Quantitative analysis & Qualitative analysis

What is quantitative analysis?

Quantitative analysis is often associated with numerical analysis where data is collected, classified, and then
computed for certain findings using a set of statistical methods. Data is chosen randomly in large samples and
then analyzed. The advantage of quantitative analysis the findings can be applied in a general population using
research patterns developed in the sample. Quantitative analysis is generally concerned with measurable
quantities such as weight, length, temperature, speed, width, and many more. The data can be expressed in a
tabular form or any diagrammatic representation using graphs or charts. Quantitative data can be classified as
continuous or discrete, and it is often obtained using surveys, observations, experiments or interviews.

What is a qualitative analysis?

Qualitative analysis is concerned with the analysis of data that cannot be quantified. This type of data is about
the understanding and insights into the properties and attributes of objects (participants). Qualitative analysis
can get a deeper understanding of “why” a certain phenomenon occurs. The analysis can be used in conjunction
with quantitative analysis or precede it.

In a quantitative analysis the characteristics of objects are often undisclosed. The typical data analyzed
qualitatively include color, gender, nationality, taste, appearance, and many more as long as the data cannot be
computed. Such data is obtained using interviews or observations.
 Gravimetric Analysis
What is Gravimetric Analysis?
Gravimetric analysis is a method in analytical chemistry to determine the quantity of analyte based on the
mass of a solid. Example: Measuring the solids suspended in the water sample – Once a known volume of
water is filtered, the collected solids are weighed.

The principle of Gravimetric Analysis:

The principle behind the gravimetric analysis is that the mass of an ion in a pure compound and can be
determined. Later, used to find the mass percent of the same ion in a known quantity of an impure compound.

Gravimetric Analysis Apparatus

Steps followed in the Gravimetric Analysis

1. Preparation of a solution containing a known weight of the sample.

2. Separation of the desired constituent.
3. Weighing the isolated constituent.
4. Computation of the amount of the particular constituent in the sample from the observed weight of the
isolated substance.

Types of Gravimetric Analysis

There are 4 fundamental types of gravimetric analysis. Of which, there are 2 common types involving changes
in the phase of the analyte to separate it from the rest of a mixture, resulting in a change in mass.
Volatilization gravimetry

 Volatilization Gravimetry involves separating components of our mixture by heating or chemically

decomposing the sample.
Precipitation gravimetry

 Precipitation Gravimetry uses a precipitation reaction to separate one or more parts of a solution by
incorporating it into a solid.
Electrogravimetry

 Electrogravimetry is a method used to separate and quantify ions of a substance, usually a metal.
Thermogravimetric

 Thermogravimetric is a method of thermal analysis in which changes in physical and chemical

properties of materials are measured as a function of increasing temperature or as a function of time.

Advantages of Gravimetric Analysis

If the methods are followed carefully, it provides exceedingly precise analysis. It is used to determine the
atomic masses of many elements to six-figure accuracy. It provides a little room for instrumental error and does
not require a series of standards for calculation of an unknown.

Disadvantages of Gravimetric Analysis

It usually provides only for the analysis of a single element, or a limited group of elements, at a time.

Examples of Gravimetric Analysis

Molarity
Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
Molarity = moles of solute / litres of solution
For example: Molecular mass of Sulphuric acid is 98. Now if 98 gram of sulphuric acid is present in 1 litre of solution then it is 1 molar
solution of Sulphuric acid. And therefore molarity will be 1.

Molality
Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent
If 98 gram of sulphuric acid is present in 1 kg of water then it is 1 molal solution of Sulphuric acid in water. And therefore molality will be
1.

Normality
Normality is defined as the number of equivalents per litre of solution:
Normality = number of equivalents / 1 L of solution
A 1 N HCl solution = A one Molar HCl solution because only I mole of H+ is formed per mole of HCl.
However, with sulphuric acid H2SO4, 2 moles of H+ are formed per mole of acid therefore 1 Molar H2SO4 = 2NH2SO4.

Relation between Normality and Molarity

N = n × M (where n is an integer)
In monoprotic acids and bases (One H+ or one OH- such as HCl or NaOH) Normality=Molarity, so one molar HCl is the same as one
Normal HCl.

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numerical-problems/7861/