UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

CHEMICAL BIOLOGY II
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
2ND Semester
A.Y 2022-2023
Titrations in Analytical
Chemistry
Introduction
Terms in Volumetric Titrations
Types of Titrations based on Chemical Reactions
Type of Titration Curves

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Titrations
Analytical method
in which a standard
solution is used to
determine the
concentration of an
unknown solution

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How to carry out
a Titration

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Terms

Standard solution : a reagent of known

concentration
Blank Titration: a titration procedure is carried
out without analyte (e.g distilled water
sample). It is used to correct titration error.
Direct Titration: A titration in which the
amount of analyte is determined by a standard
solution directly.
Back Titration: A titration in which an excess
reagent is added to a solution to react with the
analyte. The excess reagent remaining after its
reaction with the analyte is determined by a
titration.

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 Equivalence points: the point
in which equal amounts of
H3O+ and OH- added.
:cannot be determined
Terms experimentally
: determined by color
change
: dramatic change in
pH
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Indicator: a colored compound whose
change in color signals the endpoint of
titration

Endpoint (Vep): The point in a titration

where we stop adding titrant in an
experiment.

Titration error (Et): The determinate

error in a titration due to the difference
between the endpoint and the
equivalence point.

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 Primary Standards
Primary Standard: an ultrapure compound that serves as the reference
materials for a titration of for another type of quantitative analysis. The
primary standard ready to be weighted and used to prepare a solution with
known concentration (primary standard solution).

Requirements of primary reagents are:

1. Known Stoichiometric composition
2. High Purity
3. Atmospheric Stable
4. Absence of hydrate water and non-hygroscopic
5. Modest cost
6. Reasonable solubility in the medium
7. Reasonably large molar mass Insert Running Title 8
 Standard solutions
The ideal standard solution for a titrimetric method will:
1. Be sufficiently stable, therefore, we need to determine its
concentration only once
2. React rapidly with the analyte so that the time required between
additions of reagents is minimized
3. Undergo a selective reaction with the analyte that can be
described by a balance equation.

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 Standardization
The process by which the concentration of a reagent is determined by
titrating it against another standard solution.

Secondary Standard solution: A standard solution which is

standardized against a primary standard.
The conceptual flow chart:
Primary Standardizatio Secondary Titrating
Standard n standard Sample

Concentration Titration of
KHP Standardization
of NaOH Sample Acidity 10
 Volumetric Calculations
SOME USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS

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 Calculating Molar Concentrations from Standardization data

1. Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.500 M AgNO3 (169.87

g/mol) from the primary standard grade solid.

2. A standard 0.0100 M solution of Na+ is required to calibrate an ion-

selective electrode method to determine sodium. Describe how
500 mL of this solution can be prepared from primary standard
Na2CO3 (105.99 g/ml)

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3. How would you prepare a 50.0 ml portions of standard solutions
that are 0.00500 M, 0.00200 M, and 0.00100 M in Na+ from the
solution in the previous problem?

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 Working with titration Data
Calculating Molar Concentrations from Standardization Data

A portion of 50.00 ml portion of an HCL solution required 29.71 ml of

0.01963 M Ba(OH)2 to reach an endpoint with bromocresol green
indicator. Calculate the molar concentration of the HCL

Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl  BaCl2 + 2H2O

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Titration of 0.2121 g of pure Na2C2O4 (134.OO g/mol) required 43.31 ml
of KMnO4. What is the molar concentration of the KMnO4 solution?
The chemical reaction is

2MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+  2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

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Sigmoidal curve: the p-function
of analyte (or sometimes the
titrant) is plotted as a function
of titrant volume.
Linear-segment curve: measurements
are made on both sides of, but well away
from, the equivalence point,
Measurements near equivalence points
are avoided,
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