Report Title

Organizing Qualitative and Quantitative

data

Name: Daneal Nawzad Sofi

Class: First

Course: Engineering-Statistics

Department: Geomatics

College of Engineering

Salahaddin University-Erbil

Academic Year 2019-2020

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 ABSTRACT

This report is an overview of my experience about an engineering topic is a

Organizing Qualitative and Quantitative data. Answer some question what is a

Qualitative and Quantitative? What a different between? And why is important

Qualitative and Quantitative for organizing data?

This article reports on strategies for planning, organizing, collecting, managing,

storing, retrieving, analyzing, and writing about qualitative data so as to most

efficiently manage the mountains of words collected in large-scale ethnographic

projects. Multiple benefits accrue from this approach. Field expenditures are linked

to units of work so productivity is measured, many staff in various locations has

access to use and analyze the data, quantitative data can be derived from data that

is primarily qualitative, and improved efficiencies of resources are developed.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 2

Table of Contents 3

Introduction 4

Background & Review 6

Methods 9

Theory/Design 12

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...…16

Reference………………………………………………………………………….17

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 INTRODUCTION

As you’ll see later in this article, there can be overlap in the definitions of

qualitative and quantitative data. But in the strictest sense, these are two distinct

categories.

Quantitative Data is a Traditionally thought of as black-and-white numbers,

quantitative information can also be thought of as “countable” or “chartable.”

Numbers, statistics, percentages, and any other figures that are fixed and

measurable are considered quantitative. This type of data is also easily replicable

because it’s generated by using objective calculations or formulas.

We’ll explain more in the next section, but keep in mind the goal of management

reporting is to present high-level, easy-to-understand summaries of what’s

happening in the organization. Tables and charts can be good for some types of

information, but don’t always tell the full story. Those numbers, while important,

must convey meaning to be useful to your leadership team. Qualitative data can be

generated through is a (Texts and documents, Audio and video recordings, Images

and symbols, Interview transcripts and focus groups and Observations and notes).

Qualitative Data Is a Typically, quantitative information is supported by qualitative

research to help interpret the numbers. In other words, if quantitative data is

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objective, then qualitative is subjective. This is an overgeneralization, but helps to

differentiate the two. Quantitative data can be generated through is a(Tests,

Survey, Experiments, Market reports and Metrics).

The purpose of qualitative information is to provide context to hard numbers so

management teams can get an in-depth understanding of the factors that may be

influencing operational data and employee statistics. Qualitative data includes

ideas and hypotheses to advance quantitative findings. It’s more exploratory in

nature, as well as dynamic, interpretative, and negotiable. This may sound a bit

flimsy, but these interpretative explanations are critical to uncovering links

between variables and trends over time. Most importantly, qualitative data

provides rationale for strategic decision making, which is why you’re tracking

information in the first place. Using qualitative elements is storytelling with data.

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 BACKGROUND & REVIEW

As a field of study, qualitative approaches

include research concepts and methods

from multiple established academic fields.

The aim of a qualitative research project

may vary with the disciplinary

background, such as a psychologist Figure1: qualitative.

seeking in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern

such behavior for example. Qualitative methods are best for researching many of

the why and how questions of human experience, in making a decision for example

(not just what, where, when, or "who"); and have a strong basis in the field of

sociology to understand government and social programs. Qualitative research is

widely used by political science, social work, and education researchers.

In the conventional view of statisticians, qualitative methods produce explanations

only of the particular cases studied (e.g., as part of an ethnography of a newly

implemented government program). Any general conclusions beyond the study

context are considered tentative propositions (informed assertions), since the

general propositions are not usually arrived at on the basis of statistical theory.

Quantitative methods are, therefore, needed to seek mathematical evidence and

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justification for such hypotheses for further

research. In the early 1900s, some

researchers rejected positivism, the

theoretical idea that there is an objective

world which we can gather data from and

"verify" this data through empiricism.

Figure2: Quantitative.

These researchers embraced a qualitative research paradigm, attempting to make

qualitative research as "rigorous" as quantitative research and creating myriad

methods for qualitative research. Such developments were necessary as qualitative

researchers won national center awards, in collaboration with their research

colleagues at other universities and departments; and university administrations

funded Ph.D.s in both arenas through the ensuing decades. Most theoretical

constructs involve a process of qualitative analysis and understanding, and

construction of these concepts.

n natural and social sciences, and maybe in other fields, quantitative research is the

systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical,

mathematical, or computational techniques.[1] The objective of quantitative

research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses

pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative

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research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical

observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.

Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics,

percentages, etc. The researcher analyses the data with the help of statistics and

hopes the numbers will yield an unbiased result that can be generalized to some

larger population. Qualitative research, on the other hand, inquires deeply into

specific experiences, with the intention of describing and exploring meaning

through text, narrative, or visual-based data, by developing themes exclusive to

that set of participants.

Quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography,

sociology, marketing, community health, health & human development, gender

studies, and political science; and less frequently in anthropology and history.

Research in mathematical sciences, such as physics, is also "quantitative" by

definition, though this use of the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the

term relates to empirical methods originating in both philosophical positivism and

the history of statistics, in contrast with qualitative research methods.

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 METHODS

Why are quantitative and qualitative data important? Quantitative and qualitative

data provide different outcomes, and are often used together to get a full picture of

a population. For example, if data are collected on annual income (quantitative),

occupation data (qualitative) could also be gathered to get more detail on the

average annual income for each type of occupation. Quantitative and qualitative

data can be gathered from the same data unit depending on whether the variable of

interest is numerical or categorical. For example:

Data unit Numeric variable Quantitative Categorical variable Qualitative

data data
A person How many children do 4 children
In which country were Australia
you have? your children born?
A house How many square 200,square In which city or town Brisbane
meters is the house? meters is the house located?
A business How many workers are 264,employee What is the industry Retail
currently employed? s of the business?

Table1: Quantitative data & Qualitative data.

How can you use quantitative and qualitative data? It is important to identify

whether the data are quantitative or qualitative as this affects the statistics that can

be produced.

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Frequency counts: The number of times an observation occurs (frequency) for a

data item (variable) can be shown for both quantitative and qualitative data. The

graphs below arrange the quantitative and qualitative data to show the frequency

distribution of the data.

Quantitative Data

Table2: Frequency of h worked per week.

Qualitative Data

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 Table3: Frequency of occupation

As absolute frequencies can be calculated on quantitative and qualitative data,

relative frequencies can also be produced, such as percentages, proportions, rates

and ratios. For example, the graphs above show 4 people (20%) worked less than

30 hours per week, and 6 people (30%) are teachers.

THEORY/DESIGN

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This paged talking about Types of Qualitative Data &quantitative. Primary

quantitative research is the most widely used method of conducting market

research. The distinct feature of primary research is that the researcher focuses on

collecting data directly rather than depending on data collected from previously

done research. Primary quantitative research can be broken down into three further

distinctive tracks, as well as the process flow. They are:

1. Techniques:

There are multiple types of primary quantitative research. They can be

distinguished into the four following distinctive methods, which are:

 Survey Research: Is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research

methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of

respondents, using various types such as

online polls, online surveys, paper

questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc. Figure3: Survey Research.

Every small and big organization intends to

understand what their customers think about

their products and services, how well are new features faring in the market

and other such details.

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 Correlational Research: A comparison between two entities is invariable.

Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two

closely-knit entities and how one impacts the other and what are the changes

that are eventually observed. This research method is carried out to give

value to naturally occurring relationships, and a minimum of two different

groups are required to conduct this quantitative research method

successfully. Without assuming various aspects, a relationship between two

groups or entities must be established.

2. Data Analysis Techniques:

Aspect of primary quantitative research is data analysis. After the collection

of raw data, there has to be an analysis of this data to derive statistical

inferences from this research. It is important to relate the results to the

objective of research and establish the statistical relevance of results.

 SWOT Analysis: Analysis stands for the acronym

of Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat

analysis. Organizations use this statistical analysis

technique to evaluate their performance internally

and externally to develop effective strategies for

Figure4: SWOT Analysis.
improvement.

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  Conjoint Analysis: Conjoint Analysis is a market analysis method to learn

how individuals make complicated purchasing decisions. Trade-offs is

involved in the daily activities of an individual, and these reflect their ability

to decide from a complex list of product/service options.

Types of Qualitative Data

Qualitative data collection is exploratory; it involves in-depth analysis and

research. Qualitative data collection methods are mainly focused on gaining

insights, reasoning, and motivations; hence they go deeper in terms of research.

Since the qualitative data cannot be measured, researchers prefer methods or data

collection tools that are structured to a limited extent. Here is the qualitative data

collection:

1. One-to-One Interviews: It is one of the most commonly used data

collection instruments for qualitative research, mainly because of its

personal approach. The interviewer or the researcher collects data directly

from the interviewee on a one-to-one basis. The interview may be informal

and unstructured – conversational. Mostly the open-ended questions are

asked spontaneously, with the interviewer letting the flow of the interview

dictate the questions to be asked.

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2. Focus groups: This is done in a group

discussion setting. The group is limited to 6-10

people, and a moderator is assigned to

moderate the ongoing discussion. Depending

on the data which is sorted, the members of a Figure5: Focus Groups.

group may have something in common. For example, a researcher

conducting a study on track runners will choose athletes who are track

runners or were track runners and have sufficient knowledge of the subject

matter.

3. Record keeping: This method makes use of the already existing reliable

documents and similar sources of information as the data source. This data

can be used in the new research. It is similar to going to a library. There, one

can go over books and other reference material to collect relevant data that

can be used in the research.

4. Process of observation: In this qualitative data collection method, the

researcher immerses himself/ herself in the setting where his respondents

are, and keeps a keen eye on the participants and takes down notes. Besides

taking notes, other documentation methods, such as video and audio

recording, photography, and similar methods, can be used.

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 CONCLUSION

Each of these researches are done for a purpose just like Qualitative is done to gain

understanding of a specific organization or phenomena, Quantitative is done by

analyzing data with the help of statistics it has to do with numbers. Just like

everything they both have their advantages and disadvantages.

Qualitative and Quantitative have given the same results and hence the

methodology can be validated.

The research methodology can be taken as a reference for further research work in

Steel Plant project or in similar researches for other infrastructure projects.

Most of the risks that are identified and which have to be mitigated are from

development phase .These risks are to be taken into considerations for future steel

plant projects.

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 REFERENCE

1. https://learn.g2.com/qualitative-vs-quantitative-data?fbclid

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41909131_Organizing_Mountains

_of_Words_for_Data_Analysis_both_Qualitative_and_Quantitative

3. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-data/?fbclid

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_analysis?fbclid

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research?fbclid

6. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/?fbclid

7. https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language

+-+quantitative+and+qualitative+data#:~:text=Quantitative

8. https://www.slideshare.net/xdilx123/study-in-risk-management-of-steel-

plant-projects-49156298

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