billet, respectively, and α is the semi-angle of the conical die. The extrusion
ratio is given by R=(Di/2)2/(Df/2)2.
Table 1 summarizes the effects of the conical die semi-angle, the billet density, the extrusion ratio and the initial
billet diameter on the magnitude of the radial load induced within the extruded porous billet. Note that the strain rate
is assumed to be 1 s-1 in every case. The radial load induced in Simulations 37–63 are presented in a graphical form
in Figure 2. It is observed that the maximum radial loads are 299.0 kN, 300.5 kN, 302.0 kN, 355.5 kN, 364.0 kN,
and 365.5 kN, corresponding to Simulations 37–39 and 55–57, respectively. It is noted that in every case, the conical
die has a semi-angle of α =8o. Furthermore, comparing the six results, it is observed that for a constant semi-angle,
the magnitude of the radial load increases with an increasing extrusion ratio.

June 2009 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C 13
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of high extrusion-ratio hydrostatic extrusion process

Table 1. Effects of Conical Die Semi-Angle, Billet Density, Extrusion Ratio, and Initial Billet Diameter on
Magnitude of Radial Load Induced Within Extruded Billet. (Note that m=0.05, Df =1mm, and billet material
is AL-1100, COLD [70oF (20oC)])
Initial Initial
Semi-angle Extrusion-ratio Radial
No. density diameter
α ρ R load (kN)
Di
1 8 0.6 16 4 12.0
2 8 0.7 16 4 12.2
3 8 0.8 16 4 13.0
4 10 0.6 16 4 86.0
5 10 0.7 16 4 88.1
6 10 0.8 16 4 95.6
7 13 0.6 16 4 99.0
8 13 0.7 16 4 100.0
9 13 0.8 16 4 108.0
10 8 0.6 25 5 94.3
11 8 0.7 25 5 102.0
12 8 0.8 25 5 106.0
13 10 0.6 25 5 17.5
14 10 0.7 25 5 18.0
15 10 0.8 25 5 18.2
16 13 0.6 25 5 18.1
17 13 0.7 25 5 18.8
18 13 0.8 25 5 19.1
19 8 0.6 36 6 16.1
20 8 0.7 36 6 16.7
21 8 0.8 36 6 17.5
22 10 0.6 36 6 14.8
23 10 0.7 36 6 15.5
24 10 0.8 36 6 15.8
25 13 0.6 36 6 22.2
26 13 0.7 36 6 25.3
27 13 0.8 36 6 26.6

14 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C June 2009
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

Initial Initial
Semi-angle Extrusion-ratio Radial
No. density diameter
α ρ R load (kN)
Di
28 8 0.6 49 7 24.1
29 8 0.7 49 7 24.4
30 8 0.8 49 7 27.7
31 10 0.6 49 7 212.3
32 10 0.7 49 7 229.0
33 10 0.8 49 7 236.0
34 13 0.6 49 7 33.6
35 13 0.7 49 7 36.0
36 13 0.8 49 7 41.3
37 8 0.6 64 8 299.0
38 8 0.7 64 8 300.5
39 8 0.8 64 8 302.0
40 10 0.6 64 8 39.9
41 10 0.7 64 8 40.4
42 10 0.8 64 8 40.8
43 13 0.6 64 8 46.3
44 13 0.7 64 8 46.6
45 13 0.8 64 8 47.9
46 8 0.6 81 9 43.5
47 8 0.7 81 9 44.2
48 8 0.8 81 9 45.3
49 10 0.6 81 9 55.7
50 10 0.7 81 9 56.7
51 10 0.8 81 9 57.9
52 13 0.6 81 9 64.8
53 13 0.7 81 9 66.0
54 13 0.8 81 9 68.5
55 8 0.6 100 10 355.5
56 8 0.7 100 10 364.0
57 8 0.8 100 10 365.5
58 10 0.6 100 10 64.3
59 10 0.7 100 10 64.8
60 10 0.8 100 10 66.6
61 13 0.6 100 10 75.0
62 13 0.7 100 10 75.1
63 13 0.8 100 10 76.1
Figures 3(a)–3(d) present the damage distributions induced within the billets when extruded using the conditions
specified in Simulations 28, 37, 46, and 55, i.e. α =8o, ρ =0.6, Df =1 mm, m=0.05, and R=49, 64, 81, and 100,
respectively. It is observed that the maximum damage is induced when the extrusion process is performed using an
extrusion ratio of R=81, while the minimum damage is produced when using an extrusion ratio of R=100. Figures
4(a)–4(d) present the effective strain distributions induced within the billets when extruded using the same set of
extrusion conditions. It is seen that the maximum strain is induced in the billet extruded using an extrusion ratio of
R=64, while the minimum strain is induced in that extruded using an extrusion ratio of R=100. Figures 5(a)–5(b)
present the distribution of the effective stress within billets extruded using the conditions specified in Simulations 37
and 55, corresponding to extrusion ratios of R=64 and R=100, respectively. Comparing the two figures, it is evident
that the effective stress induced in the billet extruded using an extrusion ratio of R=100 is significantly lower than
that induced in the billet extruded using an extrusion ratio of R=64. Overall, the results presented in Figures 3–5
confirm the suitability of an extrusion ratio of R=100 when performing the hydrostatic extrusion of porous billets.
Figures 6(a)–6(c) show the distribution of the effective strain in porous billets with initial densities of ρ =0.6,
ρ =0.7 and 0.8, respectively, extruded using processing conditions of α =8o, Df =1mm, R=16, Di=4mm, and
m=0.05. The results reveal that the magnitude of the effective strain induced in the billet at the die exit is essentially
independent of the initial billet density. Finally, Figures 7(a)–7(c) present the distribution of the effective stress
induced in porous billets extruded through conical dies with semi-angles of α =8o, α =10o, and α =13o,
respectively. (Note that the remaining extrusion conditions are specified as ρ =0.6, Df =1mm, R=16, Di=4mm, and
m=0.05 in every case.) It is observed that the effective stress at the die exit increases with an increasing semi-angle.

June 2009 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C 15
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

375
350
325
300
275

Radial load (kN)

250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65
Simulation No.
Figure 2. Induced radial load for hydrostatic extrusion conditions indicated in Table 1

α =8o, ρ =0.6, Df =1mm, m=0.05

(a) Di= 7mm, R=49 (b) Di= 8mm, R=64

(b)

(c) Di= 9mm R=81 (d) Di= 10mm, R=100

Figure 3. Damage distribution within extruded billet under different extrusion conditions

16 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C June 2009
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

α =8o, ρ =0.6, Df =1mm, m=0.05

(a) Di= 7mm, R=49 (b) Di= 8mm, R=64

(c) Di= 9mm R=81 (d) Di= 10mm, R=100

Figure 4. Effective strain distribution within extruded billet under different extrusion conditions

α =8o, ρ =0.6, Df =1mm, m=0.05

(a) Di= 8mm, R=64 (b) Di= 10mm, R=100

Figure 5. Effective stress distribution within extruded billet under different extrusion conditions

June 2009 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C 17
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

α =8o, Df =1mm, R=16, Di=4mm, m=0.05

(a) ρ =0.6 (b) ρ =0.7 (c) ρ =0.8

Figure 6. Effective strain distribution within extruded billet for various initial billet densities

ρ =0.6, Df =1mm, R=16, Di=4mm, m=0.05

(a) α =8o (b) α =10o (c) α =13o

Figure 7. Effective stress distribution within extruded billet for various conical die semi-angles

4. CONCLUSIONS
This study has utilized commercial rigid-plastic finite element (FE) DEFORMTM 2D software to investigate the
plastic deformation behavior of porous billets during their axisymmetric hydrostatic extrusion through conical dies.
The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) the magnitude of the radial load increases with a
decreasing conical die semi-angle and an increasing extrusion ratio; (2) a greater damage is induced within the billet
when the extrusion process is performed using an extrusion ratio of R=81; (3) the maximum effective strain is
induced when the extrusion process is performed using an extrusion ratio of R=64; (4) an extrusion ratio of R=100
represents a suitable choice when performing the hydrostatic extrusion of porous billets; (5) the effective strain
induced at the die exit is insensitive to the initial billet density ( ρ ) over the range ρ =0.6~0.8; and (6) the effective
stress at the die exit increases with an increasing conical die semi-angle.
REFERENCES
[1] H. J. Park, K. H. Na, N. S. Cho, Y. S. Lee, and S. W. Kim, “A Study of the Hydrostatic Extrusion of Copper-Clad
Aluminium Tube”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 67(1997), pp. 24–28.
[2] J. C. Hung and C. Hung, “The Design and Development of a Hydrostatic Extrusion Apparatus”, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology, 104(2000), pp. 226–235.
[3] K. Y. Rhee, W. Y. Han, H. J. Park, and S. S. Kim, “Fabrication of Aluminum/Copper Clad Composite Using Hot
Hydrostatic Extrusion Process and its Material Characteristics”, Materials Science and Engineering A, 384(2004),
pp. 70–76.

18 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C June 2009
 Dyi-Cheng Chen and Ci-Syong You

[4] J. Swiostek, J. G o ken, D. Letzig, and K. U. Kainer, “Hydrostatic Extrusion of Commercial Magnesium Alloys at
100oC and its Influence on Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties”, Materials Science and Engineering A,
424(2006), pp. 223–229.
[5] A. H. Elkholy, “Parametric Optimization of Power in Hydrostatic Extrusion”, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, 70(1997), pp. 111–115.
[6] P. Bevilacqua and G. Ferrara, “Comminution of Porous Materials”, International Journal of Mineral Processing,
44–45(1996), pp. 117–131.
[7] M. G. da Silva and K. T. Ramesh, “The Rate-Dependent Deformation and Localization of Fully Dense and Porous
Ti-6Al-4V”, Materials Science and Engineering A, 232(1997), pp.11–22.
[8] D. C. Chen and C. S. You, “Finite Element Analysis of Composite Porous Billet Extrusion Processing”, The 5th
International Conference on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing, Zhengzhou City, Henan
Province, China, October 23–27, 2007.
[9] H. A. Kuhn and C. L. Jr. Downey, “Deformation Characteristics and Plasticity Theory of Sintered Powdered
Materials”, International Journal of Powder Metal, 7(1971), pp.15–25.
[10] R. J. Green, “A Plasticity Theory for Porous Solids”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 14(1972)
pp. 215–224.
[11] S. Shima and M. Oyane, “Plasticity Theory for Porous Metals”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,
18(1976), pp. 285–291.

June 2009 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1C 19