UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

CHEMICAL BIOLOGY II
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
2ND Semester
A.Y 2022-2023
 Topic Outline

The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

Role of Analytical Chemistry
Quantitative Analytical Methods
Typical Quantitative Analysis

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 Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry-is focused on
identifying what substances and
how much of them are present in a
sample of matter.

It is also a measurement science

consisting of set of powerful ideas
and methods that are useful in all
fields and of science, engineering,
and medicine.

Example:
Investigations on Mars composition
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 Role of Analytical Chemistry
1. The concentrations of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are determined
in millions of blood samples everyday and used to diagnose and
treat illnesses.
2. Quantities of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide
present in automobile exhaust gases are measured to determine
the effectiveness of emission-control devices.
3. Measurements of ionized calcium in blood serum helps diagnose
parathyroid disease in humans
4. Determination of nitrogen in food establishes their protein content
and thus their nutritional value

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5. Analysis of steel, during its productions permits adjustments in the
concentration of such elements as carbon, nickel, and chromium
6. Quantitative analysis of plants and soil
7. Quantitative analysis also play a vital role in research.
Measurements of potassium and, calcium, and sodium ions in
the body fluids of animals permit physiologist to study the role
of these ions in the nerve-signal conduction as well as muscle
contraction and relaxation.

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 Quantitative Analytical Methods
 Classical Methods – wet chemical method such as precipitation,
extraction, distillation, boiling or melting points, gravimetric and
titrimetric measurements.

 Instrumental Methods - uses analytical instruments. UV-VIS, AES,

FT-IR, HPLC, and etc.

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 Quantitative Analytical Methods
1. Gravimetric methods - we determine the mass of the analyte or some compound
chemically related to it.

2. Volumetric method – we measure the volume of a solution containing sufficient

reagent to completely react with the analyte.

3. Electroanalytical method – we measure electrical properties such as potential, current,

resistance, and quantity of electrical charge.

4. Spectroscopic methods – we explore the interaction between electromagnetic radiation

and analyte atoms or molecules or the emission of radiation by analytes.

5. Chromatographic methods – separation techniques and quantitation is based on a

calibration curve.
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 Gravimetric Analysis versus Volumetric Analysis
Gravimetric Analysis is a process of Volumetric Analysis is a process used to
measuring the amount of an analyte by determine the amount of a desired
its mass constituent by its volume
Involves the formation of a solid mass Done via titration, in which the volume
known as precipitate, which can be of analyte is determined by adding
separated from the sample solution portions of a reagent that can react with
the analyte
Generally gives the final result in grams Gives the final result in milliliters

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Figure 1. Analytical Balance Figure 2. Titration Setup

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Typical Quantitative Analysis

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 Typical Quantitative Analysis
1. Choosing a method – the first step in any quantitative analysis is the
selection of a method. The choice is sometimes difficult and requires
experience as well as intuition. 1- level of accuracy : investment on time
and money. 2- Number of samples analyzed and number of
components in the sample

2. Acquiring the Sample - an analysis must be performed on a sample

that has the same composition as the bulk of material from which it was
taken. When the bulk is large and heterogeneous, great effort is
required to get a representative sample.
- The collection of specimens from biological sources represents a
second type of sampling problem.
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3. Processing the Sample: - Preparing a Laboratory Sample: grounding,
mixing, storing
- Defining Replicate Samples: Replicate samples, or replicates, are
portions of a material of approximately the same size that are carried
through an analytical procedure at the same time and in the same
way.
Preparing Solutions: Physical and Chemical Changes
-Converting the sample into a soluble form :acid-base addition,
ignition, high temperature fusion.
- converting the sample into a form suitable for the measurement
step. Mn  MnO4 colored solution
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4. Eliminating Interferences :
An interference or interferent is a species that causes an error in an
analysis by enhancing or attenuating (making smaller) the quantity
being measured. The matrix, or sample matrix, is the collection of all of
the components in the sample containing an analyte.

5. Calibrating and Measuring Concentration: Ideally, the measurement

of the property is directly proportional to the concentration, that is,
cA= kX where k is a proportionality constant. The process of
determining k is called a calibration.

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 Reference
Skoog, West, Holler, Crouch. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,9th
Edition.

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