OpenStreetMap - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/OpenStreetMap

OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free, open geographic
OpenStreetMap
database updated and maintained by a community of
volunteers via open collaboration. Contributors collect
data from surveys, trace from aerial imagery and also
import from other freely licensed geodata sources.
OpenStreetMap is freely licensed under the Open
Database License and as a result commonly used to make
electronic maps, inform turn-by-turn navigation, assist in
humanitarian aid and data visualisation. OpenStreetMap
uses its own topology to store geographical features which
can then be exported into other GIS file formats. The
OpenStreetMap website itself is an online map, geodata
search engine and editor.

OpenStreetMap was created by Steve Coast in response to

the Ordnance Survey, the United Kingdom's national
mapping agency, failing to release its data to the public OpenStreetMap homepage, showing
under free licences in 2004. Initially, maps were created the world map
only via GPS traces, but it was quickly populated by
Available in 96 languages and
importing public domain geographical data such as the
variants,[1] local
U.S. TIGER and by tracing permitted aerial photography
languages for map
or satellite imagery. OpenStreetMap's adoption was
data
accelerated by Google Maps's introduction of pricing in
Country of United Kingdom
2012 and the development of supporting software and
origin
applications.
Owner OpenStreetMap
The database is hosted by the OpenStreetMap Foundation
Foundation, a non-profit organisation registered in Created by Steve Coast
England and Wales and is funded mostly via donations.
Products Editable geographic
Meta (formerly Facebook) launched its distribution called
data, tiled web map
Daylight, based on OSM in 2020. The Linux Foundation's
layer
Overture Maps Foundation released their first open map
data based on OSM and other sources in July 2023. URL www.openstreetmap
.org (https://www.op
enstreetmap.org/)
History
Commercial No
Steve Coast founded the project in 2004 while at a Registration Required for
university in Britain, initially focusing on mapping the contributors, not
United Kingdom.[3] In the UK and elsewhere, required for viewing
government-run and tax-funded projects like the
Users 10.6 million[2]
Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but declined to
freely and widely distribute them. The first contribution Launched 9 August 2004 [3]

was made in London in 2005.[4] In April 2006, the Current status Active

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OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage Content Open Database

the growth, development and distribution of free license License
geospatial data and provide geospatial data for anybody to
use and share.

In April 2007, Automotive Navigation Data (AND) donated

a complete road data set for the Netherlands and trunk road
data for India and China to the project.[5] By July 2007,
when the first "The State of the Map"(SotM) conference[6]
was held, there were 9,000 registered users. In October
2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census
TIGER road dataset.[7] In December 2007, Oxford
University became the first major organisation to use
The founder of OpenStreetMap,
OpenStreetMap data on their main website.[8] Ways to
Steve Coast, in 2009
import and export data have continued to grow – by 2008,
the project developed tools to export OpenStreetMap data to
power portable GPS units, replacing their existing proprietary and out-of-date maps.[9] In
March 2008, two founders of CloudMade, a commercial company that uses OpenStreetMap
data, announced that they had received venture capital funding of €2.4 million.[10]

Yahoo! (2006–2011),[11][12] Bing (2010 – till date),[13] and DigitalGlobe (2017[14]–2023[15])

allowed their aerial photography, satellite imagery to be used as a backdrop for map production.
For a period from 2009 to 2011, NearMap Pty Ltd made their high-resolution PhotoMaps (of
major Australian cities, plus some rural Australian areas) available under a CC BY-SA licence.
[16]

In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from
their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors.[17] Chief among these were Foursquare
and Craigslist, which adopted OpenStreetMap, and Apple, which ended a contract with Google
and launched a self-built mapping platform using TomTom and OpenStreetMap data.[18]

In March 2020, Facebook announced the initial release of "Daylight Map Distribution", a
quality checked snapshot of OpenStreetMap [19] In mid-December 2022, the Linux Foundation
announced the launch of a new mapping collaboration, the Overture Maps Foundation.[20] Its
stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable,
easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon Web
Services (AWS), Meta, Microsoft and TomTom.[21][22][23] Overture is to be complementary to
OpenStreetMap, and Overture encourages members to contribute data directly to
OpenStreetMap.[24] Overture released alpha dataset consisting of Places of Interest (POIs),
Buildings, Transportation Network and Administrative Boundaries layers sourced on 26 July
2023. 59 million worldwide place data support navigation, local search and other applications.
[25]

OSM Data

Data structure
OpenStreetMap uses a topological data structure, with four core elements (also known as data

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primitives):

Nodes are points with a geographic position, stored as

coordinates (pairs of a latitude and a longitude)
according to WGS 84. Outside of their usage in ways,
they are used to represent map features without a size,
such as points of interest or mountain peaks.[26]
Ways are ordered lists of nodes, representing a polyline,
Illustration of OpenStreetMap data
or possibly a polygon if they form a closed loop. They
primitives (nodes, ways and
are used both for representing linear features such as
relations)
streets and rivers, and areas, like forests, parks, parking
areas and lakes.[26]

Relations are ordered lists of nodes, ways and relations (together called "members"), where
each member can optionally have a "role" (a string). Relations are used for representing the
relationship of existing nodes and ways. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes
that span several existing ways (for instance, a long-distance motorway), and areas with
holes.[26]
Tags are key-value pairs (both arbitrary strings). They are used to store metadata about the
map objects (such as their type, their name and their physical properties). Tags are not
freestanding, but are always attached to an object: to a node, a way or a relation.[26] A
recommended ontology of map features (the meaning of tags) is maintained on a wiki. New
tagging schemes can always be proposed by a popular vote of a written proposal in
OpenStreetMap wiki, however, there is no requirement to follow this process. There are over
89 million different kinds of tags in use as of June 2017.[27]
The OpenStreetMap data primitives are stored and processed in different formats.
OpenStreetMap server uses PostgreSQL database, with one table for each data primitive, with
individual objects stored as rows.[28][29] From this, several database dumps are created, which
are available for download. The complete dump is called planet.osm. These dumps exist in two
formats, one using XML and one using the Protocol Buffer Binary Format (PBF).

License
OpenStreetMap data and derived tiles were originally published under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike licence (CC BY-SA) with the intention of promoting free use and
redistribution of the data. In September 2012, the licence was changed to the Open Database
Licence (ODbL) published by Open Data Commons (ODC) in order to define its bearing on data
rather than representation more specifically.[30][31] As part of this relicensing process, some of
the map data was removed from the public distribution. This included all data contributed by
members that did not agree to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those
affected objects. It also included any data contributed based on input data that was not
compatible with the new terms. Estimates suggested that over 97% of data would be retained
globally, but certain regions would be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24
to 84% of objects would be retained, depending on the type of object.[32] Ultimately, more than
99% of the data was retained, with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely
affected by the change.[33]

All data added to the project needs to have a licence compatible with the Open Database
Licence. This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licences.
Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data may have separate

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licensing terms.

Map tiles provided by the OpenStreetMap project were licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.0 until 1
August 2020. The ODbL license requires attribution to be attached to maps produced from
OpenStreetMap data, but does not require that any particular license be applied to those maps.
"©OpenStreetMap Contributors" with link to ODbL copyright page as attribution requirement
is used on the site.[34]

Map making

Data sources
Map data is collected by ground survey, personal
knowledge, digitizing from imagery, and government data.
Ground survey data is collected by volunteers traditionally
using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, a notebook, digital
camera and voice recorder. Software applications on
smartphones (mobile devices) have made it easy for
anybody to survey. The data is then entered into the
OpenStreetMap database using a number of software tools Editing with JOSM after a ground
including JOSM and Merkaator. Mapathon competition survey
events are also held by local OpenStreetMap teams and by
non-profit organisations and local governments to map a
particular area.

The availability of aerial photography and other data from commercial and government sources
has added important sources of data for manual editing and automated imports. Special
processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems.

Surveys and personal knowledge

Ground surveys are performed by a mapper, on foot, bicycle,
or in a car, motorcycle, or boat. Map data was typically
recorded on a GPS unit or on a smart phone with mapping
app. Once the data has been collected, it is entered into the
database by uploading it onto the project's website together
with appropriate attribute data. As collecting and uploading
data may be separated from editing objects, contribution to
the project is possible without using a GPS unit, e.g. by
using Paper mapping. Surveying routes with a satellite
navigation device
Similar to users contributing data using GPS unit,
corporations (e.g. Amazon) with large vehicle fleets use
telemetry data from the vehicles to contribute data to OpenStreetMap.[35]

Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities, or organising
mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area. A large number of less
active users contribute corrections and small additions to the map.

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Satellite/Aerial images
Maxar,[14] Bing,[13] ESRI, and Mapbox are some of the providers of aerial/satellite imagery
which are used as a backdrop for map production.

Street-level image data

Data from several street-level image platforms are available as map data photo overlays. Bing
Streetside 360° image tracks, and the open and crowdsourced Mapillary and KartaView
platforms provide generally smartphone and windshield-mounted camera images. Additionally,
a Mapillary traffic sign data layer, a product of user-submitted images is also available.[36]

Government data
Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licences. This includes the
United States, where works of the federal government are placed under public domain. In the
United States, most roads originate from TIGER from the Census Bureau.[37] Geographic names
were initially sourced from Geographic Names Information System, and some areas contain
water features from the National Hydrography Dataset. In the UK, some Ordnance Survey
OpenData is imported. In Canada Natural Resources Canada's CanVec vector data and GeoBase
provide landcover and streets.

Globally, OpenStreetMap initially used the prototype global shoreline from NOAA. Due to it
being oversimplified and crude, it has been mainly replaced by other government sources or
manual tracing.

Out-of-copyright maps can be good sources of information about features that do not change
frequently. Copyright periods vary, but in the UK Crown copyright expires after 50 years and
hence old Ordnance Survey maps can legally be used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile maps
from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected, scanned, and is available online as a
resource for contributors.[38]

Contributors
The project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to
emphasis of local knowledge and "on-the-ground" situation
in the process of data collection.[39] Many early contributors
were cyclists who survey with and for bicyclists, charting
cycleroutes and navigable trails.[40] Others are GIS
professionals who contribute data with an extension for
ArcGIS.[41] Contributors are predominately men, with only
3–5% being women.[42]
Field survey in various parts of the
By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Guagua by a group of mappers.
Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered They took notes and photos, and
contributors; by March 2009, there were 100,000 and by recorded GPS tracks. Shown in the
the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200,000. In April photo is the Betis group standing
2012, OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered beside one of the Death March trail
monuments.
contributors.[43] On 6 January 2013, OpenStreetMap
reached one million registered users.[44] Around 30% of

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users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database.[45][46]

As per a study conducted in 2011, only 38% of members carried out at least one edit and only
5% of members created more than 1000 nodes. Most members are in Europe (72%).[47]
According to another study, when a competing maps platform is launched, OSM attracts fewer
new contributors and pre-existing contributors increase their level of contribution possibly
driven by their ideological attachment to the platform. Overall, there is a negative effect on the
quantum of contributions.[48]

Commercial contributors
Some companies freely license satellite/aerial/street imagery sources from which
OpenStreetMap contributors trace roads and features, while other companies make data
available for importing map data. Automotive Navigation Data (AND) provided a complete road
data set for Netherlands and trunk roads data for China and India. In June 2018, the Microsoft
Bing team announced contribution of 125 million U.S. building footprints to the project – four
times the number contributed by users and government data imports.[49] Amazon uses
OpenStreetMap for navigation and has a team which revises the map based on GPS traces and
feedback from its drivers.[50] As of February 2021, Apple was the most prolific corporate editor,
responsible for 80% of edits to existing roads.[50]

According to a study, nearly 17% of all edits to the map came from corporate teams during
2019–2020. The top 13 corporate contributors during 2014–2020 include Apple, Kaart,
Amazon, Facebook, Mapbox, Digital Egypt, Grab, Microsoft, Telenav, Developmentseed, Uber,
Lightcyphers and Lyft.[50] There was some vandalism on some occasions attributed to corporate
editors.[51][52]

Non-governmental organisations
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) is a nonprofit organisation promoting community
mapping across the world. It developed the open source HOT Tasking Manager for
collaboration, and contributed to mapping efforts after the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, and the 2016 Ecuador earthquake. The Missing Maps Project,
founded by the American Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, and other NGOs, uses HOT
Tasking Manager. The University of Heidelberg hosts the Disastermappers Project for training
university students in mapping for humanitarian purposes. When Ebola broke out in 2014, the
volunteers mapped 100,000 buildings and hundreds of miles of roads in Guinea in just five
days.[53]

Software
OpenStreetMap applications utilize multiple components to provide services. The map data is
rendered using pre-generated tiles for various levels of zoom. Editing applications typically
support display of imagery, and field mapping data in the form of GPS traces and voice, photo,
video annotations to aid in editing map. JOSM, ID, StreetComplete, Rapid, Potlatch are the top
5 editing tools for contributions during 2018–2023 according to a study by Heigit.[54]

OSM Website with integrated iD editor

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The web site provides a slippy map interface

based on the Leaflet JavaScript library (and
formerly built on OpenLayers), displaying map
tiles rendered by the Mapnik rendering
engine[55] The basic map views offered are
Standard, Cycle map, Transport map and
Humanitarian. In February 2015,
OpenStreetMap added route planning
OSM application architectural components
functionality to the map on its official website.
[56][57]

iD[58] is used for editing on OSM website. It was originally

developed by Mapbox, with initial financing from the Knight
Foundation and is available under open source.[59] It uses
Ruby on Rails to enable users to edit maps and view
changelogs. The application interfaces with OSM
PostgreSQL database for storage of user data and edit
metadata. The default map is rendered by Mapnik, stored in
PostGIS, and powered by an Apache module called
mod_tile. The map data can be edited utilising the satellite/ OpenStreetMap of Soho, central
aerial imagery, GPS traces, and local knowledge. London, shown in "standard"
OpenStreetMap layer
Nominatim[60] (from the Latin, 'by name') is a tool to search
OpenStreetMap data by name and address (geocoding) and
then to generate synthetic addresses of OpenStreetMap
points (reverse geocoding). Data from Nominatim and
GeoNames are used for the search functionality in OSM
website.[61]

Other desktop/web based applications

"RapiD" is a web based editor derived from iD. It is
developed and used by Facebook for "map with ai" project to
add artificial intelligence (AI) detected maps of roads to
OSM.[62] JOSM, Potlatch,[63] and Merkaartor[64] are more Raw OpenStreetMap data of India
powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited loading in QGIS for analysis and
for advanced users. mapmaking

Mobile applications
Vespucci[65] is the primary full-featured editor for Android; it has been regularly released since
2009. StreetComplete, an Android app launched in 2016,[66] allows users without any
OpenStreetMap knowledge to answer simple questions for existing data in OpenStreetMap, and
thus contribute data.

Quality
As OSM is a crowd sourced project with complex tagging scheme, there is potential for
introduction of unintentional errors and intentional errors. Contributors use history menu on

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the OSM website, tools like OSMcha, OSM Inspector and

Osmose to monitor, review and fix errors.

OpenStreetMap data has been favourably compared with

proprietary datasources,[67] although as of 2009 data
quality varied across the world.[68][69] A study in 2011
compared OSM data with TomTom for Germany. For car
navigation TomTom has 9% more information, while for the
entire street network, OSM has 27% more information.[70]

Mobile applications for general

usage
OsmAnd, Locus Map, Maps.me, and Organic Maps are some
of the mobile applications for general public use. Some of
these also support editing OSM.

OSM community

Humanitarian aid
The 2010 Haiti earthquake established a model for non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) to collaborate with StreetComplete asking user a
international organisations. OpenStreetMap and Crisis question. User filled in the answer.
After tapping "OK" this answer will
Commons volunteers used available satellite imagery to map
be added to an OpenStreetMap
the roads, buildings and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in
database.
just two days, building "the most complete digital map of
Haiti's roads".[72][73] The resulting data and maps have been
used by several organisations providing relief aid, such as the World Bank, the European
Commission Joint Research Centre, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,
UNOSAT and others.[74]

After Haiti, the OpenStreetMap community continued mapping to support humanitarian

organisations for various crises and disasters. After the Northern Mali conflict (January 2013),
Typhoon Haiyan[75][76] in the Philippines (November 2013), and the Ebola virus epidemic in
West Africa (March 2014), the OpenStreetMap community in association with the NGO
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) has shown it can play a significant role in
supporting humanitarian organisations.[53]

Derivative map projects

Several open collaborative mapping projects integrate with the OpenStreetMap database or are
otherwise affiliated with the OpenStreetMap project:

OpenHistoricalMap is a world historical map based on the OpenStreetMap software

platform.[77]
OpenRailwayMap is a detailed online map of the world's railway infrastructure, built on
OpenStreetMap data. It has been available since mid-2013 at openrailwaymap.org.[78]

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OpenSeaMap is a world nautical chart built as a mashup

of OpenStreetMap, crowdsourced water depth tracks,
and third-party weather and bathymetric data.
Wheelmap.org is a portal for mapping, browsing, and
reviewing wheelchair-accessible places.

OSM based companies

Mapbox is one of the earliest company to provide OSM
based services. Custom maps can also be generated from
OpenStreetMap data through various software including
Jawg Maps, Mapnik, Mapbox Studio, Mapzen's Tangrams.
[79] OSRM, GraphHopper, MapQuest and Mapbox's Valhalla

are some of the route planning application providers.

OpenStreetMap Philippines GPS

"State of the Map" conferences map, an end-product of over a
thousand crisis mappers that
Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has held an
contributed almost 5 million map
annual, international conference called State of the Map
updates during the 2013 Haiyan
(SotM) where all stake holders gather to share progress and humanitarian activation[71]
discuss issues.[6] There are also various national, regional
and continental SotM conferences, such as SotM U.S., SotM
Baltics, SotM Asia & SotM Africa.

Organisations using OSM

Wikimedia projects provide locator map for cities and travel points of interest based on
OpenStreetMap data. Wikipedia uses OpenStreetMap data to render custom maps using
Kartographer extension.[80]

A variety of popular services incorporate some sort of geolocation or map-based component.

Notable services using OpenStreetMap for this include Facebook,[81] Apple Inc., Craigslist,[82]
Flickr,[83] Foursquare,[84] Snapchat,[85] and Strava.[86]

Navigation users include Amazon, Tesla,[87] Garmin, Moovit (public transit navigation),[88]
Organic Maps,[89] Geotab,[90] Komoot (hiking and cycling guide),[91] and Gurtam.[92]

Game developer users include Ballardia (World of the Living Dead: Resurrection),[93] Niantic
(Ingress, Pokémon Go),[94][95] Hasbro (Monopoly City Streets),[96][97] and Jutsu Games
(Infection Free Zone).

Some innovative applications include Webots creating a virtual environment for autonomous
vehicle simulations[98] and OpenTopoMap rendering topographic maps based on
OpenStreetMap data and on SRTM data.[99]

The Overture Maps Foundation is dedicated to releasing open geodata, and is explicitly aliged
with and intended to be complementary to, OSM. It encourages its contributors to contribute to
OSM.[100]

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OSM based research

OpenStreetMap data was used in scientific studies. For example, road data was used for
research of remaining roadless areas[101] and in the creation of the annual Forest Landscape
Integrity Index.[102]

See also
Collaborative mapping – Aggregation of web mapping and user content
Neogeography – Amateur-focused geography
Turn-by-turn navigation – Feature of GPS navigation devices
Volunteered geographic information – Type of user-generated content
Google Map Maker – Collaborative mapping tool
Waze – Mobile GPS navigation app
Komoot – Mobile navigation app

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Bibliography
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Further reading
Bennett, Jonathan (2010). OpenStreetMap: Be Your Own Cartographer. Packt Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-84719-750-4.
Ramm, Frederik; Topf, Jochen; Chilton, Steve (2010). OpenStreetMap: Using and
Enhancing the Free Map of the World. UIT Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-906860-11-0.

External links
Official website (https://www.openstreetmap.org/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenStreetMap&oldid=1219371656"

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