Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020
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ABSTRACT
important? And talking about use arc (GIS), and some programs.
have added new concepts, leading to apparently endless proliferation and creating
a need for simplification. We show that many of these concepts can be derived
from a single foundation that we term the atomic form of geographic information.
The familiar concepts of continuous fields and discrete objects can be derived
under suitable rules applied to the properties and values of the atomic form. Fields
and objects are further integrated through the concept of phase space, and in the
static or dynamic object shape, the possibility of movement, and the possibility of
dynamic internal structure. The atomic form also provides a tentative argument
that discrete objects and continuous fields are the only possible bases for
geographic representation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 2
Table of Contents 3
Introduction 4
Methods 9
Theory /Design 12
Conclusion…………………………………………………………...……………17
Reference……………………………………………………..……..…………….18
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INTRODUCTION
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The key
word to this technology is Geography – this means that some portion of the data is
spatial. In other words data that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth.
Coupled with this data is usually tabular data known as attribute data. Attribute
data can be generally defined as additional information about each of the spatial
features. An example of this would be schools. The actual location of the schools is
the spatial data. Additional data such as the school name, level of education taught,
It is the partnership of these two data types that enables GIS to be such an effective
GIS is more than just software. People and methods are combined with geospatial
software and tools, to enable spatial analysis, manage large datasets, and display
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insurance, telecommunications, and business.[2] For this reason, GIS and location
GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the
use of location as the "key index variable". Locations and extents that are found in
the Earth's space-time, are able to be recorded through the date and time of
(y), and elevation (z). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal, location and extent
location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues
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BACKGROUND & REVIEW
differences. The similarity lies in the fact that both a cartographic document and a
GIS contain examples of a base map to which additional data can be added. The
differences are that there is no limit to the amount of additional data that can be
added to a GIS map and secondly the GIS use analysis and statistics to present data
Cartographic maps are often extremely simplified as there are limits to the amount
of data that can be phis there have been four distinct phases in the development of
Geographic Information Systems. Phase one, between the early 1960s and the,
mid, 1970s saw a new discipline being dominated by a few key individuals who
were to shape the direction of future research and development. The second phase,
from the mod 1970s to early 1980s saw the adoption of technologies by national
agencies that led to a focus on the development of best practice. Phase three,
between 1982 until the late 1980s saw the development and exploitation of the
commercial market place surrounding GIS whilst the final phase since the late
making facilities more users centric. ically and meaningfully stored on a small
map.
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First GIS
eighties until the mid-nineties by which time it was Figure1: First GIS
driven by mainframe hardware and contained data sets from the entire Canadian
land mass.
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The map, published in the report, Rapport sure la Marche et les effects du choléra-
morbus dans Paris, is likely the first use of spatial analysis in epidemiology. 1832
PICQUET.
A similar situation led to John Snow depicting cholera deaths in London using
points on a map in 1854. The Snow map was important because it was not just a
a spatial analysis of data displayed on the map and it is oft cited as one of the
out layers from a map. Vegetation, Water and developed land could all be printed
as separate themes. Whilst giving the appearance of being a GIS this does not
data.
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METHODS
many geospatial positions. The majority of GIS analyst level positions require
1. ArcGIS
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ArcGIS is a geographical information system (GIS) software that allows handling
through layer building maps like climate data or trade flows. It’s used by a whole
host of academic institutions and departments, both in the humanities and sciences,
be linked, shared and analyzed. Like many GIS software, ArcGIS creates maps that
when they’re overlaid one on top of another, the program lines them up properly to
create a complex data map. The base layer is almost always a geographical map,
pulled out of a range of sources depending upon the visualization needed (satellite,
road map, etc.). This program has a lot of them available to users and also contains
The first three layers are called feature or vector layers, each containing individual
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a) Points (like landmarks, buildings).
b)
data).
2. Quantum GIS
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Figure4: Quantum GIS 1.8.0 Lisboa –OSM-denhaag.
Is jam-packed with hidden gems at your fingertips. For example, you can automate
figures .There’s no other free mapping software on this list that lets you map like a
rock star than QGIS.QGIS Plugins boost this mapping software into a state of
epicenes. If the tool doesn’t exist, search for a plugin developed by the QGIS
community. Volunteer effort is key to its success. The QGIS Stack Exchange
support is impressively great. If you’re still searching for free GIS software, you’d
be insane not to download the free GIS software QGIS. Here’s your beginner’s
guide to QGIS to get your feet wet. In February 2018, QGIS 3 brings a whole new
THEORY /DESIGN
A mixed methods approach was undertaken in the study including the use of
geographic information systems (GIS). For the quantitative component, data was
gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year
estimates at the census tract level. Arc Map, commercial GIS software, was used to
create thematic digital renderings of the target spatial area according to the
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collected variables. Summarized below are some of the more common and
skilled cartographer to create maps. Google map, Bing map, Yahoo map are
identify sites suitable for business outlets. The technique will consider
various themes to be used must all use the same referencing system
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amount or areas where there is density of points greater than a specific
level. Typically a GIS will require multiple levels of iteration before the
4) Location Analysis: The technique best used to identify a location for a new
retail outlet. The technique has been developed from theoretical methods
Architecture GIS
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Figure7: Architecture Lab General Ideas about Architecture
a) .
Line of Sight – Planning high-rise buildings so they don’t obstruct the view
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Agriculture GIS
a) Precision Farming – Harvesting more bushels per acre while spending less
Index).
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Telecom and Network services
these no historic wrecks with GIS. This division is providing public information
that makes citizens awareness of these vessel locations through web map. The web
map will be regularly updated to keep the boating public informed of these coastal
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CONCLOUSION
The ability to integrate and analyze data organized in multiple thematic layers is a
these, you need to be both a knowledgeable and skillful GIS user. The objective of
this text, and the associated Penn State course, has been to help you become more
knowledgeable about geographic data. Knowledgeable users are well versed in the
properties of geographic data that need to be taken into account to make data
vector and raster data, and know something about how features, topological
relationships among features, attributes, and time can be represented within the two
be organized and analyzed as layers, the data must be both orthorectified and
map projections, and datums that can confound efforts to georegister data layers.
Knowledgeable users know that the information needed to register data layers is
found in metadata. Knowledgeable users understand that all geographic data are
generalized, and that the level of detail preserved depends upon the scale and
resolution at which the data were originally produced. Knowledgeable users are
prepared to convince their bosses that small-scale, low resolution data should not
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REFERENCE
1. https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/GIS
2. https://www.gislounge.com/history-of-gis/
3. https://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2016/webprogram/Paper26050.html
4. https://www.gislounge.com/learning-programming-for-gis/
5. https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/what-is-arcgis/
6. https://grindgis.com/blog/gis-applications-uses
7. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/power-bi/visuals/power-bi-visualization-
arcgis
8. https://gisgeography.com/free-gis-software/
9. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c9_p15.html
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