CGP Chem

_CGP
Edexcel International GCSE
Chemistry
For the Grade 9-1 Course
New! a
Exam Practice Workboo
Includes Answers
For the Chemistry and Science (Double Award) specifications
Unbeatable CGP books for
International GCSE Science!
CGP
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: SE Edexcel International GCSE fy Edex CGP.
ternational GC: 5 | Cel Internat,
sepa Chemistry Physics
, F
Biology For the Grade 9-1 Course i cs
For the Grade 9-1 Course For the Grade 9-1 Course
The Revision Guide

\ Workbook
Exam Practice
‘3
Edexcel International epg
| Chemistry
©Edexcel International GCSE
(J -aee
Edexce] Internationa] GCSE
Biology
Foror the Grade 9-1 Course Ok ne Eon Sh eee For the Grade =9-1 Cou se
Guide Exam Practice Workbook | The Revisi

on Guide
The Revision
Fantastic Revision Guides and matching Exam Practice Workbooks,

all 100% up to date for the Grade 9-1 Edexcel courses!
Ske € No pitks
CGP.”
Other uy,
(
CGP — revision that’s right up your alloy...

Chemistry exams can seem daunting, but they're a whole lot less scary when
you know what to expect. That's where this brilliant CGP book comes in...
It's full to the brim with exam-style questions for Edexcel's Grade 9-1
International GCSE Chemistry* course — plus two complete practice exam
papers to make sure youre 100% ready for the real thing.
Better yet, weve included step-by-step answers at the back of the book
— perfect for working out how to pick up every last mark!
* It's great for the Chemistry parts of the Edexcel International GCSE Science Double Award too.
CGP — still the best! ©

Our sole aim here at CGP is to produce the highest quality books —
carefully written, immaculately presented and dangerously close to being funny.
Then we work our socks off to get them out to you

— at the cheapest possible prices.
Contents
v Use the tick boxes to check off the topics you've completed.
po ELS 2ae ee ae 2 Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

0 AE Se 3 Group 1 — The Alkali Metals.su:innunnnannnana 40[ |
Group 7 — The Halogets srevnnmtrnnnesintntenscna 41 [|
Displacement Reaction .aricinutnunisornnnsnnaertill 42 [|
Gases in the Atmosphetecacnevemuncnnesinsnneta 43 a
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures CpaseS iri) ReACtl ONS sree nssveccsrseetsicesrrertourecisnear ce 44 Sg
IRIN REE ON en i Sicha cysctssrteen anne 4 [| a eh a 45[ |
eels UAE (4Sa (eo 5F Reactions of. Metalls.c:cccunnsasonsiquncmmaenaisnaal 46 [|
Te a ae 6[ | The Reactivity, Series -.ucnsinsmraessscininunnnn 48 [|
Lnivesticga
tiryp SOMBIE Gath scnce caused sneenstenonmnseomt
sade7 = VFO pennnrse anne ennui ch eotstinnteatpsss lo ode 50 [ |
pie yc Sete 2 EET ee eave TS 2 8 i Metals and: Redox ecsescieisisosivsxinsissnnsenssiestiiaan 51 [|
Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass renvjnnnrnnnnnnnse 9 = ses of Metals .cssnscsononectsorisntreenentneesoeatross a 52 , |
Elements. Compounds and Mixtures ..cenennsensenennin 10 [| Acids and Alkallis.sscaccccccssassecomeetiseesrte sina 53 [|
CPE
N IR LC cess ected
ercsonepen rer 11 a4 Reactions. Of ACIS ..sinnininisnasennnteniei 54 ‘3
Titres susssscsinoeriscrsesnssovncrsome
sntonsssivsnesies a 55 [ |
Making, Insoluble Sallts.ii.or-ciunianerncsnomneea 56 [|
Making Soluble. Salts ssia.cjsiindatt itt 57 b |
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and
Tests for Cations .cineecnnniioiststcsasasonmecscseteeneal 58 Ss
Bonding
Tests for AImions isinsnicissisioatsiiiitSests-ailish
ueana 59 @
We Pendle Vat create estrecho a Pa
Tests for Gases and Water .dssonsamiqescnnaelae 60 @
BIBEEFON SEIS cose acne eee eneeicamcctnr
cane 15 aS
Pinre onthe PeriOdie labbesrcssienasseateninnccanntaneeed 16 z
ert ool8 [1c DOERR ea Belle Adleba ctece Fem 17 [|
lomic Compourids8A>. 2228 a oe. 18 [|
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry
Covalent Bonding...2¢.2cmek
oe pater naa ech nse.20 Bs]
Energy Transfer in: Reactions ..-:.cucetigeasaneegeenen 61 [|
Covalent Substances causutintinncarr
eee teeaae. 22 [|
Measuring Enthalpy Changes..ueummnunusnnmsnen 62 [|
Electrical Conductivity and Metals ...uammmnmunnensue 23 Leq
Calculating Enthalpy Changes... 63 a
Bond Energies .snsesseiiercchslcesitiies
staal =neice 64 a2
Rates of Reaction 2tkc5u So ee ee 65 [ |
Cattalysts.....isisieunsstias
stacomsiite traeetac late agen 67 [ |
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations
and Electrolysis Measuring Rates of Reaction cnminnnnnnnnnnannin 68 [|
Balancing Equations... seemcem feds ten. 24 eel Rate of Reaction Experiment cannes 69 [ |
Relative Formula Massuscmecoae
ehebie eens ctebmene 26 oa Reversible Reactions novcsicnutleetnpesshnnnsinsusee 71 a8
0 Se ek Se
IE ERT hie a8 Sy
Calculating Masses in Reactions ..rsmsntnnnnnnne 29 a
Calculating Percentage Yield .enmmsnntnnsninnnnmnne 31 [|
Empirical and Molecular Formulae... 32 [|
Finding Formulae Using Experiment .vcc::cnnnnnnmns 33 [|
Merete 05 Crystalis
tion eis cccthsstisieisnsninsn selomcapnninon 34 [|
PORES arid Concentration ncn
eee ckncrrecrtine a5 es
Se a a, 36 [J
ES LIE Le a7 [|
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions .ccdj:mmnnnnnnnnnuenen 38 [|
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry Practice Papers
RETR SOPTIPOUNES crs hc ccttteaciemusrarettvastecapsen ra Practice Paper’ | Cotceeecck
sae eer
MEN GET RPE 2 rehab mnniciiochigns "5 [oy Practice Papers 20s, oe Se es
re ae eee
ctetissSorsai ntsremercertserien 76 [|
ee ae. Le ee 77|_ | ANSWEPS ces ee ee ee
I AYERS
CAY DOT i catrnprpns cere nitiecaver Bene 78 ei
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NE AION ssc
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Published by CGP
Editors:
Alex Billings, Robin Flello, Rachel Kordan and Sarah Pattison
Contributor:
Paddy Gannon
With thanks to Katherine Faudemer, Ciara McGlade, Jamie Sinclair and Hayley Thompson for the proofreading.
With thanks to Ana Pungartnik for the copyright research.
ISBN: 978 1 78294 686 1
www.cgpbooks.co.uk
Clipart from Corel®
Printed by Elanders Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne
Based on the classic CGP style created by Richard Parsons.
Text, design, layout and original illustrations © Coordination Group Publications Ltd. (CGP) 2017
All rights reserved.
Photocopying this book is not permitted. Extra copies are available from CGP with next day delivery.
0800 1712 712 * www.cgpbooks.co.uk
* Hold the book upright, approximately 5O cm from your face, ensuring that the text looks like this, not *!}.
Alternatively, place the book on a horizontal surface (e.g. a table or desk) and sit adjacent to the book,
at a distance which doesn't make the text too small to sea
* In case of emergency, press the two halves of the book together firmly in order to close.
* Before attempting to use this book, familiarise yourself with the following safety information:
The questions are ; These grade stamps

gis pple hiae
so you can get exam
: Making Soluble
.
Salts
—_
help to show how
difficult the questions
practice on exactly : are. Remember, to
1 A student is making a sample ofa salt by reacting /Srave Nee 2
;
ex obsb kd sata ammonium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. get ox fe ‘
you to abl
be
Name the salt formed in this reaction. to answer a :
er Ser A TY questions, not just

the hardest ones.
b) The student uses a titration method to add ammonium hydroxide solution to the acid until the
reaction reaches its end point, which is shown by a change in colour of an indicator in the solution.
Paper
2
The student then crystallises the solution to obtain the salt. These are stamps
to show
Will this produce a pure sample of the salt? Explain your answer. you which questions are
-savebvdvouesatdnssneéuseovesnitesonioessnbatcnitestpoiclaastansieie pect aoa Ens nee a about thetestedalieaie
could be practicals you
There are boxes to | | wrrrrneresseserstesessssersessessescssessssnecssusensusesssessssscnssscssssccansensnacssnsecansecsnsecenscssunccsasecansccquucennsscqnnecansecnanseanaeseey exams. If the stamp isby

show you which the page title,the whole
[Total 2 marks] page is about that practical.
questions test
Paper 2 material.
2 Copper sulfate is a soluble salt that can be made by the reaction |PRACTICAL,
between sulfuric acid, H,SO,, and copper oxide, CuO,
a) Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols,

for the reaction between sulfuric acid and copper oxide.
These contain
2 A student found that burning 1.15 g of ethanol (C,H,OH) raised the temperature of handy tips tohelp
50 g of water by 34.5 °C. She calculated that this was a heat energy change of 7245 J. you with specific
“questions.
a) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol that SVM
: . = Te 74
the student burnt in her experiment. =

=
-work out the number of
Moles, you first need to work
There are answer =, out the rel lative formula
UALIN TY UVTI mass. =
tye
lines for you to write Uy
| id} |4 . »
your answers on. For : You'tas ir. "

calculation questions, CE) Moles = oon... ese cecececessccecscsessseesscessvess ie ceack
an
there's also space for
you to do your working. b) Calculate the molar enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) for the combustion of ethanol.
Molar enthalpy change = ............ssscscscsssssesesceeeassenes
[Total 4 marks]
Exam Practice Tip
, Calculations, calculations, calculations. Everyone's favourite. You'll have heard it a thousand times before,
but always check your working after you've done a question, and check the units too. For a molar enthalpy
Exam Practice Tips question you also need to think about signs: ~’ for exothermic reactions and ‘+’ for endothermic reactions.
give you_hints to
help with answering Section 5 — Physical Chemistry
exam questions. —
Tick the box that matches how confident you feel with the questions in each topic.
This should help show you where you need to focus your revision.
How To Use This Book

Before you get cracking on some exam practice, here's some handy information and some tips to help you in the exams.
Edexcel International GCSE Exam Stuff

1) For the Edexcel International GCSE in Chemistry, you'll
Paper Time No. of marks
sit two exam papers at the end ofyour course —_>
2) Some material in the specification will only be
tested in Paper 2. The questions that cover Paper 2
material in this book are marked with a Paper 2 box.
You Need to Understand the Command Words

Command words are the words in a question that tell you what to do.
If you don't know what they mean, you might not be able to answer the questions properly.
This means you need to recall facts or write about what something is like.
You have to give reasons for something or say why or how something happens.
This means the same thing as ‘Name...’ or ‘Give...

You usually just have to give a short definition or an example of something.
You need to use your knowledge to work out the answer. It'll often be something you
haven't been taught, but you should be able to use what you know to figure it out.
This means you'll have to use numbers from the question to work something out.
You'll probably have to get your calculator out.
Seven Golden Rules for your Exam

1) Always, always, always make sure you read the question properly.
For example, if the question asks you to give your answer in cm’, don't give it in dm’.
2) Look at the number of marks a question is worth.

The number of marks gives you a pretty good clue of how much to write. So if a question is worth four marks,
make sure you write four decent points. And there's no point writing an essay for a question that's only worth
one mark — it's just a waste of
your time.
3) Write your answers as clearly as you can.

If the examiner can't read your answer you won't get any marks, even if it's right.
4) Use specialist vocabulary.

You know the words | mean — the sciencey ones, like enthalpy change and polymerisation. Examiners love them.
5) Show each step in your calculations.

You're less likely to make a mistake if you write things out in steps. And even if your final answer's wrong,
you'll probably pick up some marks if the examiner can see that your method is right. You also need to |
make sure you're working in the right units — check before you put any numbers in your calculator. |
RA ke EE TAT A tones ee he VEZ, |
6) Pay attention to the time. = Obeying these Golden Rules will help you get
Don't spend ages staring at the question paper. If you're totally, as many marks as you can in the exams —
but they're no use if you haven't learnt the stuff
hopelessly stuck on a question, just leave it and move on to the next one. in the first place. So make sure you revise well
You can always go back to it at the end if you've got enough time. and do as many practice questions as you can.
a
ta
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ea
Oo
aaA
COWVVEVAA NEP E UVP EEDA
7) Be prepared and try not to panic.
Exam day can give anyone a case of the jitters. So make sure you've got everything you need for the exam
(pen, spare pen, pencil, ruler, calculator) ready the night before. Eat a good breakfast. And try to relax...
4 Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures
: States of Matter : |
, <=
ig gis? ve G rade
1 Substances can exist in three states of matter: solid, liquid or gas. 3-4)
a) In which of these three states of matter are the forces of attraction between the particles strongest?
Me a ee Ee
[1]
b) Name the state of matter illustrated in the diagram below.
SQA cn acisitatuedneiecscartale
tyieee cee cn
[1]
c) Describe the movement of particles in a gas.
ConS Tank mevernene. Covel canctony, Pee 2 csssseensecnenmnenseenaesee

[1]
[Total 3 marks]
Z The diagram shows a substance changing ) liquid

between solid, liquid and gas states. 4-6 QS A
melting
a) Give the letter of the arrow that represents subliming. B C
PERS Veh osGtau weeds + eCaLeeue chives cocndnvicende« dMigent << vmageegs eas ua cxeaieUsieavesuneane solid Cpr as
if] & \_D_y 8
b) Give the name of the process represented by arrow A. ENRE NAMED Oe

[1]
c) Describe what happens to the particles in a solid when it is heated to the point of melting.
Me... kas: NEXES... AAIO.. CASO, 4. SOUS iing,. Facenis... MIO Cae wanesMOGs.
Mis casmvss..Boe. Keres reldvog the estinc\s egeeag sak
Me. Saha. reo ds. Me SMe cemclaad melens. oft Asta
NS LITTLE... Senn. WE... ESSA, ECON. IMS COB NEO NScccccecneene
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
Score: =
9
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures @®)& [| @L)
) Movement of Particles
1 A student placed a small amount of potassium manganate(VII) in a beaker of water. Foams
The potassium manganate(VII) completely dissolved, turning the water nearby purple. (3-4)
Eventually all the water in the beaker was purple. aes
a) Give the name of the process which made the colour spread through the beaker.
SHSSLSTRS Saas cee see eee seeVeeseCeSeePSsaerecescceseceeecoeerercecccceredee Od Sele SeOO eee neevescesesesecesoeererereerecescoesesourcceccoececceseseeS
b) The student then added more water to the beaker. Which sentence correctly explains what
happened to the colour of the water?
[| A The colour was unchanged as the amount of potassium manganate(VII) stayed the same.
[| B The colour was unchanged as water particles don’t react with potassium manganate(VII).
[ | C The water got less purple as some of the potassium manganate(VII) particles reacted.
D The water got less purple as the potassium manganate(VII) particles spread further ae
y|
c) The result of the student’s next experiment is shown below. A white ring of ammonium chloride
has formed on the glass tube at the point where the hydrogen chloride gas met the ammonia gas.
sealed glass tube ring of ammonium chloride
source of source of hydrogen

ammonia gas chloride gas
Which sentence correctly explains why the ring formed closer to the source of hydrogen chloride
than the source of ammonia?
[| A The air was warmer near the source of the hydrogen chloride, so it evaporated more quickly.
[4 B The particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter, so they diffused more quickly.
[| C The particles of ammonia were diluted by the air in the tube.
[| D The particles of hydrogen chloride gas vibrated about a fixed position.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
2 Inthe experiment shown in the diagram, a gas jar full of brown

bromine gas is separated from a gas jar full of air by a glass plate. “6
The glass plate is then removed. bromine

Describe and explain the appearance of the gas jars after an hour.
Be wow bes oa )eWwees: ae bs on... Solon.SS a. glass plate
tine, eoming.....98 A. ARLES... fhroven. te. The...

BAD ESO OTE IN SESS cc cccsssssseenseeneeenne ait
22] |
[Total 2 marks] Score:
5
&) L] & Si Pa Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures
6
| Solubility _ =
Grade
1 A student is preparing a solution of sodium chloride in a beaker of water. 4-§
a) Define the term ‘solution’.
PEST
OC. OF BONIS
AINA, TRON SNE on csccceseecennneseepeseeonsensnsesss
see
[2]
b) The student keeps adding sodium chloride to the beaker and stirring the solution.
Eventually, the sodium chloride starts to settle at the bottom of the beaker. Explain why.
RC Lt CtLe i
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
Grade
2 The table below shows the solubility of a substance in water at different temperatures. 6-7,
imc0 | 14,10 | 2 | 3 | 4
12.
a) Draw a graph to show this data. Draw a curved line of best fit through the points on the graph.
HHH HHH EEE +H eNotr Woe

! MOWG
: lprcesabatccesecsecescensccid:
| |
a
in
a.
& 4 B. BS
) |
| | |
| | |
: [4]
TEE EEEEEEEHHEE HEHEHE E EHH EEE EEE HEHEHE SHEE EEEE EEE EEEEEEEEESEEEEE HEE EEE EES EEE SESE EEEEEE HESS EEE SEE EEEE EEE SESE SEH EEE SESE HEHE ESSE EEE SESE EEE EEEE SESE EEEES
[Total 5 marks]
Score: |_|
8
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures @) Ee @ e el]
Investigating Solubility
1 A student is carrying out an experiment to find the solubility of a substance at 30 °C. 7)
a) The student starts by heating a saturated solution to 30 °C. Which of the following
pieces of apparatus would be most suitable for evenly heating the solution?
[ae] A Desiccator E C Evaporating dish

fsa} B Water bath ei! D Bunsen burner
[1]
b) The student then heats a known mass of the saturated solution until all the water has evaporated.
Suggest a hazard that could be associated with this experiment, and
give one way that the student could reduce the risk involved with this hazard.
PRO OMe H HEHEHE EEE EEE E TEES EEE SEE EEE EEEE SEES SEES EEEEEE HEE H OEE SESE ESE ESSE EEE EEEH EEE HESS SEES SEES EEEEEEEEEHEEESEEEEEEEE EEE EEE EEEEEHEEEEESEE OHSS ESOS EES
PORE eR eee EER HEH HEE HEHE EEE EEE SESH EEE EEE EEEH EEE EEEHEEHEEEHEEEHEEH HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEEEE EEE EEE HEEE HEHE HEEE HEHE EEE EE EEEEEEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE E EEE EEE EEE ES
[2]
c) The student’s results are shown in the table.
Mass of solid obtained / g

e Mass of water removed / g
=
=
Calculate the solubility of potassium chloride at 30 °C.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
BULULILY se eperenes
setsepenceces g per 100 g of water
[2]
d) Suggest one way that the student could improve the reliability of the experiment.
[1]
e) State the dependent variable in the experiment.
| [1]
Exam Practice Tip

Around 20% of the marks in the exam could come from questions testing your knowledge of experimental
skills, so make sure you're comfortable with what terms like ‘reliability’ mean in the context of chemistry.
You might also be asked do some calculations with experimental data, or how an experiment could be improved.
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

rad
1 Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.© ;
a) Complete the table.
[Total 4 marks]
Gr
2 A manganese atom can be represented by the nuclear symbol 3;Mn. 4-6
a) State the mass number and atomic number of 3;Mn.
mass number: ....... RD cvcscceeccsesiecsnesusvoiecescnasccasUeQQeyoTAbubaieciee

gecepe BRO .cllunnluted
atomic number ac ssegegseaseseeddancdven snes sdguvtndgieuk balehgedth Sellyce cl EOs touches one mug tx cade ann
[2]
b) How many protons, neutrons and electrons does an atom of 3;Mn have?
protons: we ... neutrons: ..2...... electrons: ...4©....

[3]
[Total 5 marks]
3 The diagram below shows part of the structure Grade

of a neutral atom with a mass numberof 11. 4-8
a) What is the name for the part of the atom beloy that is shaded grey? dete
[1]
b) The diagram is incomplete.
Electrons are shown on the diagram using x.
Complete the diagram using:
@ to represent protons,
@ to represent neutrons.
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
Score: E*-]
2
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures & ee ee
9
___Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass

1 Two of the most common isotopes of chlorine are chlorine-35 (*°Cl) and chlorine-37 (2’Cl). G5)
a) State what is meant by the term isotope.
EEE Cee rere rere errr errr enerrrresrrrrerr rere cerre verre rere reer errirrr ey rere rrr rrr rrr
ie eee eee eee eee eee ree ere eer errr errr reer re Tee rere eR Urcerreeereeerreeerereereererrie rere
b) Complete the following table to show the mass number and the numbers of protons and neutrons
in each of these chlorine isotopes.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
é ; : Syatit Grad
2 The relative atomic mass of every element can be found in the periodic table. (6-7)
a) Give the definition of the relative atomic mass of an element.
1 DROS
AQ 8... SHAS... OE... A. The
IBA MER... SOME ACD MS.
a ae EE i a nr nin os nts ee oe
[2]
b) Suggest why some elements have relative atomic masses that are not whole numbers.
ENS.
ss BRON FL SANS Ng ANSE Se SO
[1]
se [Total 3 marks]
r Grade
3 Gallium can exist as two stable isotopes: Ga-69 and Ga-71. (7.g,
60.1% of gallium atoms are Ga-69 atoms, and the rest are Ga-71 atoms.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium.
Telative ATOMIC MASS = To cicdesescecdshscsdeccecsccsescces
Exam Practice Tip

Definitions can be tricky to remember but it's worth learning them because they are a good way of picking up
easy marks. Just keep writing them down until they are stuck in your head. The definitions of isotopes and
relative atomic mass are a good place to start. So what are you waiting for — get scribbling...
) LJ © eS) ee Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

10
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

1 Many everyday substances, such as copper, are elements. (Gr)
Other substances, such as table salt, are compounds. es"
Briefly describe the difference between an element and a compound.
es AN AeArcnr ear as one es Se arom. WhilSk oS Compounge ese

eee eee eee eee HEHEHE RHEE EEE EERE EEE EEEEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EHEH HEE E EEE E EEE EEEEEEEEHEH EEE OEE EEE E SESH EEE EEEEHEE SESE HEE HEEE HEHE HEHE EEE EEE E EEE EEE EEEEEEHEEES
[Total 2 marks]
2 Copper can be made extremely pure. The melting points of two samples >
of copper were measured. Sample A had a melting point of 1085 °C (0%)
and sample B melted over the range 900 — 940 °C.
Suggest which of the samples, A or B, was the most pure. Explain your answer.
Saves... A... AR... PETS... BREGOAMNISES....YSeoy.

news... k9S. MEE SX...
RRR eee eee eee EHH EHH HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EH EEHH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEEEHEEEEEEHEEH HEHEHE EEHEEEH EEE EES EEE HEEH HEHEHE HEEH HEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE H HEHEHE HEHE EE
[Total 2 marks]
Grade
3 The photograph shows the NASA Space Shuttle soon after being launched. 4-§
The large central tank contains liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
In the shuttle’s thrusters, oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce water vapour.
State whether each ofthe substances below is an element, compound or mixture.
Explain your answer in each case.
TEETER THE H HEE EME HEH HEHEHE EEE EE EEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE THEE EHH E HEHEHE EH EEE SEH HHEHEEE HEHE EEE EEEH EEE HEHE EEE EEEE HEHEHE HEHE EES
TONER RRR HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEEEE EEE HSE SHEE EEEEEEEHEEE HEHE HEHEHE EEE EEEESEEEEE SESE EEE SESE EEEEEEEEE SEES SESE EES EEE EEE HEEEEEE SEES EEE EEEEHEEEEEHEES EES
Liquid oxygen .7.... Meee eek Nes

ere ee eee Pere a yee
eee eee ee eee Os cc eeseeeees
TATE RHE HEHE EHH HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEH EEE EEEE EEE EEE EERE EHH EEE EEE HEEEHEEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE SESE HEHEHE EEEE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEE ES EEE EEE EEEE EEE EEES
[Total 4 marks]
Score: Pe]
8
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures &) |_| @ [| © ea
1]
- Separating Mixtures |
Grade
1 Different groups of seaweed contain different types of a pigment called chlorophyll. 4-6,
The table below shows which types of chlorophyll each group of seaweed contains.
Type of chlorophyll
seaweed
Use the chromatogram on the right

to identify which group the unknown
seaweed belongs to. chlorophyll |chlorophyll |chlorophyll |unknown
a seaweed
PERRO eee eee Here eee eee a EEE HEHEHE EH EH HHH HEH EEE EEE eee eseeseee
[Total 1 mark]
The diagram below shows a set of equipment you

could use for separating a mixture in the lab.
mixture
heat
a Pore eee eee eee eee Cee eer cee)

Ra
accsgreniensncnveernsaiactorsvneeesrtdehacee
PPT rr. LETTE EIU LL ARR eee Re eee R ERE EERE EEE HEE E HEHE EEE E EEE HEEE EEE SESE HEHE EEEE HEED
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

12
b) Explain how fractional distillation works to separate a mixture of liquids.
eee eeeeneee
Tere eRe EC OV eee EOE ES SOC O OCC OU SECO CSe eee eS) sete ewes
eee EEE) CLEMENS TEC EEE TEESE Re eee eee eee Creer eee ere. See
oes Bese? ats Pt aut age een. S ceottedo....

Oe e eee eee ee eee eee.
[Total 6 marks]
3 A forensic scientist is using paper chromatography to fox

analyse the ink used on a document. The chromatogram
she produced is shown in the diagram below.
furthest point reached by the solvent

spot A
spot B
spot C
baseline (spot of ink was put on this line

at the start of the experiment)
a) Calculate the RX, value of spot B. Use a ruler to help you.
b) 1) The scientist wants to compare the ink on the document with the ink in three different printers.
Describe how she could set up a paper chromatography experiment to compare the inks.
TREE EERE EHH HEHE EEE E HEE H EEE E EEE EEE HEE HEEEEEEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EE SEE EEEHEEEEEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEESESHSES HEHEHE EEE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEE HEHE HEHE EEE EEEEH
TOTO R HERE EE EH HET H HEHEHE EEE H HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE HEEE EEE HEE EEE EEH EEE HEEHEEE EEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEE HEHEHE HEE HHH EEE H EEE HERE EEE ES
STORER RHEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE E EEE EEE EEH EEE HEHE EEE EEEEEEEEEHEEHEEEEEEE HEHEHE HEEE EEE HEHE HEHEHE HEE HEEE HEHEHE HEHE EEEE
TEER EHH HEH HEH HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEEH HERE HEHEHE EEE HERE HEHE HEHEHE EE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEEEEEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEEE HEHEHE EEE HEEH HEHE EHH EEE HEHE HEHE
[3]
ii) Explain how her results could be used to identify the printer that produced the document.
L
[Total 7 marks]
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures ie

4s aro’ dick 13
4 Sodium chloride dissolves in water, but not in ethanol. Gai)
Sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C and a boiling point of 1413 °C. 6-7)
Ethanol has a melting point of -114 °C and a boiling point of 78 °C.
a) Suggest a purification method which would separate a mixture of sodium chloride and ethanol,
but not a mixture of sodium chloride and water. Explain your answer.
.
e *
EM roryon
. onset is lave €o Z.9..2229% ess... 08275,
eRe cree cece e eee ee meee eee e eee e eee eee ee eee HEE HEHE HESS SEES SESE HEHEHE EEE HEEEEEEEEES
b) Suggest a purification method which would separate a mixture of sodium chloride and water
and would also separate a mixture of sodium chloride and ethanol. Explain your answer.
Braki\Wokien
Poe eee eee UC UUS SCE SOEUS EPCS
» Got)
CeCe eee eee eee eee eee
Waker
CEC ee Cee
© ethers)
eerereeereeecrereercercrecr ers Seeeeereeerreer
croud evagescy.
ere eee re eee errr eee rere Tee eee
age
PORE EE ee eH eee EEE EEE EEEEEEE EEE EEEEEEEEEEE HEHE EHEEHHEHEEEEEESEE EEE EH SHEESH HSE OEESEEEEE EEE E SEH EE EEE H HEHE HHS ET ES EEEEEEEEEE EEE2, E EEE HEHE HEE EES
ARERR eRe H HEHEHE E HEHE EEE E HEHEHE HEH HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEEEEEEEEEEEHEEHEEEE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEEEEEE HEHEHE EEEHHEEEH HEHEHE HH EEHEEEES
[Total 5 marks]
Grade
5S The table below lists the boiling points of three compounds. (7g
Suggest why a mixture of ethanol and ethyl ethanoate might be more difficult to separate
than a mixture of ethanol and cyclopentane.
Pec e ee E OOOO OOOH OOOOH HOSE EES OEESS EEE E EEE EEEOEE SEES OES E ES OME SESE E SEES SESE MEE ESEEES SHEE EES SESE DESEEESESSSSS MEMGE ESHEETS TESSESESESHSES ESE E EE EEES
Perth. UT TTTT TTT eee re
eee ee eee eee Hee REE NEE HEE HEE EHH HHEE EEE OO HEE EEE E EEE HEE EEEEEEEEHHEEH EEE S END OOOH ES EES
ONES, REN IND GO. AO...CS: e\O_ Stee Sha.

Yentors Sete.
[Total 2 marks]
ANSe hor Ws
Score: ___ |
21
&) LJ © L_] ie] Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

14 Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
The Periodic Table : |
“Grade\,
| The periodic table contains all the elements arranged in order. 43.4)
a) How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?
A By atomic number [| C By mass number

[| B By electron number "i D By neutron number iy
b) What is the name given to the rows in the periodic table? nk ee

[1]
[Total 2 marks]
(Grade
2 The diagram shows some of the elements in the periodic table. 6-7
Group 1 Group 2
a) Write the symbol of an element shown in the diagram that:
i) has seven outer electrons ....... secccccscqeseseedtnscssonsavensecue dsarevecsssce@ataseceuhouseceress ss attain

, Ud
: * \
ii) has a full outer electron shell LAME

[1]
ii1) has one outer electron ........ " ndsdecusevescencsspewsepeseanse canes ssuneneseuasassnnee senaeninamssan aan
[1]
b) Give the name of an element shown on the diagram that has similar chemical properties
to magnesium. Explain your answer in terms of electronic configuration.
ABB SNS eB pes. SAA. IY Mee... OO. hee cccceeeen

MD AEF EIS SMO.a>. Mae Let
[2]
[Total 5marks]
Exam Practice Tip

You won't be expected to memorise the periodic table for the exam — youll always be given a copy of it.
Its dead handy. Amongst other things, you can use it to work out the number of electrons in an atom.
Remember, the number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell is the same as its group number.
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding

Electron Shells
1 The atomic number of neon is 10. °5)
How many electrons does neon have in its outer shell?
[ ] a2 [ |]Be [4cs [ ] D 10
[Total I mark]
z The atomic number of sulfur is 16. ()
a) Write down the electronic structure of sulfur.
ocala
ee a
[1]
b) Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in a single sulfur atom.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
3 Magnesium is found in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table. ()
a) Explain how you could use this information to deduce the electronic structure of magnesium.
ESO Hs. A62 90.AALS... OY...

GA, SOMES Ane De sd_oF
eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee ee)
Ree eee eee eee HERERO R EET EEE SEES HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EE EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEEH ESTEE EEE ESET HE EES EES ESTHET EEEEEEEE HEE HE EEE EEE EEES
Pr) Poe e eee eee Peer e rere reer eee eeereeeeerrs) See eeee ree eee eee ee eee eee eee eee
CORR e eee eee ee eee ee eee eee Eee SEES EEO MEE SEE E HEHEHE EEEEEEESEEES HEHE EEE EEEE SEES USES EEE SEES EEES SEES SESH SEES ESES SESE SESH EESHSEEEHEH THESES HOE TEESE EEEEES
Oe eee eee eee eee eee eee PEO EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEEH HEHEHE EEE SEES EEEE EEE H EEE HEE SEES EEEESEEHEEES EEE HESS EEH SEES EEEEHEEEHESHHHSEHSEEHHEEHEEEH EEE HEHE HEHE HEHE EED
[3]
b) Give the electronic structure of magnesium.
sncited arcaseensiccareae liga

- cath
[1]
[Total4 marks]
Score: @
7
&) is] @ @ Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
16
More on the Periodic Table = a

Grade
ee
1 Elements can be classified
ifj as metals or non-metals. 4-6 2APUPUUL TAPE
Use the table on 0thelial
periodic PPO)
= cover to help you answer questions a and b. =
a) Which ofthese elements is a metal? TA A al aS
Ee) A carbon [| B barium [| C chlorine B D selenium
[1]
b) Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals based on the acid-base nature of
their oxide. Which of these oxides will dissolve to form a solution with a pH of less than 7?
[| A calcium oxide ba B iron oxide oe C copper oxide [4 D sulfur dioxide
[1]
c) The diagram below shows the position of the element bismuth in the periodic table.
be fis — -
Element X is found in the same group of the periodic table as bismuth.

Element X does not conduct electricity. Predict whether element X will be
found to the left or the right of line A in the diagram. Explain your answer.
SERRE e eee EER EEO H HEHE HEHEHE EEE DHE HEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEEH HEHE OHHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEEHEE ES
OM Ne eee eee eee eee eRe eee ee eee HEHEHE HEHEHE EHH HEE EEE H HHH EHH EEH HEHEHE EEE HEHHEEE EEE HHEHEEHEEEEEE
,\ ' [Total 4 marks]
2 Some light bulbs contain a thin metal filament. If these bulbs were on
filled with air, oxygen would react with the filament causing it to 6.7
burn away. To avoid this, the light bulbs are filled with argon.
Explain why argon is suitable for this use, including ideas about electronic structure.
TONER HEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEHEEH HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEE EEEEEE HEHE HEHEHE HEEE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHE HEHE EEE ES
ATER H HEHEHE HEH HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHE EEE HEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEE EEE HEHEHE
TTT EET HHH EHH HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EHH HEHE EEE EEE HEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEH HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE HERE HEHE EEE HERE EEE HEHE
TONER HRT H EEE E HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HERE EEH EEE EEE EEE E EEE EEH HEHE EEE HEE EEE HEEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE
[Total 3 marks]
Score: ie
7
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding & El EE: @L]
Ionic Bonding
Vm
1 Which diagram shows the formation of an oxide ion from an oxygen atom? (3°)
nd
4 + 4h sy +t + +t aa
[Y| A x ) x |—>| *X +) x [| Cc x Q x |—»| xX +) x
rm # 4, # a 4 —" #
Tle {@:\-/@:
4 + Ps + gf
+
[lp (@+ ie} 4 =~ yt
+
[Total I mark]
2 Potassium chloride (KCl) is an ionic compound

containing potassium ions bonded to chloride ions.
a) Describe the bonding between the potassium ions and chloride ions in potassium chloride.
wn SECOND, AHCI
NG, GSFC B... 9f... ALAS
Se bese
[2]
4
b) i) Potassium is in Group 1. Deduce the formula of a potassium ion. Rai PE ty Smet
[1]
ii) Chlorine is in Group 7. Deduce the formula of a chloride ion. .............. os lel Sa
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
: F G
3 Sodium atoms can react to form sodium ions. 63)
(6-7)
a) When they react with sodium, sulfur atoms each gain two electrons.
When chlorine atoms react with sodium, they each gain only one electron.
Explain this difference.
b) Sodium nitrate (NaNO,) is an ionic compound containing sodium ions bonded with nitrate ions.
Explain why nitrate ions cannot form ionic compounds with bromide ions.
ke occvr
Pee e cere eee ee eee eee eee
Wckiyccn
eee sees ees eee EOsESEE EOE ee SESS SSSI
ALQaN
ETE SESH UTES ESET
S32... 228.10
EE EHTS HEHE OES HOEESESESESEESSESES SHES OESHSESHHHESESHHHOEHHSHS SHEET OHHH EEHEHES
[Total 4 marks]
guna] =~
9
& Ez [| Ls] Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
Ionic Compounds
1 The diagram below shows the formation of the ionic compound G5)
lithium chloride from its elements, but it is incomplete. “6
a —
Complete the diagram below by drawing an arrow to show the transfer of the electron, adding
the charges of the ions and completing the chloride ion to show the electrons in its outer shell.
© ©— 4 |@
[3]
b) State the overall charge of lithium chloride.
se nadallpbtvodtdu's~Cdscuens osnWsuis inn a24asasndhadsuesou'ge Dunaie's S55oni BT ¥Ts Foie Go ¥40UL> Oh RAae MESH ee a negate ;¥
[Total 4 marks]
2 This question is about the structure and properties of ionic compounds. 4-6
a) Which of the following properties is not typical for an ionic compound?
| | A high boiling point

[ ] B conduct electricity in the liquid state
& C soluble in water
[ D conduct electricity in the solid state

[1]
b) Name the type of structure that ionic compounds have.
Bapeed ond kus taddhsinwssnisddsins cvauciind siganudosianssigienscosesess igeeeamena man tala a
[Total 2 marks]
3 The diagram below shows the ions in an ionic compound. All of the electrons are shown. |
+++
Ke
VIDTEP EPO PE DE EEE EE
Identify the positive and negative ions in this compound. From the dots and the crosses, you can see
“4: = how many electrons each ion has gained =
IR IR dock aitansniiays iunksssssnbtegncadiadca
ae = or lost. You can use the periodic table to >
; = work out what atom it was to start with, =
RN Aili wien visi sZvsnes ds cad bvasagdtee C7TAVEVRTERRR
TTTAETEUERD ENT
[Total 2 marks]
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding | es

19
4 A student reacts magnesium nitrate with potassium hydroxide. Grade
The products of the reaction are magnesium hydroxide and potassium nitrate. 6-7
Write the chemical formulae of magnesium hydroxide and potassium nitrate.
magnesium hydroxide SPP EH OHH O eee rere Eee ees eee eee EEE EEE EES ESSE DEES SEES SESH EES H EEE O SESE SESE EEE EEE EEE E SESE SEES SESE SSE O OSES EE EEEEEEEeeEeS
potassium nitrate SHH H OHHH HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEE EES TEESE EES EEE SEES EEEE SEES SESE SESE EES EOEEESEEEHEE SEES EEE HHS HEE EEEEHEEEE SEES ESSE EEEED
[Total 2 marks]
> * ° c . ferade
5 Sodium oxide, Na,O, is an ionic compound. (6-7
Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in sodium oxide.
You should include the charges on the ions in your diagram.
[Total 4 marks]
Grade
6 Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. 7)
a) Describe the structure of a crystal of sodium chloride. You should state:

¢ What particles are present in the crystal.
* How these particles are arranged.
* What holds the particles together.
Exam Practice Tip

Don't panic if you're asked about an ionic compound that you haven't met before. Think about what you do
know about ionic compounds, and read the question carefully to make sure you've picked up on any extra info
you've been given, Oh, and check your answer afterwards to make sure you've actually answered the question...
&) & © [| ma Section 2— The Periodic Table and Bonding

20
Covalent Bonding : a
1 The bonding in phosphorus trichloride (PCI,) is shown in the dot and cross diagram. (3°)
Only the outer electrons are shown. o-4
(ojeie)
a) State how many electrons there are in the outer shell of each atom im PCL, ...........ccseseeseseeereeseeenenes
[1]
b) State how many shared pairs of electrons there are in a molecule Of PCL, ........:..cccseseseeceseeteneeeenenes
[1]
c) State how many double covalent bonds there are in a molecule Of PCL, .........:sscsescseseeeeseeesesenenenenes
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
tie G
2 Dot and cross diagrams can be used to show the position of electrons in covalent molecules. 4-6
Complete the dot and cross diagrams for the molecules below. Only show the outer electrons.
a) hydrogen chloride, HCl b) oxygen, O, c) ammonia, NH,
[1] [1] [1]

[Total 3 marks]
3 Silicon has the electronic structure 2.8.4.
Use this information to predict how many covalent bonds one atom
of silicon will form in a simple molecule. Explain your answer.
POTTER EHO EEE EE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEE EEE EEE EE EH EEE EEE SEH EEEEEEEEE EEE EES EEEEEEEE EHH EEEEEEEEE HEHE ESEEEEEE HEE HHEHEEEEEEE EEE HEHEHE EEEEEE EES
TONNER H HEHEHE HEHEHE EHH HEHEHE EHH EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HE EHEEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EEEEEEH EEE EHEEH HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EES
OEE REET EERE RHEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEEH EEE HEHE EHH EEH HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HH EHHEEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE EEE EEESEEHEEE EEE HEE EEEH HEHE EES EEH EEE H ESHEETS EEE EES
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding je

21
4 Hydrocarbon gases such as ethane (C,H,) are useful chemicals. 6.7
a) Draw a dot and cross diagram of ethane. Only show the outer electrons of each atom.
[2]
b) Explain how the carbon and hydrogen atoms are held together in a molecule of ethane.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
5 The atoms in hydrogen sulfide (H,S) are bonded

in a similar way to the atoms in water (H,O). 2
Draw a dot and cross diagram of hydrogen sulfide. Only show the outer electrons of each atom.
[Total 2 marks]
—_——
Score: |
14
@) le} he| ©) L Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
22
Covalent Substances |
1 The table below shows the properties of four substances. | 4-6
Melting point (°C)
eSa
RRR eee eee eee eee EHH EEE HEE H EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE HOES EEE EEE EEH HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEEH EEE EEEEEEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEEE HEE H HEHEHE EE HHEHEEE HEHEHE SEEEEES
RRR eee eee ROR eee REE E EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE OOH EEHEEHEEHEEE HEE EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEE ESESEEES EEE EEEH EES EEE HEE EEEHEEEHEEEEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEEEEES
[Total 2 marks]
2 Silicon carbide has a giant covalent structure and is a solid at room temperature.
Explain, in terms of its bonding and structure, why silicon carbide has a high melting point. Z
RRR RRR EERE Eee EEE E HEHEHE HEHEHE EEEEEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE HERE EEE EEEHEEH HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEHEEEEHEEEEEHEEEEEEEEEEEHEHEEEHEEHEEHE HEHEHE EEE HEE HEEEEEE EEE
RRR RRR eee eee EERE OEE HERE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEEH EEE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEEE EEE SEES EEE EEEHEEHEEEH HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEE HEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EE
[Total 2 marks]
Grade
3 Three different carbon structures, A, B and C, are shown below. 7-9
[3]
TERETE ETH EHH EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EHEH HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EERE EEE EEHHEEE EEE EEE EEEHEEHEEEHEEHEEEEEEHEEH EEE HEEEEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHE EES
STORER EEE TEER HEE H HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEEEH EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEEEEEH EEE HEHEHE EEE EEEHEE HEHEHE EEE H EEE EEE EEE EEE H EEE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEES
SPEER RHEE RHEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEEE HEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE E EEE EEE HEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEEE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEH HEHE EHH EEE EEEEEEH HEHEHE EEE EEES
TORRE EEE RHEE HEE HEE H EEE HERE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE ESET EEH SHEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEE EHEEHEE HEE EEE EEE HEHE EEEEEEHEEH EEE HSES EEE EEE E EEE EEEH EEE EEE EEES
TETHER HEHEHE EHH EHH HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEEHE EHH EEE HEEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EERSTE EEE EEE EEE HHH EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEE EEEH SEES EEEEEE EEE HEE H EEE SEES
TOTO HEHEHE EHH EEE HEHEHE E HEHEHE EH EEE HEE HH EH HEHE EEE HEHE EHH EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHE EEHE EES
eee thsanistsattameeysiiqnnifind acinar —

[Total 10 marks] 14
Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding ® ia & EE el: ]

23
___ Electrical Conductivity and Metals

1 An experiment was carried out to find out if the ionic compound magnesium chloride conducts (Za
electricity. The compound was tested when it was solid, dissolved in water and molten. 2
a) Complete the table of results.
oe aes
Dissolved in water eS
22 aes [3]
b) Explain your answers to part a).
[2]
c) Explain why most covalent compounds don’t conduct electricity.
2
Paper
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
2 Metals are held together by metallic bonding. (§-7)
a) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the metal ions and

the electrons that take part in bonding are arranged in a metal.
[3]
b) Metals are good conductors of electricity and most are malleable.
Explain how the structure you drew in part a) gives metals these properties.
i sun shnanmmsossdonsassonuarwasaucaunservsigeuasseuseuaua-cieucetabeestels, ;:
[Total 5 marks]
Score:
jG
Fetal @ [| Lal Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
24 Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis
1 Carbon monoxide can form in poorly-ventilated gas fires. (3°4)

G
Below is an equation for this reaction, which is incorrectly balanced. a,

G +O,
=. CO
Which one of the following equations is balanced correctly?
HE vicar sees: els) DEC 4c + Oles.

2co
[ey Bc + 0; +260 [=}-D- C+ 20; 9 -4€0
[Total | mark]
Grade
2 Methane (CH,) burns in oxygen (O,) to make carbon dioxide (CO,) and water (H,O). (4-6
a) Write a word equation for this reaction.
Mella,
+ Qen —> aceonByonyde
~ SoWeO
[1]
b) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
oe Shy +202. > ee he

[2]
[Total 3 marks]
3 A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of its salt. 4-6
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of chlorine (C1,) with potassium bromide
(KBr). The products of this reaction are bromine (Br,) and potassium chloride (KCl).
st But SBE, BCs hi Keli

[Total 2 marks]
4 Acids can react with a variety of different metals and their oxides.
a) Balance the following chemical equations.
Dy meinAR Ck Ae se; Cu0 SPR CuCl, te. H,O > Netevery sae
= need a number in front of =
ii) .2 HNO, + ....... MgO = ........ Mg(NO,), +0... HO =, tte balance ae
[2]
b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCI)
with aluminium (A1) that produces aluminium chloride (AICI,) and hydrogen (H,).
CHO +2 > 2NCls +342 =

[2]
[Total 4 marks]
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis s

25
5 Reduction reactions involve the removal of oxygen from a compound. 6-7 |
a) Balance the following equation, which shows the reduction of copper oxide.
he CuQgern dC Ce metres >

[1]
b) Balance the following equation, which shows the reduction of iron oxide.
Be CO ce cc) FeO). > COs Fe

= \ ' [1]
“4 - [Total 2 marks]
Fe a '
Grade
6 Sodium (Na) is a reactive alkali metal, which is found in Group 1 of the periodic table. (7.9
a) Sodium reacts with chlorine (Cl,) to form sodium chloride (NaCl).

Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
| : [2]
b) When a solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH),) is mixed with solid sodium carbonate (Na,CO,),
sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and a precipitate of calcium carbonate (CaCO,) are produced.
The equation for the reaction is:
Ca(OH),(A)) + Na,CO,..3...) — 2NaOH(..%1) + CaCO (4...)
Complete the equation by adding state symbols. j

[1]
c) Solid sodium metal reacts with water to form a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Hydrogen (H,) is also given off.
Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
Ree
és
SNe ON
a) S> [3]
[Total 6 marks]
Grade
7 Balance the following symbol equation to show how sulfur reacts with nitric acid. (7.g
2 4 tteeeeee NO, + ...%..H,O

2
[Total1mark]
Exam Practice Tip

It's important that you get to grips with balancing equations because it often features in exam papers.
Remember to double check your equation after you've balanced it and you'll be on to a winner. You need
to make sure you-know your state symbols too, because they come hand-in-hand with chemical equations.
&) LJ [| ©) Ka) Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis

26
Relative Formula Mass

1 Which of the following compounds has a relative formula mass of 62?
iz A sodium chloride, NaCl | : Pilvialy a

\ WIV » pele
in your exam whic table
You'll have a periodic
[| B potassium bromide, KBr a t any time Ther e's one in this book on the insi
de va
questions be is Fhe
tne page. OW
for the
You might find it useful
Xx] C magnesium fluoride, MgF, TBE
tz,
SULpig PEE REL AT LAELA URGE
ULCER
[| D sodium bromide, NaBr

[Total I mark]
2 A solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH), can be known as limewater. 4-6
Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)...

Sa.5 +S
a) = [6n2s S& voghl
\4 el ge tee Ula ;
BA eS Rawhe i toe nie yAE Fy

relative formula mass = ..........;..2..s0:heneeeee
[Total 2 marks]
3 The formula of the compound zinc cyanide is Zn(CN).,. G"é)
Calculate the relative formula mass of zinc cyanide. x4
Ze
= 6S
S, Welt: a 2S -
N= 14 «2 ~72&
6B ¢oboh Ws ocala ) formula mass =...ae):

relative :..:..:<ad.euhos ees
[Total 2 marks]
4 The equation below shows a reaction between an unknown element, A, and water. /Graus
The total M_ of the products is 114.
2A. + 20.0. ZAOR Sa

Identify element A.
OsiO x16 = BL —
1 eats Bie ae |
eae. =.2 ™4q
Element
A = .....:<ja:cs0sseseane
ty ha = S [Total
3 marks]
U4 - 462 44 Score: for|

x atSere 8
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis ®) [| a @L_)
a7
1 A scientist measured out one mole of iron into a beaker. [Graid\

What is the mass of one mole of iron? 3-4)
BPA sco [ ] B 26ke MAC 26 Banaras te eee

[Total | mark]
se
2 Calculate the number of moles in 9.0 g of carbon.

The relative atomic mass, ee.
— £
SS
Me ta
number of moles = Seine ss tae = OP
WAstus 4 Sy teh ietis , [Total 1 mark]
ges
5 A pharmacist is synthesising aspirin, C,H,O,, as part of a drugs trial.

After the experiment, the pharmacist calculates that she has made G"é)
12.4 moles of aspirin. What mass of aspirin has the pharmacist made?
The relative atomic mass, A, of C= 12, of H= | and of O = 16.
felarwe Farmda mage -
(4x 12) +08 44 (16 <4) :

- 189 oy
=. abe Mexn = ™ mass =... 2.232.000. g

MWe ‘ccorssucaee a agit [Total
2 marks]
Mmm 2 2 S22 3
4 A scientist finds a sample vial whilst clearing out a cupboard in the lab. | ()
The label on the vial says that it contains 0.075 moles of an unknown metal oxide. “1
a) The sample weighs 3.0 g. Calculate the M_ of the metal oxide.
Cee held
Mor
o-o tS = ror
3 rear
S
Mr x0-0FS = ak a woneeree 7,Sev enseeNwens in]
3
Mo Fc eos ors = 4 co)
b) Which of these compounds could be the metal oxide?
[ ] A Fe,0, [7 B MgO [ ] c cao [ | D Nao

[1]
[Total 2 marks]
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis

28
5 A student was asked to calculate the number of moles and the masses
of different compounds she would be using in her lab practical. “7
a) Calculate the number of moles in 275 g of zinc carbonate (ZnCO,).

Tim?
(6S) x (12) x C163)

eet ye
ee SS) ed number
of moles = seseeZsi Seesesseeeees
i eee < [2]
b) Calculate the mass of 6 moles of hydrochloric acid (HC1).
ihe IS
EO Gs
> %6-5 “a
mass= ....... 29 aioe. g
awa 2
Mic ' Si
[Total
4 marks]
%E.S a
ein cent a
6 _Inareaction between iron and oxygen, 3.52 kg of iron oxide
is formed. The equation for the reaction is shown below. 6-7
4Fe + 30, > 2Fe,O,

Calculate the number of moles of iron oxide formed in this reaction.
eer aby a er a
eek Sx 16) 2 =
224496 = 228
+ Sates io an ies Or number of moles = ee 2 bass)
Se ao) [Total 3 marks]
Grade
7 A teacher has a 140 g sample of potassium hydroxide (KOH). (7-9
Calculate how many more grams of KOH the teacher needs to have a 4 mole sample.
CEOS 4S ah meres
‘is age [Wyo
Se
es SS
Ib0 FV.5 2 S56 Extra

KOH needed = ..... SH oma v a:
GBExXU = 2h 2 marks]
[Total
ee ).0%, F Score: |
15
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis eLU) OU eo
29
Calculating Masses in Reactions

e e e
1 A student is investigating the combustion of metals. 4.8)

a) The student burns 12 g of magnesium in air to produce magnesium oxide
(MgO).
2Mg + O, > 2MgO
Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium oxide that could be produced in the reaction.
Mass of magnesium oxide =
b) Using the chemical equation below, work out the mass of sodium
that the student would need to burn in order to produce 6.2 g of sodium oxide.
4Na + O, > 2Na,O
Mass of sodium = a g
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
ofa ¢ 4 Grad
2 Aluminium and iron oxide (Fe,O,) react to produce aluminium oxide (Al O,) and iron. 6-7
Pole be 0. > Al Oa 2ke
a) What is the maximum mass of iron that can be produced from 20 g of iron oxide?
Mass of iron = ............600068

[3]
b) What is the maximum mass of aluminium that will react with 32.0 kg of iron oxide?
LUV EPP EY EED EEE PPMP EVEL,

> Don't get caught out by 2
= changes in the units — part a) =
= was in g, but part b) is in kg. =
STAT e Mg VALET ae
Mass of aluminium = ............0000.. kg
[3]
[Total 6 marks]

30
3 Sodium sulfate (Na,SO,) is made by reacting sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

with sulfuric acid (H,SO,). Water is another product of this reaction. the
2NaOH + H,SO, > Na,SO, + 2H,O

a) What mass of sodium hydroxide is needed to make 71 g of sodium sulfate?
Mass of sodium hydroxide = ..............006 g
b —
What is the maximum mass of water that can be formed when 24.5 g of sulfuric acid
reacts with sodium hydroxide?
Mass of water = ...........:e0000 g
[Total 6 marks]
4 Iron oxide is reduced to iron inside a blast furnace using carbon. ar

There are three stages involved. The equations for these three stages are shown below. “9
stage 1: C+ O01,2(g) > CO 2(g)

Stage 2: CO, +: Coe 2CO,,,
Stage 3: 3CO,, + Fe,0O,,.
2 3(s)
> 3CO,,. 2(g) + 2Fe,
If 10.2 g of carbon are used in stage 2, and all the carbon monoxide produced gets used in stage 3,
what mass of CO, is produced in stage 3?
Mass of CO, = cian g

[Total 5 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

It's really important to get your head around the method for calculating masses in reactions. It's just a case
of finding the relative molecular masses for the bits that you want, and then doing a spot of dividing and
multiplying. And don't forget to double check your working to make sure your answer is right. 23
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis La @ _] @L]

—
31
r Calculating Percentage Yield

1 A teacher wanted to produce some silver chloride (AgCl). The teacher added a K
carefully measured mass of silver nitrate to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid. 4-6
1.2 g of silver chloride were produced. ;
a) Explain what is meant by the yield of a chemical reaction.

eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee eer errr err rrerrrrrrrrrrrerrrererrrrrrrrr rrr er rrr rere rerererer rere rere rere rire rere
[1]
b) The teacher calculated that he should get 1.6 g of silver chloride from the reaction.
What was the percentage yield?
Percentage Vicld = yteeu-cccss... %

[1]
[Total 2 marks]
Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulfate were mixed together in a beaker ®
to produce barium sulfate. The solution was filtered to obtain the solid barium sulfate. e
The reaction was predicted to give a yield of 15 g of barium sulfate. However, after the
experiment was completed a yield of only 6 g had been obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.
PerCentage Vil af ceenaevcsics %

[Total I mark]
When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
The equation for the reaction is: CaCO, — CaO + CO, a
In an industrial reaction, 68.00 kg of calcium carbonate decomposed to form

28.56 kg of calcium oxide, CaO. Calculate the percentage yield of calcium oxide.
Percentage yield = cc.ccves-..seeaees %

[Total 5 marks]
Score: |
8
i @ [| es] Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis
32
Empirical and Molecular Formulae

P Grad
1 Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with oxygen, O,, to form oxide R. 4-§
A 100 g sample of oxide R contains 30.4 g of nitrogen and 69.6 g of oxygen.

Work out the empirical formula of oxide R.
Empirical formula = «..\.. 2207s.

[Total 3 marks]
2 Acompound contains 10.1% aluminium and 89.9% bromine by mass. 4-6
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Empirical formula =..........coassssneee

[Total 3 marks]
3. ‘1.48 g of a calcium compound contains 0.8 g calcium

and 0.64 g of oxygen. The rest is hydrogen. 6-7
Work out the empirical formula of the compound.
Empirical formula = ....../i::sLcib

i becssesses
[Total 4 marks]
4 A molecule has an empirical formula of C,H,O, and a relative molecular mass of 118. 6.7
Deduce the molecular formula of the molecule.
Molecular formula = ..........ssssssseee

[Total 3 marks]
Score: E |
13
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis &) Bi Ei
33
_ Finding Formulae Using Experiments |

1 A student is carrying out a reaction to find the formula of an oxide (raid PRACT
of manganese. His experimental set-up is shown on the right. 4-6 ICAL
a) What is the name given to this type of reaction? burning gas

ca A neutralisation a
ia B combustion
oxide of
[| C reduction kn ganese e
(i)
[| D polymerisation
[1] Bunsen burner
b) During the reaction, manganese and oxygen are produced.
Some of the student’s results are shown in the table.
mass of test tube and bung 36.48 g
mass of test tube and bung + manganese 84.88 g
i) Calculate the mass of manganese present in the sample.
mass of manganese eee eres g
ii) The mass of oxygen present was 14.08 g. Calculate the empirical formula of the oxide.
A(Mn) = 55, A(O) = 16
empirical formula see

ee ee
[Total 5 marks]
A student carried out an experiment to calculate the empirical formula LON

of an oxide of iron. She burnt 3.808 g of iron until it had all reacted.
She found that the mass of the product was 5.440 g.
a) Suggest a piece of equipment that the student could use to carry out the reaction in.
eee eee e ee eee eee eee eee eee eee EEE EEO OEE E RESETS EEE E OSES SEES EEESEEESESES ESOS SEES EEE HEEESESESEEESESEES SESE HHO SHESEEESESSOSSEEESESESESESESSHSEEHEHO HEHE HEHE OESS
[1]
b) Calculate the empirical formula of the iron oxide formed during the experiment.
A (Fe) = 56, A(O) = 16
SMITA FONG. Fisncenerenivecsonnseasennis

faMeed
[4]
[Total 5 marks]
Score: |__
10
GL) OL! ou Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis
34
Water of Crystallisation ei
1 Na,CO,.xH,0O is a hydrated salt, which means that water molecules are
present in the lattice structure. This water is called water of crystallisation. e
By heating a sample of a hydrated salt you can gradually remove the water of crystallisation to
form an anhydrous salt. This can be done by placing a sample of the hydrated salt into a crucible
and gently heating it using a Bunsen burner.
A student used this method to remove the water of crystallisation from Na,CO,.xH,O to produce
the anhydrous salt Na,CO,. The student put a sample of Na,CO,.xH,O into a crucible, weighed
both together, and recorded the mass. The student then heated the sample for 2 minutes, left it to
cool and recorded the mass of the sample and crucible again. The student repeated this until two
separate masses that had the same value were recorded. The student made a note of this mass.
Starting mass of crucible + Na,CO,.xH,O

The student recorded
the following masses: Final mass of crucible + Na,CO,
a) What is the purpose of heating the hydrated salt until the mass remains constant?
eRe eRe eee eee ORE HEHEHE EEE EH EEE HEE HESS EEE EEE EEE EEEE SEES EEE EEE EEE SEES EEEESES SESH EES EEH EEE HESS EEE EES EES EESESESHSESEES EES HETH ESHEETS HES EEEH EEE EESESHSEESESS
[1]
b) The mass ofthe crucible was 53.500 g.
Use this to calculate the masses of the following samples.
i) Na,CO,.xH,O
[1]
ii) Na,CO,
[1]
c) Use your answers to part b) to work out the value of x in Na,CO,.xH,O.
(M_H,O = 18)
x 5 a0ensSusenonteenbees
[4]
[Total 7 marks]
Score: =
7
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis ica L] OL)
35
$ Moles and Concentration

1 A student had a solution of an alkali with an unknown concentration. =)
He also had some hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a concentration of 1.00 mol/dm?.
a) The student carried out an experiment to find out how much hydrochloric acid was
needed to neutralise the alkali. He did the experiment 3 times and his results are shown
in the table below. Calculate the mean volume of hydrochloric acid that was needed.
—e eee
Volume of 1.00 mol/dm? HCl (cm?) 12.50 1255 12.45
Mean volume = ...............00eeeeee0 cm
b) Use your answer to part a) to calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted.
Number of moles = ..............-22...0+--.

[2]
[Total 4 marks]
—ee
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with sulfuric acid G3)
to produce sodium sulfate (Na,SO,) and water. f
a) How many moles of sodium hydroxide are in 120 cm’ of a 2.5 mol/dm* solution?
Number of moles sareerace

[1]
b) What is the concentration of a solution with 3 moles of sodium sulfate in 750 cm*?
Concentration = .........c.scccssseaerss mol/dm*

[1]
c) Give your answer for part b) in g/dm’.
Concentration = Ansa g/dm*

[2]
[Total 4 marks]
Score:
8
GU) ©! ou Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis
Grade
1 The volume that one mole of a gas occupies is called its molar volume. 4-6
a) State the value of the molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure.
eee eee ee ee eee eee eee EEE EERE EEE HEHE EEEEEEEE SEH HEHEEEEEEEEEEEEEHEEEE EE EEEEEEEEEEEHEEHEEEEESEHSEEEEEESEEHEEEEEH ESSE ESSEESEEEEHEEEEEEES
[1]
b) What volume does 1.5 moles of hydrogen take up at room temperature and pressure?
Volume =e dm*
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
2 How many moles are there in 2250 cm’ of ammonia (NH,)?
Number of moles = ee
[Total I mark]
3 A scientist completely burns 7.8 g of nitric oxide in oxygen. Grade

2Paper
The equation for the reaction is: 2NO + O, — 2NO,
a) Calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide produced (at room temperature and pressure).
Volume = .......:-:asnn dm*

[3]
b) Find the volume of oxygen that reacted (at room temperature and pressure).
Volume =

Electrolysis
The diagram below shows the electrolysis of lead bromide. 4-6 }
Which substance is represented

in the diagram by the letter W?
@ A Br, [| C molten lead
[|] B Br D Pb
b) Which substance is represented

in the diagram by the letter X?
[| A Br, Bo C molten lead ia - bromide ee
[MB Br | | D Pb
c) Which substance is represented by the letter Y in the diagram?
[| A Br, [| EB. Br Lt C molten lead [| D Pb**

[1]
d) Which substance is represented by the letter Z in the diagram?
a
oe
EA A Br, iw B Br: | | C molten lead a D Pb*
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
Write balanced half-equations for the reactions occurring in the electrolysis of lead bromide. &3)
‘ aS as
Negative electrode: fre

PERE e Hee EH EHH 5einee
EEE EHH E HEHEHE
‘See
E EE EH HEHE HHH HEHE
PL
EEEHEEEE EEE EEE EEEE EHS EEEEHHEEHEEEE HEHEHE HHEH EEE EERE SEES EEE EEES
SETS ESSE OY asiclapeel SALE Ta FER TD BRS Rin 2S ee ae mS a eNO aches dite OI. Soa Ao
[Total 4 marks]
A student carries out the electrolysis of molten potassium iodide. 6-7)
Name the substance that will form at the:
Negative electrode: fe Konybog eS Positive electrode: ..... 22 SPC. ccceeeeeeeeee

[2]
b) Is the reaction at the positive electrode an example of oxidation or reduction? Explain your answer.
ORR ALOD Tr MONS... AE, ENO NOS Tc cccescseeesseenete

[1]
[Total 3 marks]
Score: Lms
11
@&)zx © [| | : Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis
38
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions :

1 Electrolysis using inert electrodes can be carried
out with several different aqueous solutions. z
a) Balance the following half-equations for the reactions that occur during the electrolysis of
an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
a ak Si ae Re as oe
see CL Se ORO,©Pale semen cen i

[2]
b) Balance the following half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode during the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution of dilute sulfuric acid.
5 ere LO)le Oe eG eames

2 IL 9: ie ee
[1]
c) During the electrolysis of aqueous silver chloride, silver ions are reduced to silver metal.
At which electrode would you expect this reaction to occur?
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
a
a
2 Electrolysis is carried out on a solution of copper chloride, CuCl, using inert electrodes. Grade’
6-7
a) Which of the following ions is not present in the solution?
[| | A Ht ETE
PP Ee CED ETE NCOP EEE Te
VEE PEV EPP
a =
= Questions testing your knowledge of the formul
N
a B H,O- come =
: = and charges of common ions are bound to
> upin the exam — make sure you learn ep <
[ CoCr PA
LUA IAD
AAVA VA
LO) SVLP
VT ae
dda teste
[1]
b) Suggest a material that the inert electrodes could be made from.
[1]
c) What would you expect to see happen at:
I) the anode? .............3.

veasunahayt
.ssca vecessee
uss-s
tyAgfa tut
eseas
nn sutér
a yespa
it) the cathode? .....................secsssesssssscessesasenecaueaten
tensnendse
snnini ia
ssadsasseen
snesesscn
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

‘y
39
3 __ A student investigated the products of electrolysis of — (Kaas PRAC

a variety of aqueous solutions using inert electrodes. TICAL
a) Draw a labelled diagram of suitable apparatus that could be used for these experiments.
[3]
b) An aqueous solution of copper sulfate (CuSO,) can undergo electrolysis.
2
raper i) State the four ions that this solution contains.
ne
shoves Wnieen gesvenensesees 2. cthwsaiete wicks as inert
Ne ee
yo teu 1 eer 5I te ey eM eee

[4]
ii) Copper is produced in a reaction at one of the electrodes during the
electrolysis of this solution. Write the half-equation for this reaction.
[2]
c) When potassium nitrate solution is electrolysed neither potassium nor nitrogen are discharged.
Explain why and state what is produced instead.
Exam Practice Tip

Remember, when you electrolyse aqueous solutions (rather than molten salts), what products are made depends
on the reactivity of all the ions in solution. Make sure you know how to predict which ions will be discharged
from a solution. And get plenty of practice at writing half-equations too — they're dead important...
®) [4 yy Kal Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis

40 Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry
Group 1 —The Alkali Metals

1 A teacher dropped small, similar sized pieces of three different alkali metals, A, B and C,
into water. The students recorded the time taken for each piece to react completely. “6
Metal
aees
a) State which of these metals, A, B or C, is the most reactive. Explain how you know.
eee eee eee Re E EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE H EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEEH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EHTS EEE SEEEEEESEE SESH ESE EEHEEEHEEEEESES HEE E EEE EEEHEEE EES SES HEE SEES HEHEHE EEE EEEE SESE SEES
RRR Ree eee REE HEHEHE EEE EERE EEE H EEE E EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HESS EEE HEHE EEEEEH EEE EEE EEEEEEH EEE EEH HEE EEEEEEE EEE EEE EEEHEEHEEE EEE SEEH EEE EEE EEEEEES
[2]
b) The three metals used were lithium, sodium and potassium.
Use the results shown in the table to match them up to the correct letters A, B and C.
VIE oe eat Me 1s oat ee NS Besta cette eee C = ..........500

[2]
c) What products would be formed in a reaction between sodium and water?
[2]
d) One of the students said "The amount of time taken for rubidium to react with water
would be shorter than for metal A, but longer than for metal B".
Why is the student incorrect?
Exam Practice Tip

Chemistry is full of patterns, so if you come across one make sure you learn the reason behind it — not only
will it help you to remember the pattern, it might well get you some marks in the exam. If you're doing
Paper 2, one to make sure you know is the reason why reactivity changes as you go down a group.
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

4]
Group 7 — The Halogens

Grade
1 The properties of the elements within Group 7 change as you go down the group. (4.6)
a) Complete the table to show the colour of chlorine and the physical state of iodine at 25 °C.
aa
[rene| | ne |
a [2]
b) Fluorine is another Group 7 element.
i) How would you expect the reactivity of fluorine to compare to the reactivity of chlorine?
[1]
ii) Predict the physical state of fluorine at 25 °C
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
- 3 : ; ; Z ; Grade
2 The reactivity of halogens is dependent on their electronic configuration. (7.9
a) Describe the electronic configuration of the halogens and how it changes down Group 7.
[2]
| b) Sodium reacts violently with fluorine, at room temperature, to form sodium fluoride.
: Predict how astatine might react with sodium at room temperature. Explain your answer.
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
Score:
ba| Ad
)
10
&) LJ L i Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

42
Displacement Reactions
1 Halogens can take part in displacement reactions with halogen salts.
For example, bromine water will react with potassium iodide solution.
a) State what is meant by the term displacement reaction.
eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee Ree EEE ee HEE EEEE HEE SEES EEEESES EEE SES EEEEEE SESE OSES EEE HES ESEEETESEEEEEEESH SEE EEEEEEE HHS ESESEEEE EEE SEEHES HESS ESEEEEE SEES OEEEEEEES
eee eee eee eee eee RHE RHEE H HEHEHE EEE REESE EEES SESH EES EEE SEES EEE EES SESE EEE EEE EEE SEES EEEEES EES EESEESEES EEE SESS ESE SES EES EES EES EES SEEESES EES EEE EES SESEESEEES SESS
[1]
b) The reaction of bromine water with potassium iodide is a redox reaction.
The equation for the reaction is:
Brot tel > SBE a
i) State what is meant by the term redox reaction.
[1]
ii) Which substance is being oxidised in the reaction above?
[1]
iii)Which substance is being reduced in the reaction above?
AEPPEDOUUV EVE EE PEED EEE EE UEP EE ED ELODIE EE EEUU ERE Pte [1]
= If you're struggling with parts b) ii) and iii), try using the balanced equation =
to help you work out what's losing electrons and what's gaining electrons. = [Total 4 marks]
og Tl2 Jt VW iO OW Vt YU ek JI a a a Ut baTyPa i ef i hf ee
2 When chlorine water is added toa solution G3)

of potassium iodide, a chemical reaction occurs.
a) State the colour of the solution before and after the reaction.
BefOTE 0. oncinseesnrsscerensaongesasenesepseessnesassuesusnseeversesensnsstgn
dei.eamowsapieksset tebe seameena
ASUET oo cncessesnsseutvocesvscsossehscnsensoresesesencstentisoncecsscassitazeat
conned? Vets TaseRatttE nate
[2]
b) Astatine is below iodine in Group 7. Predict whether chlorine water
would react with sodium astatide solution. Explain your answer.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
Score: aa
8
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry &) Sy [| @L)
43
____Gases in the Atmosphere

1 This pie chart shows the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere, excluding water vapour. ®
a) Complete the labels on the pie chart.
carbon dioxide
1) \sssnescdesnecnegMcoresenrsetnageleee
eeeeee ee ane [1]
T1) cscpecesconeescenet(titcea
cet epicenter ipa
TDD) erase
ete cena en [1]
b) Give the approximate percentages of the following gases in the air:
ER saat Bons, Bom havs pl o> eoacecs igochos ii), carbon dioxide vs.«se cet arnnp-oet-ot
eee ee«det
[1] [1]
[Total 5 marks]
A student sets up an experiment

aks to investigate A rade PRAC
what percentage of the air is made up of oxygen. &) TICAL
The apparatus used is shown on the right.
iron wool
As the iron reacts with the oxygen in the air to make iron oxide, soaked in
the water in the tube rises to fill the space the oxygen took up. acetic acid
The student marked the starting and finishing level of water
on the test tube using a pen. To find the volume of air in the air
test tube at the start and end of the experiment, she filled the tube with
water up to each mark and poured that water into a measuring cylinder. —_water
The volume of water was equivalent to the volume of air in the test tube.
a) The student found that at the beginning of the experiment the test tube contained 28.0 cm? of air.
At the end of the experiment the test tube contained 21.7 cm’ of air.
Use these results to calculate the percentage of oxygen in air.
Percentage Of OXYEN iN AIL = wo... seeeseeeseeeeeeees %
b) Suggest one change to the apparatus that would improve the accuracy of the student’s results.
Explain your answer.
ses saneee fF
ins opus bbe hecenson' Kensse6 sn vesecee sso dees e dele saeevessces eo secereeeeerensensousiovescesespooeecnyaesecnnouesens
eee asec
oveccouseeseons ssneneenssvovuvereusnesoucencencrss”
See eS inca ys unn dekh e Gb obs cea ceseo ne canckSesassaeedcadioleersesorssnGeseasesssces
ENS ES TETSHSE PE TR OSLO SSRSSVORE ESET ERSROE EUR UNOS eRRR UREN OVIRRESSAE HSS AN AS eSATSS ANSE SS
tee 2 sua k pees caw aabhekevey KANCRACMEDSKORD
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
Score: |ree
9
anes Grade
1 Heating a metal carbonate, such as copper(II) carbonate, produces carbon dioxide. (3.4
a) i) Complete the equation below for the reaction that occurs when copper(II) carbonate is heated.
CUCO5) > -sereaeenens gts
[1]
ii) Suggest a method for collecting the carbon dioxide gas produced by this reaction.
[1]
b) What is the name for the type of reaction where a substance is heated and breaks down
to produce two or more products?
[1]
- [Total 3 marks]
2 Some elements burn in air to produce oxides. 4-6
a) i) State the colour of the flame from the combustion reaction of sulfur.
TORE eRe HEH EEE eee HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE SESE EEHEEEHEEHEEE EEE EEEH EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEES
[1]
ii) The product formed from the combustion reaction of sulfur can be dissolved in water.
State the acid-base characteristic of the resulting solution.
[1]
b) Magnesium can also be burnt to form an oxide.
Describe what you would see when magnesium is burnt in air.
[2]
c) Give the balanced symbol equation for the combustion of hydrogen in air.
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

In your exams, you may need to apply the knowledge of the reactions you've learnt to other situations.
For example, you may be given a reaction with an unfamiliar carbonate and asked what the products will be.
Don't panic, just look at the reactants and think whether you have seen a similar reaction before.

Carbon Dioxide
Grade®
1 Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. (4.6
a) This experiment was used to compare the effects of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on heat radiation.
carbon dioxide gas heat _ nitrogen gas
source
heat detector =m i pel m heat detector
A eg B
clear plastic tubes (do not block heat radiation)
State which detector, A or B, will detect more heat from the heat source. Explain your choice.
PRR E OHHH HEHEHE HEHE HEE TEE HEHE EEE HEHE TEES EEE EEEEEHHEE HEHE HEHE OSES EEEE HEHE HEHEHE HHEE EEE EH EEEEEEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE EEEE HESS ESEEHEEE HEHE EEEEEEEEEH EES EEE EES
POOR R eee ee eee meee eee HEH EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EHH EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE ESTEE EEE HEHEHE E EEE EEEEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE SESE EEE EEEEH EEE EEE EEEE TEESE EEE ES
[2]
b) Explain the effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on heat radiated from the Earth’s surface.
[2]
[Total 4 Marks]
2 The graphs below show how the atmospheric CO, level (G3)
and temperature changed over time. o-7
% CO, in the
0.034 atmosphere 15.50 Average
0.032 ; temperature (°C)
0.030 15.00
0.028 Year 14.50 Year
= Ga Lae — Gan cae) Lae Se
=)
1850 1900 1950 2000 1850 1900 1950 2000
a) Describe the trends in the data and suggest reasons for them.
am
De karsagserisitutexacseahsesceesyossyseses
b) State one possible effect of the trend in the Earth’s temperature.

igaccd chek naerarsvsircivsonness e
aa
[Total 5 marks]
Score:
9
&) LJ fed x Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry
Reactions of Metals
1 A student performed some experiments PRACTICAy,
to investigate the reactivity of metals. ae
a) First, the student placed pieces of four different metals into dilute hydrochloric acid.
The diagram below shows what the four experiments looked like after 1 minute.
gentle
“pe acid no vigorous acidy
fizzing bubbles fizzing
copper magnesium
Use the information in the diagram to put these metals in order of reactivity.
Most 'Teattive: > :.... ce ee
SEER Oe eee eee H HEHEHE HEH EEE HEHEHE EES EERE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEEE
TERR eee HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE SHEE EEE EEEES
Least reaCtive: ....220.0.)....chle.a eee

[2]
b) Next, the student was given samples of three mystery metals, marked X, Y and Z. She put small
pieces of each of the metals in cold water. If there was no reaction with cold water, she tested the
metal to see if it would react with steam. Her results are shown in the table below.
Any reaction with cold water? Any reaction with steam?

Reacts vigorously.
X
= Hydrogen gas is produced.
4
: Reacts vigorously. Metal is coated with a
no reaction ‘ P
white solid. Hydrogen gas is produced.
no reaction no reaction
i) Metal Y was zinc. It reacted with the steam to produce hydrogen gas and a white solid.
Name the white solid that was produced by this reaction.
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[1]
ii) One of the other metals the student was given was sodium.
Suggest whether sodium was metal X or metal Z. Give a reason for your answer.
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

47
2 __ A student investigated the reactions of some metals Grade
and found the results shown in the table below. 6-7
lithium disappears
lithtum disappears
a) Magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form magnesium sulfate.

Give the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
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[2]
b) Predict what the student would have seen if they had added sodium to water.
[2]
c) Put the metals calcium, copper and lithium in order from most reactive to least reactive.
[1]
d) Explain why it would be difficult to decide the order of reactivity of magnesium and zinc using
these experiments. Suggest an experiment that could be used to decide which is more reactive.
EERER TED ED TCO NO CASO SCO ESOESDETE TESS TOOTS ESSEC eRs CEES OOS CUS SCS ORS OSC CSE SESoOBSSSER00E8
PER EUL anaes SESEE wis 000 b4 SCC COSC RECEDED DEC CSC DESEO RONLOC TATE EES
SCOTS SCESS DUDE FS SEROCEDROEC ESSE TCE TESCEESSANSET STOO TSS OUD SOOO ES ERESESESER SOR OB COREE SET ROS FETE ROSES
PT Clon Es css e eae see Se Duce eSSRSSSPESEERCERSUOED
ORR e eee eee eee ASDeee

ECB HEHE
LCD OVCHEHEHE
CO COONS EEE EE HEHE SEES EEE HEEEHEEEE EEE HEEEHEEEH ESHER ED
DE Th ah URS sb s OCS0 0002 0010 Meee 6006 e coe CCS SO CORES HECEOAS DEER CC OODOSH ROHN DCCC OT OOOD GODOT ODCED
Exam Practice Tip

Make sure you understand what the reactions of metals with acids and water tell you about the reactivity
of metals. There is no need to learn exactly the observations of all the metals with water and acids as
long as you know the differences in their reactivity and how this affects how vigorous the reactions will be.
&) i} es) [| Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

48
The Reactivity Series

: P m Grad
1 A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt. 3.4
a) Which of the following metals will displace aluminium from a solution of aluminium chloride?
SUUTePTCeVeT eer
fre] Aezinc = Writi uk: s
= Legg out the reactivity series on a spare =
5, . it of paper will help with this question. ==
[| B calcium ritttrryys
[| C copper
[| D iron
[1]
b) Which of the following metals will displace iron from an aqueous solution of iron chloride?
4 A silver
= B copper
| | € gold
[| D sodium
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
2 A student placed pieces of copper, zinc and an unknown =

metal in zinc sulfate solution and copper sulfate solution and 4-§
left them for an hour. The student’s results are shown below.
reaction with zinc sulfate no reaction no reaction no reaction

reaction with copper sulfate no reaction reaction
a) Suggest the name of the unidentified metal.
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[1]
b) Explain how you can tell that the unidentified metal is more reactive than copper.
[1]
c) Explain why there was no reaction between copper and zinc sulfate.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]

49
3 A student performed an investigation to observe the chemical reactions of four

metals with some metal oxides. The student’s results are displayed in the table below. ()
The student put a tick if a reaction occurred and a cross if there was no reaction.
aluminium oxide copper oxide iron oxide magnesium oxide

aluminium
i ii
Ei
a) Complete the table to show the results for iron.
[2]
b) State how many of the oxides in the table you would expect to react with gold. .......cccceceeseeeeeees
[1]
c) Which metal in the table would you expect to react most vigorously with copper oxide?
Give a reason for your answer.
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
4 A student carries out a displacement reaction by reacting magnesium with

an aqueous solution of iron(II) chloride (FeCl,) to produce magnesium chloride and iron. 9
a) Write the balanced symbol equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
[2]
b) Explain why this displacement reaction is an example of a redox reaction.
[2]
c) Copper is a brown metal and copper(II) sulfate is blue in solution.
Aluminium is a shiny grey metal and aluminium sulfate is colourless in solution.
Predict the student’s observations when aluminium is added to copper(II) sulfate.
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
Hiwur]
Score: |__|
16
&) L} ‘a L_] Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry
: r ‘ Grade
1 In an experiment to investigate rusting, three iron nails were placed into separate test tubes. (4-6
air
air
cotton wool
boiled (airless) water tap water drying agent
A B
a) State the two things that are needed for iron to rust.
EN
Earcaehacpilates awe anestas,season ae 2. ssssesrecesensonesseesanecstecenaeeeesnns seal
[2]
b) In which tube, A, B or C, will the nail rust? ...............csscscssccesscosnercossssossooessesoneeans seen
[1]
c) A fourth test tube was set up with identical conditions to B, but using a nail that had first been
coated in paint. Suggest what you would observe in this test tube and explain your prediction.
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CORR e eee eee Eee HEHE HEHEHE HEE H HEHE EHH HHH E HEHEHE EEE EEEH EEE EEEH HEHE EEE EES EEEH SESE EEE EEE EEEEEEH EES EEE EEEH EEE HEHEHE HOHE HEHEHE HEH EEE HEE EEE HEEHEEEES SEES
[Total 5 marks]
: Grade’
2 There are several methods that can be used to prevent the corrosion of metals and alloys. 6-7
a) A ship manufacturer wants to prevent the corrosion of a steel ship using sacrificial protection.
Describe what is meant by sacrificial protection and explain how it protects the ship.
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POORER RHEE HEHE EHH H HEHE EEE SHEE HEHEHE HEHE HEHE EEE EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEE EEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEEH EEE EEE SEH HEH EEEHEEE EEE SEH EEH HEHEHE EEH EEE EEH HEHEHE EEE
SOOTHE HEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEEEEEEEEH EEE EEE HEEEHEEEEEH EEE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEH EEE HEHE HEH HEH EEE HEHE EEE EHH EEE EEE HEHEHE EHH EEE EEES
TEETER eRe H EHH HEHEHE EEE EEH HEHE HEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHE HEHE EEE E EEE EE HEHE EEE EEH EEE SEES
b) A roofing company coats an iron roof with a layer of zinc to protect it from rusting.
After a while, the zinc layer becomes scratched.
Would you expect the iron roofing to begin to rust? Explain your answer.
Exam Practice Tip

Learning what's required for rust to form is really important for answering questions on iron.
Equally important is learning the ways that rust is prevented from forming in the real world.
It's useful to remember how the reactivity series ties in to the sacrificial method of protection too.
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry @) Fi E Cm

—,
51
a Metals and Redox

Grade
1 Zinc oxide can be reduced to zinc using carbon. (4.§}
a) Write the word equation for this reaction.
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[1]
b) Identify the reducing agent in this reaction.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
2 Not all metals can be extracted using carbon. G5)

Some need to be extracted using a different method. “v
a) Give the name of the process used to extract these metals.
[1]
b) Explain why not all metals can be extracted using carbon.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
3. Most metals are found as compounds in ores in the Earth’s crust.

Some of the metals can be extracted by heating their ores with carbon.
i
4 a) Why are most metals found in the earth as compounds?
[1]
b) Explain why iron can be extracted from iron oxide by heating with carbon.
[2]
c) Name the type of reaction that removes a metal from its OFe. ......:.ssesseeeseeeeeeneeeeneeseeteeeeeneeneeneenee
[1]
d) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of iron(II) oxide (Fe,O,) with carbon.
[2]
be [Total 6 marks]
Score:
10
&) L] L_] @ Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

Uses of Metals
Grade
1 The table below shows some data about the properties of three alloys. (§.7
contin cm!)
|
?
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RRR RRR RR eee E RHEE E EERE EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEEEEEEEHEEHEEE EEE EEEEEEHEEH EEE SETHE EEESEEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEE HEE EEEEEEH EES EEE EES EES EEE HEE EEEES
CORREO eee HEE Hee HEHEHE EHH OHHH HEHEHE EEH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEE HEEH HEHE EEEEEH HEHEHE EEE EEEEEEH HEHEHE HEE EEEEEEHEEH HEH EEE EEE HEHEHE HEE EEE EEE EES EEE HESS ESD
TERRE eee EEE E HHH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEE SESE HEHE EEE EEH EEE EEEHEEH EEE EEH HEE EEEH EEE EEH EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE ETH EEE EEE EEHEEEEEES
TREO eH HET HEHE OEE HEHEHE EEEE EEE EHH EEE EEE EEEE HEHE HEHE EEE EEH HEHEHE EEE SEESEEEHEEHEEH EEE EEEEEEE EEE HEHE EEHEEEEESHEE HEE HEE EEEHEESEE SHEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EES
SERRE REE EER HEE HEE H HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHE HEH EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EHEHEEH HEE EEEEEEEEEH HEHEHE EEE EEEEEEE EHH EEE EEEEEH HEHE EE EEE EEE EEEH EEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEES
2
Paper ~ oo
c) Stainless steel is often used to make kitchen equipment. Suggest a property of stainless steel,
other than the properties shown in the table above, that makes it well suited for this use.
SERRE eH eH EH E EEE HH EEH HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEEE EEE SEE EEE HEHEHE EEEH EEE HEE SESE HEE EEE HEHE HEE EEE EEE EES EEE SETH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE SEE EEEE ESSE SEES EE EES
[Total 5 marks]
‘ jf 7 ae ; . : &
2 The different properties of iron and aluminium lead to differences in their uses. 7-9
Metals can be used in the construction of racing yachts.

Suggest which metal out of iron and aluminium would be most suitable for this use.
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TREE ETT HTH HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE SESE SEH EEEHEEH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEH EEE EEE SEES SEH OEE HEHEHE SESE SEES EE EEE EEEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEEH EEE EEE EEE EEEE SESE EEE EEE EEES
STREET RET H HEE EEH HEHEHE EEE SESE EEE EEEHEEH HEHEHE EEE SETH EEE EEE EEEHEEE HEHEHE EES EEE HEH EEE EEE SEE HES EEE EEE EEE EEE SEES ESET EEEE EEE HESS ESE EEE ESOS EEE SESE EES
RARE HERR EEE H EEE EEE SEH HEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEHEEEH EEE EEE EEEH EEE EEE EEEEEEEHEEHEEHEEE EEE EEE HEEE EES EEE EEE EEE SEES EEE EEE EEE SESE EEE EEE EEE EEEH EES EEEE EEE EEEEEEEEES
PTET HEHEHE HEHEHE EHH EHH EEE HEH HEE HEE HEEEEEEEHEEH EEE HEE EEE HEE HEEH EEE HEE EEE EEEEEE SEE HOSE SEE EESEESSESSEEE ESE EEEHEEEEESEES SESE ESE SEESEEE SES SEEEEEEEEES

53
Acids and Alkalis

—
1 The pH scale shows how acidic or alkaline substances are. (3 :)

nd
a) What range of values does pH take?
b) What term is used to describe a substance with a pH of 7? eee eee eee eee Cee ee eee CeCe eee CCC CeCe eer ee eee rere e eee eee ee eres
c) Caustic soda has a pH of around 13. Which of the following phrases best describes caustic soda?
| A Strong acid [| B Strong alkali = C Weak acid [| D Weak alkali
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
2 Bleach has a pH of around 12. G6)
Complete the table to show what colour it would turn the following indicators.
Pirersees
ears fog ore
ee
ee saint
3 A student has a test tube containing some acid. ran
The student adds a few drops of Universal indicator to the acid and it turns red. (6.7
The student then gradually adds some alkali to the test tube.
a) What type of ions in the acid cause the indicator to become red?
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[1]
b) What type of reaction takes place between the acid and the alkali?
[1]
c) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs between the ions in the acid and the alkali.
Include state symbols in your answer.
oceania “3
[Total 4 marks]
Score: |
10
&) fc] ie [| Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry
54
Reactions of Acids
Dilute acids can react with metals and with metal oxides.
Complete the word equations for the reactions below. Z
a) Sulfpicacid.+ Maguesiiin OXIdC —>> Gasaecctetlse

eeeccecertenn maercasses me
[1]
b) BIVRIPOCTISTA CCI ANOTIUITIIUTEIS =P” sce. tacuersccsnsivossessccaneeteencons wes iecsseeceseonssosees soem
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
SG , Be : Grad
A student is investigating the reactions of acids. 6-7
a) The student reacts nitric acid with copper oxide. Write a word equation for the reaction.
[1]
b) The student then adds zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH),, to a test tube of hydrochloric acid.
Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction.
[2]
7) The student then reacts sulfuric acid with aqueous ammonia.
Name the salt that would form in this reaction.
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
When a spatula of magnesium carbonate powder (MgCO,) is added to /4raue

a test tube containing nitric acid (HNO,), bubbles of gas are given off. 6-7
a) Name the gas evolved during the reaction.
[1]
b) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction.
[2]
c) Some magnesium carbonate powder is left over.
Suggest an appropriate acid that could be added to it to make magnesium chloride.
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
Score: i
10
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry @) Rea] E @L]
55
; Titrations |
1 The concentration of some limewater, Ca(OH), solution, was determined a
by titration with hydrochloric acid, HCl. 50 cm? of limewater required 6-7
20 cm? of 0.1 mol/dm? hydrochloric acid to neutralise it.
The chemical equation for the reaction is: Ca(OH), + 2HCI — CaCl, + 2H,O
a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid used in the reaction.
<aasaelinansh>"e0iciee? ase eee moles

[2]
b) Calculate how many moles of calcium hydroxide were used.
gsiova tote noes use ante tel anneal moles

[1]
c) Calculate the concentration of the limewater in mol/dm’.
Goncentration =. 20.5 ee mol/dm?

[2]
d) Describe how the end-point of this reaction could be determined.
| 22]
[Total 7 marks]
2 In a titration, 10.0 cm? of sulfuric acid was used to neutralise 30.0 cm? of
0.10 mol/dm} potassium hydroxide solution. The equation for the reaction is:
HSO, + 2KOH => K,SO, + 2H,O |
a) Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid in mol/dm’.
Concentration = ct:sincanceeeieet mol/dm?

[3]
b) Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid in g/dm’.
COM CETTALIONS imaccoenmwesenestereromnineneerotaan g/dm*

[2]
[Total 5 marks]
Score:
12
&) zx @ 2) es) Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

56
Making Insoluble Salts

Grade
1 Fill in the table below by stating whether the salt is soluble or insoluble. (4.6
Seed
ae eer
es ee [Total 3 marks]
2 A student is making a sample of lead sulfate, Grade pRACTICAL

an insoluble salt, by mixing two salt solutions. 6-7
a) Suggest two salt solutions that the student could mix to make lead sulfate.
[1]
b) Once the student has made the salt, he pours the whole solid and salt solution
into a filter funnel, as shown in the diagram below.
solid salt and salt

solution mixture filter paper
lead sulfate
filter funnel
Py conical flask
<
What has the student done wrong? Explain how this could affect
the mass of solid salt that he collects from the solution.
[2]
c) Ina second reaction, the student wants to produce the insoluble salt calcium carbonate, CaCO,.
Suggest two soluble salts he could react together to make a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
PORTER REE eee H FATEH EHHEE HEE

ETE H HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEE
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HEHEHE EEEeeeeeeee
SEES EEE HEE ESTE EEE SEES EES EES EES HEEE EEE EES EEE SEES SESE EE EEE SEES EEE SES SESE EEE EEE EES EEES ESS SESESEEEEES ESE ESESES
PPP eee ee eee eeeORE

THAR eee eee
EHHeee HEHEHE
eee eee eeSEE
eee ee eeeEEE SETH EEE EEE SESE EEE EEE HEE H EEE EES HESS EEE EEE EEE EEE SESE EEE EES EEE SES HEE SESEEES
H HEHE EEE HESEEEE ESSE SES EESEEESESES
[Total 5 marks]
Score: a |
8
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry L] (o)CJ eu
Making Soluble Salts
A student is making a sample of a salt by reacting
ammonium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
Name the salt formed in this reaction.
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b) The student uses a titration method to add ammonium hydroxide solution to the acid until the
«
Papel
reaction reaches its end point, which is shown by a change in colour of an indicator in the solution.
The student then crystallises the solution to obtain the salt.
Will this produce a pure sample of the salt? Explain your answer.
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CeCe eee eee sere reer eee ESE EEO OSES OH E ESET EE SESE EEEE EEE O OOOH SEES ESSE EE SEOS SEES OSES DESH E ETOH SOOS ESSE TEESE TEESE SSSESHS ESET ESOOS SOSH SETHE SOOSSOOSESOSSSSSOS SESS
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
Copper sulfate 1s a soluble salt that can be made by the reaction PRACTICAL,
between sulfuric acid, H,SO,, and copper oxide, CuO. ie,
Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols,

for the reaction between sulfuric acid and copper oxide.
[2]
b) Outline how you could prepare a pure, dry sample of

copper sulfate in the lab from sulfuric acid and copper oxide.
[6]
[Total 8 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

but don't forget, you also
If you're lucky, you might get to make some soluble salts of your very own in class,
method a few times
need to know about how to make them for your exams. Make sure you go through the
out before moving on.
to make sure you understand what has to be done and why each stage is carried
@0i ©! SU Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

Tests for Cations
Potassium chloride is used to replace some of the sodium chloride @)

in low-sodium table salt. A flame test can be used to tell 6-7
the difference between potassium chloride and sodium chloride.
a) Describe how to carry out a flame test.

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RRR ee eee eee RHEE EEE RHEE EEE HOE EEE EHEEH EEE EEE TEESE EEE EEE EEEE EEE SESE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEE S EEE EEE EEEH EEE SEH EEE EEE EEEHEEHEEE SESE EEHEEHEEESESESES SEE EEEE SEES
RRR eee Ree Re EEE HEE EEE HEHE E EEE E EEE EERE EEE EEE H EEE SEES EEE HEHEHE EEEE HEHE EES EEE EEEH EEE EEEESESEEE EEE EEEHEEHEEHEEE EEE SEE HEE SEES HEHEHE EEE HEE EEESEEHEEEEES
[2]
b) Explain how you could tell from a flame test that a substance was potassium chloride
and not sodium chloride.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
A student adds a few drops of NaOH solution to solutions of different metal compounds. 6.7
a) i) Which solution releases ammonia when sodium hydroxide solution is added?

[ | A CaCl, | |]c Lic
|] B Cuso, | | D (NH))SO,
[1]
i1) Describe a chemical test for ammonia gas.
b — Which solution forms a blue precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution?

[ | A CaCl, Wicirel
|_| B Cuso, |_] D (NH,),SO,
[1]
Cc) Complete the balanced ionic equation for the reaction of
iron(II) ions with hydroxide ions by inserting state symbols.
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ll]
[Total 4 marks]
Score: ba
—68
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry ® e) [a @L |
59
y Tests for Anions

1 Complete the following symbol equation for the reactions involved in a negative ion test. (3-4)
ae
Ba a — BaSO,
[Total | mark]
2 A student has a sample of an ionic compound Grada\

and wants to test for the presence of different ions. 6-7)
a) Give the chemical formula and charge of the negative ions present in the following compounds.
PperergOresiuM CATOONALE ........-..0ccn-00s-+-00- [1]
SPP HOCARSIUIN 1OCICE ..............-.000e0e«. [1]
b) i) State which two reactants are used to test for sulfate ions.
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[2]
ii) What would be observed after adding these reactants to a solution of a sulfate compound?
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
a A student is given a solution and told that it contains either chloride ore —
e
carbonate ions. Describe how the student could test for each of these ions,
. .
7-9
and what the student would see in each case if the ions were present.
[Total 4 marks]
Score: L.
&) & © i] [| Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

60
Tests for Gases and Water
Electrolysis of water gives hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. { 4-6
Describe a simple laboratory test that you could use to identify hydrogen gas.
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eee eee eee eee REE EEE E HEHE EERE EEE EES EEEEEEE SESE SEE HESS EES EEEH EEE EEE SESE EES EES EEE SEES EEE SES SES SEES EES EES ESO SES SES SEE SEES STE SES SES SESSESESES EES EEES EES ESSE
[2]
b) Describe a simple laboratory test that you could use to identify oxygen gas.
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
A fuel was burnt in pure oxygen and the products (3)

of the combustion reaction were collected. 6-7
a) A liquid condensed out of the products after they were cooled to room temperature.
The liquid was added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.
Describe the colour change that would be observed if the liquid contained water.
[2]
b) The test with anhydrous copper(II) sulfate indicated that the liquid contained water.
Next, the liquid’s freezing point and boiling point were found.
Freezing point: —4 °C Boiling point: 106 °C
Explain what these results show.
[3]
Cc) The gas that was produced by the burning fuel was also tested. The gas did not bleach damp
litmus paper. When the gas was bubbled through limewater, the limewater turned cloudy.
Explain what these results show.
[4]
[Total 9 marks]
Score: “a
13
Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry @&)[iss] @ Ei
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry 61
Energy Transfer in Reactions
1 Which of the following energy changes describes an exothermic reaction? (0°5)
|| A | Takesinenergy |Increases
|| B | Givesoutenergy | Increases
| |C | Takesinenergy | Decreases
| D | Givesoutenergy Decreases
[Total | mark]
2 During the following reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. 4-6
AB. + C.— AC +.B

a) State, with a reason, whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
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[2]
b) i) What is meant by the enthalpy change of a reaction?
[1]
ii) State whether the enthalpy change of the above reaction is positive or negative.
[1]
iii)Give the symbol that is used to represent enthalpy change.
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
. 2 . : Grad
3. _The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate is an endothermic reaction. 6-7
Sketch and label a reaction profile for this reaction on the axes below. Label the enthalpy change.
¥
aaper
Energy
Progress of reaction
Score: __
[Total 3 marks] 9
&) el L_] a) Section 5 — Physical Chemistry

62
1 A student measured the temperature change during a reaction between ()

sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown below. “7
reaction
mixture
cotton
wool
a) Before mixing the reagents, the student measured the temperature of each of them. Explain why.
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[1]
b) State the purpose of:
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[1]
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[1]
32
c) The student measured the temperature over > 30
the first 30 seconds of the reaction. Her results S
are plotted on the graph shown on the right. o 28
What was the temperature increase during the reaction? z 26
©Q, 24
5 22
Liscisteeist hae °G 20
[1] 18
0 5 1015 20 25 30
d) What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Time (s)
[1]
e) How could the reliability of the results be improved?
[1]
f) This is a neutralisation reaction.
Give one other type of reaction this method could be used to Study. .......:.s:scsssseseseseseseseseeesenenenensees
[1]
[Total 7 marks]
Score: hy |
7
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry @&)L_] L] @L]
63
Calculating Enthalpy Changes

1 A scientist conducted a calorimetry experiment to measure the energy produced when 4
petrol is burnt. 0.7 g of petrol was burned in a spirit burner placed underneath a copper &3)
can containing 50 g of water. The temperature of the water increased by 30.5 °C.
a) Why was a copper can chosen to hold the water?
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[1]
b) Calculate the heat energy change in the experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g/°C.
Heat.energy. change = 35 Aca nee eee J

[2]
c) Use your answer to b) to calculate the energy produced per gram of petrol.
Give your answer in kJ/g.
SOTSY’ DT OU CCC tte na cyteeenent

coneemeercemane, kJ/g
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
2 A student found that burning 1.15 g of ethanol (C,H,OH) raised the temperature of an
50 g of water by 34.5 °C. She calculated that this was a heat energy change of 7245 J. “3
a) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol that Se

the student burnt in her experiment. = ee outi Bltnberof =
= S, you tirst need to work =
=) OU he relative ormu fs
“11 7. i as I ‘ itt . ets
IGG esrte treicd sancnsueseadarsdnaceveswatencenies mol

[2]
b) Calculate the molar enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) for the combustion of ethanol.
Molar enthalpy change = reese

oes tenneentavencenaes kJ/mol
[2]
[Total 4 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Calculations, calculations, calculations. Everyone's favourite. You'll have heard it a thousand times before,
but always check your working after you've done a question, and check the units too. For a molar enthalpy
question you also need to think about signs: '-’ for exothermic reactions and ‘+’ for endothermic reactions.
&) Sy [| ee Section 5 — Physical Chemistry

1 Calculate the enthalpy change during the combustion of methane, CH,. @
Use the equation and bond energy information given below. s
CH, + 20, — CO, + 2H,0

H
| a
H—C-—H + oes — O=C=O0 + Pr rN

O=O H HH 4H
H
Enthalpy change = ..:.1.0:,.:+s.t<1.cs2.seues/eene kJ/mol

[Total 4 marks]
2 Hydrazine is a molecule with the formula N,H,. (6-7)
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the combustion of hydrazine.

Use the equation and bond energy information given below.
2Paper Energy (nol) NH, + 0, 4 N, + 2H

H H
SN-NC + O=O0 —* NEN+ TaN
H H H Sime HH
Enthalpy change = ....:.:5....t.00.

ssa.seusss tageh sauna kJ/mol
b) Using your answer to a), state whether the combustion of hydrazine

is endothermic or exothermic. Explain your answer.
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65
Rates of Reaction
1 This question is about the rate of a chemical reaction between two reactants,
one of which is in solution, and one of which is a solid. 4-6
a) Which of the following changes would not cause the rate of the chemical reaction to increase?
[| A Increasing the concentration of the solution.
[| B Heating the reaction mixture to a higher temperature.
[| C Using a larger volume of the solution, but keeping the concentration the same.
[| D Grinding the solid reactant so that it forms a fine powder.
[1]
b) What is the name given to the minimum amount of energy
which particles must have if they are to react when they collide?
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[Total 2 marks]
2 The graph below shows how the mass of gas lost from a reaction vessel (3)
changes over time, for the same reaction under different conditions. “fT
lost
from
Mass
vessel
reaction
(g)
Time (s)
State and explain which of the reactions, A, B or i:
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66
3 This question is about the rate of the reaction between magnesium fon
and hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for the reaction is: 6-7
Mg,, + 2HCl,,,. ) > MgCl,,,, 2(aq) + H 2(g)
a) The graph below shows how the volume of hydrogen produced changes over the course
of the reaction when a small lump of magnesium is added to excess hydrochloric acid.
On the same axes, sketch a curve to show how the volume of hydrogen produced
would change over time if an identical piece of magnesium was added to excess
hydrochloric acid with a higher concentration.
of
Volume
(cm’)
hydrogen
gas
Time (s)
[2]
b) State two properties of the collisions between particles that affect the rate of a reaction.
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c) Use collision theory to explain why increasing the concentration of a reactant increases the rate of
the reaction.
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d) How would you expect the reaction rate to change if the magnesium was cut into smaller pieces?
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[1]
e) Explain why cutting the magnesium into smaller pieces affects the rate of this reaction.
[2]
f) State one change that could be made to alter the rate of the reaction, other than changing the
concentration and the size of the magnesium pieces.
[1]
[Total 10 marks]
Score: bas
als
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry [| ® e) @L]
67
Catalysts
Grade
1 Which of the following statements about catalysts is correct? { 4-6
[| A Catalysts are very reactive, so only small amounts of catalyst are required during reactions.
oa B The products formed during a reaction depend on whether or not a catalyst is used.
ei C Most catalysts need to be added to the reaction mixture in excess.
[| D As catalysts are not used up during chemical reactions, only small amounts are required.
[Total I mark]
2 __ A Student carries out a reaction between hydrogen gas /@raad

and iodine gas to form hydrogen iodide (HI). 6-7
a) When cerium oxide is mixed with the hydrogen and iodine gases, the rate of reaction increases.
i) What does this suggest about cerium oxide?
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[1]
11) Explain how cerium oxide increases the rate of the reaction.
[2]
b) State whether the reaction equation will change if cerium oxide is present in the reaction vessel.
[2]
c) Sketch and label two reaction profiles on the axes below to show the difference
between the reaction of hydrogen and iodine with and without cerium oxide.
The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants.
Energy
=
ae
Progress of
Reaction
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
Score: |
8
&) lee} © LJ ee} Section 5 — Physical Chemistry
68
Measuring Rates of Reaction

“Grade\,
1 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. 3-4}
Which method would be appropriate for measuring the rate of this reaction?
[| A Measuring the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.
[| B Measuring the temperature.
[| C Timing how long the reaction takes to go cloudy.
it D Weighing the amount of water produced.

[Total I mark]
2. The rate of a reaction can be measured using different methods. 6-7
a) If one of the products is a gas, the rate of reaction can be measured by

recording the change in mass of the reaction vessel using a mass balance.
i) Suggest one disadvantage of this method.
[1]
ii) Describe a method, other than measuring a change in mass, that could be
used to measure the rate of a reaction when one of the products is a gas.
[1]
b) i) Briefly describe how you could measure the rate of a reaction that produces a precipitate.
[2]
ii) A student is investigating how the concentration of a reactant affects the rate of a reaction that
produces a precipitate. She carries out the reaction with different concentrations of reactant
and measures the rate of reaction for each concentration.
What is the dependent variable in this method?
[Total 5 marks]
Score: a]

69
Rate of Reaction Experiments

Oxygen and water can be produced by the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H,O,).
a ~— Complete this balanced symbol equation for the decomposition

of hydrogen peroxide, including state symbols.
eeeccccscccoseoh SANS, - FF aanveesccessesessseseesesesese
b —_
Samples of three catalysts with the same
surface area were added to hydrogen
peroxide solution. The same volume and
concentration of hydrogen peroxide was
used each time. The volume of oxygen
produced over time was measured and
recorded, and is shown in the graph.
i) How much oxygen was produced after
3 minutes with copper(II) oxide?
(cm’)
of
Volume
oxygen
Volume of oxygen = oer eee eee eee eee eee ee eee
3 4 apm
ii) State, with a reason, the most effective catalyst.
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[Total 5 marks]
A scientist is investigating how the quantity of reactants affects the rate of the reaction
between hydrochloric acid (HCl) with marble chips. He carried out two reactions, X and Y.
Reaction X used 0.500 g of marble chips and an excess of 0.100 mol/dm? HCl.
©) Grade
Using the graph on the right, determine which of the following

sets of conditions could have resulted in reaction Y. 250
[ A 0.250 g of marble chips and an excess of SE 2004H¥
0.100 mol/dm? hydrochloric acid. oO §
ieee elt
nw B 1.00 g of marble chips and an excess of 2 8 he
0.100 mol/dm? hydrochloric acid. E3 J
> & 50
a an excess of
C 0.250 g of marble chips andqueers 5
Girne Maer
0.200 mol/dm? hydrochloric acid.
|
|D 1.00 g of marble chips and an excess of Time (s)
[Total 1 mark]

70
: A student wanted to calculate the rate of reaction between nitric acid on

and zinc. He carried out two experiments under the same conditions,
but in one he used zinc ribbons and in the other he used zinc powder.
The graph below shows the rate of reaction for both experiments, labelled Q and R.
—_
x §
N
Gy
osm
o Vv
& o
ae
Oo
> &
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (s) \ WERRRRRURERU J DORE Onee Le:Z
RPRED EDO RU
find the gradient ata =
You canpoint =
:
= particular on a curve by drawing =
a) i) Calculate the rate of reaction Q at 50 seconds.
= a tangent to the curve at that point. 2
AVAL AVIAN IA EEC ETERS
Tate = ......:sssaneee cm?/s

[3]
ii) Calculate the rate of reaction R at 120 seconds.
Tate = ......sse cm?/s

[3]
b) State which reaction, Q or R, used the powdered zinc. Explain your answer.
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TERS R EHH HEHE HEHE EEE SEES EEH EEE EEE OSES SESE EEE SES EEE SESE HESE EES SEE EEE SESE SES HESS SES EES TESS ESS EES HEHE ESSE SEES ESSE ESESES SOS SESE ES SOSSESSEESESESSSESESESESS
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[3]
c) State one variable that the student would have controlled in order to make the experiment
scientifically valid. Explain why this variable needed to be controlled.
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
Score: a
17
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry @&)al © [| @L]
Reversible Reactions
1 _In the reaction below, substances A and B react to form substances C andD. (4.6
2A) x By = 20, 45 Di
a) What can you deduce about this reaction from the symbol — ?
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[1]
b) What is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium?
[1]
c) In the above reaction, the forward reaction is exothermic.
i) Does the reverse reaction take in or give out energy? Explain your answer.
[2]
ii) Explain why changing the temperature of a reversible reaction always affects the position of
the equilibrium.
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. [2]
5
iii)If the temperature of the above reaction is raised, will the equilibrium position move to the
. . . . . rd Ee
. .
¥
=
right or to the left?
[1]
d) State and explain the effect of changing the pressure on the position of equilibrium in
the above reaction.
[2]
ammonia gas and
e) Ammonium chloride is heated in a beaker inside a fume cupboard to form
though it is reversible?
hydrogen chloride gas. Why can this reaction not reach equilibrium even
T
soennsesenscennione
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nniniiinnr®
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[Total 10 marks]

72
2 When blue hydrated copper(II) sulfate is heated, steam

and anhydrous white copper(II) sulfate are produced. zh,
CuSO,.5H,O,, (s) =: CuSO,, + 5H,O2 ~ (g)

a) From the information given in the question, state whether the forward reaction
is exothermic or endothermic. Give a reason for your answer.
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[2]
b) A student has a beaker containing some anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder. A few drops
of water are added to the beaker from a pipette. Two changes are observed in the beaker.
i) Describe what happens to the colour of the copper(II) sulfate.
[1]
ii) What happens to the temperature of the mixture in the beaker?
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
3 When ammonium nitrate is heated, it breaks down into ammonia and hydrogen chloride. |
The reaction is reversible.
NH,Cl, = NH, + HCl,
Two students are trying to deduce the optimum conditions to favour the forward reaction.
The first student suggests a temperature of 375 °C and a pressure of | atmosphere.
The second student suggests a temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 5 atmospheres.
Using your knowledge of equilibrium reactions, deduce which conditions are more favourable for
the forward reaction. Explain your answer.
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2
Paper
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RRR REE EE EEE EEE H HEHE EEE EEE E EEE HEHE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE SHEE EEEE HEHEHE ESE HEHEHE EEE EEEEHEH HEE HEEHEEEEEE EEE EEE EEES
TTT ETH ETE H HEHEHE HEE H TEESE EEE EEE EEE HEEE EEE E EEE EEE HEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HESS EEE SEES EEE EEE EES SEE EEE SHEE EEE EEE EEE SEES EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE SESE EEE SEES EEE ES
TREE RRR HEHE HEHEHE H EEE E HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE H ETHER EERE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEEH HEHE EE EEEH HEHEHE EEE EEEE HEE HEE HEEH EEE HEE E HEHEHE
[Total 5 marks]
Score: |
19
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry @&)L_] © = @LI)
section 6 — Organic Chemistry 73
Organic Compounds |
1 Which of the following is a structural formula? 6%
5-4)
meAS CH, |_| B CH,CH,CH, | | c cH Eenireate

[Total 1 mark]
2 Three of the following structures belong to the same homologous series. Grade
Identify the structure that belongs to a different homologous series. G5
[] a if it O Miu H H
YW
ery SN ee
: Hey H ee H H
;
[| |B i || D i
ee tas H O H
wae
Betas
He he Sie
[Total I mark]
3 Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons. (3)
a) Describe what is meant by the term homologous series.
[1]
b) The structure of an alkene is shown below.
aie pciecole Hp
Hiss
H
conf) aug wane
How Hose
i) Circle the functional group in the alkene.

[1]
ii) Name this alkene. ............ssscsssssseccesssssssssssessensescensnnnsccnsnnssesssnssccnsnnsscncnnnsscnsqnnssconannsseenansssteneeseeete

[1]
iii) Write the empirical formula of this alkene. ......--+-sssssesccssssseseeeeessssensseeennnnnnasscenennnnnssseeseenst

[1]
[Total 4 marks]
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry

14
Grade
4 Draw the displayed formula of a molecule of hexane. 6.7
[Total 1 mark]
bs) Draw the displayed formula of the molecule with

the structural formula CH,CH,C(=O)OCH,, “3
[Total 1 mark]
6 A student carries out the reaction between ethanol and a carboxylic acid, A.
The displayed formula of carboxylic acid A is shown below. 7-9
|
F
Bim Hew
H H
A
eA een
TROTTER ETH H HEE H HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE ESTEE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE SESE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEE EEEH HEHEHE EEHEEH EEE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEEE ESE H EEE EEE EEE EE EE
[1]
b) The student carries out the reaction again, but uses a different carboxylic acid, B.
Will carboxylic acid B react in the same way as carboxylic acid A? Explain your answer.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
Score: |
10
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry @) [| ©] en
Isomers
Grade
1 Which of the following molecules is not an isomer of the other three? (4-6
H
a H |
ee hthFf eal ere

Raw tml | He Caseel
| toes |
H H H H H pale aa
H H H H
H.....H r
Ne
| NSIS Seales [| D H H—C—H H
ae Ca | | |
Ogre ama H—C+—c——C=H
[Total I mark]
Grade
2. The displayed formula of a molecule is shown below. 6-7)
ism
wae Heth.
ie .«Hae
a) Draw the displayed formula of an isomer of the molecule shown above.
[1]
b) The molecular formula of a straight chain molecule is C,H,Cl.

Draw the displayed formula of both isomers of this molecule.
[2]
[Total 3 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

atoms in a
lsomerism can be pretty tough to get your head around. There are plenty of ways to rearrange
such as two molecules
molecule, and you need to be able to spot the different forms — watch out for clues
functional group appearing in different places.
having differently shaped carbon chains, or the same
G g Section 6 — Organic Chemistry

@) ‘<)
ERR RRR eee eRe RHEE HEH HEHEHE E EEE HEHE EEE EEEEES
bitumen fuel oil
gasoline refinery gases
kerosene __ diesel eee eeee Tee eee eeEee reer rerrrrrrrerer reer eee eee eee eres
eee Ree eee Eee HHO E HEHEHE HEH HEHEHE EEE E EEE Eee
Ree Eee ee HEHEHE EEE H EE HEHEHE EE EEE HEHE Eee
oe eeUEEU OSE CECCCOUCCO CSCC CCC S CeCe eee eee eee
RRR Ree eRe EEE EEE H EHH HEE H EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE
[Total 3 marks]
Heptane and triacontane are two molecules that are present in two
of the fractions produced by the fractional distillation of crude oil. 5
The table below shows the boiling points of these two molecules.
Hydrocarbon Chemical formula | Boiling point (°C) _

Po Hane Oe |
a) Triacontane is present in the fuel oil fraction. Give two uses of fuel oil.
Teen eee ewes
teen eee eeee
b) Which of these two hydrocarbons would you expect to

be collected further down the fractionating column?
Explain your answer, with reference to the boiling points of the hydrocarbons.
TERRE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE H IE HERE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE E HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEE HEHE EEE EEE SESH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE H EEE EEE EEE EEEEES
TONER RHEE EHH HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEHH HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEE E HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEE EEEHEES EEE EEE EEE SEER EEEEE Senet eee eee
TREE EHH EHH EEE H HEHEHE EHH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEH EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEH HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEH SEH EEE EEE EEEED
TTR REET HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEE EHH HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EEH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEE HEE E HEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEE HEHEHE EEEE EEE EEEE EEE HEE HEHEHE SHEE HEEEE

Cracking
1 When decane is cracked, octane and ethene can be produced. (475)
DE ee
[1/30Oa em wits
perry ee CCK
HHHHHHHHHH Pinon LH lt au
V2
OAS Tethietie
decane H H
a) Write the chemical equation for the cracking of decane to make octane and ethene.
BORO eee e eee eee eee eee HEHEHE HEHEHE SHEE HEEE HEHEHE SEH EEE HEHE EEEE SESH EEEEEEEHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEHESEEEH OEE EHEEEEEEEEE EEE SEES EEEEEEEEEH HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEEEEES
b) Which statement best describes the differences in the physical properties of octane and decane?
[| A Octane has a lower boiling point and a higher viscocity than decane.
ee) B Octane has a higher boiling point and a higher viscocity than decane.
"| C Octane has a higher boiling point and a lower viscocity than decane.
[| D Octane has a lower boiling point and a lower viscocity than decane. [1]
[Total 2 marks]
Grade
2. Cracking alters the molecules obtained in fractional distillation. (6.7
a) The apparatus shown on the right can mineral

be used to crack kerosene in the lab. wool soaked
in kerosene
i) Suggest the role of the silica. silica
TPT TTET PET TER ETE
[1]
ii) The alkanes produced by cracking boiling
collect in the boiling tube. Bunsen tube
Suggest what collects in the gas jar. burner
[1]
SS YESH EGCCERO PTT

CDC CLR STTPreTTrrrrrrreeee
CNS
LER SeSeECRC SEES APT SORCOSSCSSESPOCERAKETHEDSO
Cee e cree eee e eee eee ee eS ESSE EOE EOHHEOESEEESETOHSESES ESOS EES O SESE ESSOS HOHE STEED
PERSE SEEDS OE. OCC ESREUP ss easscde cae c¥gebins se edesdaveeneccoeerroresensavesesveorcensusocooeconecoencueses
OeeSUSROS ASS RSDTOVESHSE OLCesOS OR OORB EOE HCL YY

SEP VERO SeOCLS SOTO COOPPPPTTTTTTTTTTITTTTT rrr
Et cc ee sis bee eesd
“RENAL * SRST SENG OOO ee eee ee

EAUM SRAM acs doUseole eds cosceessoenge Phare EPEUEE? Se dd SCAROUSK ES" APR EE PED OS ERED
Teer r eer errr rere e eee FSGS
[Total 6 marks]
Score: |
8
®) a L_] [| Section 6 — Organic Chemistry
78
Burning Hydrocarbons _
Which of the following statements best describes (3°)
what occurs during a combustion reaction? 2-4)
has} A Oxygen reacts with a fuel and energy is released.
fe B A fuel takes in energy and decomposes.
[| C Carbon dioxide reacts with a fuel and energy is released.

in| D A fuel reacts with water vapour in clouds to produce acid rain.
[Total I mark]
Grad
Fumes from faulty central heating boilers can contain carbon monoxide. 4-6
a) What can cause carbon monoxide to be produced when fuel is burnt in a boiler?
[1]
b) Describe the effect that carbon monoxide has on the human body.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
. - 7 G
Nitrogen oxides can be produced when fossil fuels are burnt. 4-6
a) i) Describe the conditions needed for nitrogen oxides to form.
[1]
ii) Give an example of where this reaction might take place.
[1]
b — Nitrogen oxides react with water vapour in the atmosphere.
Name the product that is formed when this occurs.
ll]
c) Nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain.
Name one other gas that contributes to acid rain.
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry Pea!

79
4 Hydrocarbons can be used as fuels by burning them in oxygen.
a) Which of the following compounds is not produced when a

hydrocarbon is burned in an insufficient amount of oxygen?
| |] A HO
[ | Bco
[_] C NH,
[|_| Do,
[1]
b) Write a word equation for the complete combustion of propane, CB.
[1]
c) Dodecene is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C,,H,,.
i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of dodecene.
[2]
ii) Under certain conditions, combustion of dodecene can produce
a solid made of particles of impure carbon. Name this solid.
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
5 A student burns a small amount of an unknown hydrocarbon, A, in the lab. /Sraue

An incomplplete symbol equation
i for the reaction
ion is
i shown below. 1-9)
ede wah 8 Nas erBa sD ales eg (0)5
a) Use the symbol equation for the reaction to deduce the molecular formula of hydrocarbon A.
[1]
b) The student uses a Bunsen burner to burn a sample of a fuel, B, and collects
some of the gas produced in a test tube containing a piece of damp litmus paper.
The litmus paper turns red, indicating that an acid is present.
Suggest an impurity that might be present in fuel B.
ae i
[Total 2 marks]
Score:
14
@) LI © Le © & Section 6 — Organic Chemistry

Alkanes ;
1 Which of the following structural formulae belongs to an alkane? (4.6
[2| A CH,CH,
|] B CH,CH,CHCHCH,
[_] © CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,
[|_| D CH,CH,CH,OH rrseeteeee
z Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbon compounds.
a) State the general formula of the alkane homologous series.
[1]
b) i) Name the alkane that contains two carbon atoms.
[1]
ii) State the number of hydrogen atoms that this alkane contains. =s yrA\kanes
MMTVall AVL
have
INEM tt added,
the same general
formula, so as long as you know
COO COCO OOOO CEEEEE SESE OOO SE SEOEESCETEASEEEECOESOOAO LHS OESCOOCO CESSES ECHOES ESERSLL OLE SOOS CARS OBER EES the number of carbon atoms
in an alkane, you don't need to
remember how many hydrogen
s it
contains — you can work that
out
c) Draw the displayed formula of butane. te
OY
wae
NS
TS| from the number of carbons.
FHC VIVETT UAEV pa UVta Th
Eve
it
PO
T
[1]
d) Methane will react with bromine in the presence of UV light.
i) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
methane + bromine Sol ae

UV sin: ankuaanes Hoo cacesensddlinasteebabeedeenEs
[2]
ii) Name the type of reaction shown in part i).
[1]
[Total 7 marks]
__
secreiiets! |
8
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry @) L] © zs eu

" if
Alkenes
1 Alkenes are a group of unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules. G"6)
a) State the general formula of the alkenes. POCO eee oer e eee eee EDD ESO DE EEE HEHEHE EES EEE O SOSH SE SEOEEOEEEES ESO EEE E ESSE ESE SESS EEEEEEEe
[1]
b) Define the term unsaturated.
[1]
[Total 2 marks]
2 Alkenes can react reaction with halogens. An example of the (475)

reactants that can take part in this type of reaction is shown below. ~&
Hee Hoa oH
H’ ‘c ee 3 Be amemmeens nS
HH
Draw the displayed formula of product X.
[Total I mark]
3 A student investigated the reactivity of some hydrocarbons. 7-9,
a) The student added a sample of a hydrocarbon, A, to bromine water. A reaction took place.
i) The molecular formula of the product formed was C,H,Br,.
See MSM UCTHFAOrMULaIOT NYGLOCATOOI Aw), ia 00NUE 455. HIG tan. on Levine redees -asonelevandsaenscevdvaeyeveees
[1]
ii) What would the student expect to observe when hydrocarbon A was added to bromine water?
CORR eee eee Reem eee eee HEHEHE HEHEHE EE EE TEESE EEE EEE HEEE HEHE SESE EEO EH ES EEEEHEEEH EEE EEEH TEESE EES ESET EHESEEEEE SEES HEH EEESEEEEE HEHE EEEH SESE EE EESEEEEES
eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEEEEEEEE ESET TEESE HEHE EEEEEEEEEEEEEHEEEEEEEEEEEHEEHEHEEE HEHE EE EEEEEEEEHEHESE HEE EE HEHE EE EEEES
b) The student took some bromine water and added it to a hydrocarbon with the chemical
formula, C,H,. What would you expect the student to have observed? Explain your answer.
POUUUTEUELET TET Perr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr rr rere rrrrererrrer rer er rere er errr errr reer esr)
PPT TTTTTTTTTUP TTP eee ee eee eee RHEE HERE EEE H EEE HESS HEHEHE HEHE EEE SHEE HEE HESS EEEEEEEEEEEEE SHEE ESEEEEEE HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEEES
[Total 6 marks]
Score: |
9
@ [Sh [| eB Section 6 — Organic Chemistry
Alcohols
: : : . Grade
1 Alcohols are a series of organic compounds with a wide range of industrial applications. )
a) An alcohol containing 3 carbons is commonly used as a solvent.

What is the name given to this alcohol?
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[1]
b) Ethanol is present in alcoholic drinks. Give the structural formula for ethanol.
[1]
c) Methanol can be used as an additive to fuels to improve combustion.
Draw the displayed formula for methanol.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
2 Two organic molecules, Y and Z, were added to separate test tubes containing Grade
acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Only one of the organic molecules reacted. 7-9
= a) The two possible organic molecules are shown below.

Identify which molecule, Y or Z, reacted. Explain your answer.
Sea Sean a,
ah er RS
2 1”v0for]
7
ala
Heo Heo H H 73a
[4]
b) Draw the displayed formula of the organic product that was formed in the reaction.
[1]
[Total 5 marks]
Score: "—
8
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry L_] © Ee eu
83
Production of Ethanol
1 Yeast can be used to convert sugars into ethanol. (3)
What is the name given to this process? o-4)
[| A extraction Bg C denaturing
[| B fermentation Let D distillation
[Total | mark]
2 Two different methods can be used to manufacture ethanol. Grade

The incomplete table below shows some information about the two methods, ‘8-7,
a) Complete the table.
Temperature needed
al 6
[4]
; b) Method A requires a high temperature.
; State the pressure and type of catalyst that are typically used in the reaction.
coopehdecades caeodscossasnsnsonasncsdiahnatons
sannheedsauelltcstdeee DPeagevanaeTe meets ame eee ee
Na eeeed saussesnsecencesedsonsoadescsenessnTbstaleee
titeee Mer role Ae OTA TOT I MOR M cneveseds
[2]
c) Method B should be carried out in an environment without oxygen.
i) Predict the pH of the solution that would form if method B was
carried out in a flask that was open to the air. Explain your answer.
[2]
ii) A scientist attempted to use method B to produce ethanol at 250 °C.
After 24 hours, no product had been formed. Explain why.
[2]
[Total 10 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Make sure you know all the fancy scientific terms in International GCSE Chemistry — words like catalyst,
extraction, fermentation etc. You should know what they mean, too. The easy way to learn a definition is to
write it out, stare-at it for a few minutes, and then cover it up and try to write it down again. Then repeat.
®) LJ [| RS] Section 6 — Organic Chemistry

Carboxylic Acids
. (Grade
1 Methanoic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid possible. (4.6
a) What is the functional group in methanoic acid?
[ | A -CH, lneinese [ | c -On |_| D -COOH

[1]
b) Write the structural formula of methanoic acid.
[1]
c) Methanoic acid reacts with potassium. What gas is produced?
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
2 A student reacts a small sample of a carboxylic acid, A, with potassium carbonate. 6.7
a a) The structural formula of carboxylic acid A is CH,CH,CH,COOH.

1) Name carboxylic acid A. ............ccs-cccssscscsevscsasnencsesnccesenscensssonssguneee
sonasse-enet'ss saint
[1]
ii) Draw the displayed formula of carboxylic acid A.
[1]
b) A salt is produced in the reaction of carboxylic acid A with potassium carbonate.
Name the other two products of this reaction.
I seinsusedsvesvenavacserescenvapccsesvanssinesdnstasnsies
snaisnilseainsa'de snide likassnswasite eensanaes at aaa
2 waeraccaruncnssscorosevsvsssersutedeccbaressarvbessbeleilvelysdsdhpelsdslietdlesshshenDINeDIEL
Seat AlN AsIAaIIC atin
[2]
c) The student has an aqueous solution of a second carboxylic acid, B. She opens the bottle
and notices a strong smell of vinegar. Suggest the identity of carboxylic acid B.
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

Esters
Grade
1 Esters are volatile compounds that are often used in perfumes. (4-6)
a) Explain what is meant by the term volatile.
FRR e mee Hee HEHEHE EE HEE HH EH EEE HEHEHE EE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EE® eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee CeCe Creer reer ee ee reer er eerrrerrrrrerer rere rere eee eee eee)
[1]
b) Apart from volatility, give one other property of esters that makes them suitable
for use in perfumes.
[1]
c) Other than perfumes, give one use of esters in the chemical industry.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
Grade
2 When ethanol is heated with ethanoic acid in the presence of a catalyst, an ester is produced. (6.7
a) Name a catalyst that could be used for this reaction.
decane daseecceege 5 oecicceaceassosscenetucupeupetesraesadeasscieesescey ened cecee

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[1]
2 b) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
—
CH,COOH + .....sceeceeseesssseessssessesneessensennensen a REen ele + H,O

[1]
c) Name the ester produced in this reaction.
[1]
d) State the functional group of the esters.
eas; ves noovsuess
[Total 4 marks]
3 Draw the displayed formulae of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol
~9
that can be reacted together to produce propyl methanoate.
[Total 2 marks]

86
4 Some students want to carry out a reaction to produce an ester. a CTICAL

Esters are produced when alcohols are heated with carboxylic acids.
a) Their teacher reminds them that alcohols and esters are both flammable
and should not be heated over an open flame.
Suggest a method that the students could use to heat the reaction mixture safely.
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RRR Ree ERE R HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE HEHE EEE HEHE EEE EEHEEE EEE EEE EEE HEE H EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEHEEHEEHEEH SEH SEH EEE EEEHEEHEEH EEE EEEEEESEES
[1]
b) The students start by adding a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube.
i) State the purpose of the sulfuric acid in this reaction.
[1]
ii) Concentrated sulfuric acid is hazardous as it can burn the skin.
Suggest two ways in which the students could reduce the risk associated with this hazard.
Tv cosissvsessssonenencsuissaceatccreanenctdenavenceapennesidccssiesicewsneign'slames
ss itaaroncensoee saps nestetami talc
DQ setuanehytsicecsncceteseaclenatsncsdtleontcsncsetnessncegessdoueg
vansyutpran ehpersen catnee itseiey nc:teeta tttata
[2]
& c)
The students add equal volumes of propanoic acid and methanol to the boiling tube,
and begin to heat the mixture. Draw the displayed formula of the ester that students
would expect to produce during the reaction.
[1]
d) Suggest how the students could quickly tell if the reaction has been successful.
[1]
e) The students decide to carry out another reaction to make the ester butyl propanoate.
State which carboxylic acid and alcohol they should use to make butyl propanoate.
Carboxylic acid TREE E HR EHEE HEHEHE EHH EH EEE EEE EEE ESTEE EEE HEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EE EEEH HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE SHES
Exam Practice Tip

Naming esters can be tricky. Remember, the first part of the name comes from the alcohol, and the second
part comes from the carboxylic acid. So for example, if you reacted ethanol with pentanoic acid, the ester
formed would be called ethyl pentanoate. Make sure to double check your answer, it's easy to get muddled up.

87
Addition Polymers
1 Polymers can be formed in addition polymerisation reactions. G5)
a) Which of these homologous series can form addition polymers?

[| A alkenes and alkanes
[| B alkenes only
[| C haloalkanes only
a D alkanes and haloalkanes
[1]
b) The equation below shows a polymerisation reaction to form poly(ethene).
he
ia
Pd ——>
i
|
C-—C
| | | | Jn
H H
i) What is the name of the monomer used to form poly(ethene)?
[1]
ii) Give the functional group involved in this reaction.
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
: : Grade
2 The polymer poly(propene) can be made by addition polymerisation. 6-7
The diagram below shows the displayed formula for part of a poly(propene) molecule.
: OeEAT
Sa ate
Ho.GH. HCHaH: GH, BoCCH,
a) i) Draw the structure of the repeat unit of poly(propene).
[1]
poly(propene).
ii) Draw the structure of the monomer that is used to make
[1]

88
iii)Give the name of the monomer used to make poly(propene).
eee cece eee rere eee eee eee ee eee eee EEES OES O SEES EEE EEE H ESET EEEEES ESHEETS ES OHS EEEEOHHO HESS ESOS HSS ESESSES ESS ESESSSSSOSSSTOSSOSSESSSOSSOSSOSSESESSS
[1]
b) The repeat unit of a different polymer is shown below.
a
= GC
| | In
Baek
Name the polymer formed from this repeat unit.
[1]
c) Most addition polymers are difficult to dispose of, so it’s good for the environment to reuse
them as many times as possible. Explain why addition polymers are difficult to dispose of.
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
3. __-~Vinyl acetate polymerises to form polyvinyl acetate. Latha

The formula of vinyl acetate is shown on the right. = C— CL
| O oS oa CH,
Draw the displayed formula of the repeat unit of polyvinyl acetate. H 1
O
[Total 1 mark]
4 The structural formula of the monomer that makes Grade

up poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE) is CF,CF.,.
Draw the displayed formula of the repeat unit of PTFE.
[Total 1 mark]
Exam Practice Tip

The monomers of addition polymers must have a C=C bond, but in polymer form this double bond becomes a
single bond. Carbon always has four bonds, so if you're drawing the repeat unit of a polymer, count how many
bonds the carbon atoms have. This way, you can check the bonds to make sure they're all present and correct.
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry tad © (a

———ow
89
ey Polyesters
Grad
1 Which of these molecules cannot take part in condensation polymerisation reactions? 4-6
feed He oH O O H
‘oe og an (a Wr N Vj
[ |A aon am er
an ea a | is c—c—C
AH HoH on oH OH HO Sy OH
eh s es Es a H 7° pie
ra lo eee len ibem inane!
cee Peete Hs
NS
HY Se -
oe ee H H
[Total I mark]
2 A condensation polymerisation reaction between butanedioic acid Grade

and ethanediol produces a polyester, D, and another product, E. ~¥
He HH Hs iH
ri 9 la. a D “ E
“Ge evan + ida ve
dl
HO oH OH
a) i) Draw the displayed formula of the repeat unit of polyester D.
[2]
ii) What is the formula of the product, E?

7
oh eek aie tapers
reacts with
b) Ina different polymerisation reaction, pentanedioic acid, HOOC(CH,),COOH,
repeat unit of F.
propanediol, HO(CH,),OH. A polyester, F, is formed. Draw the
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
Score:
6
®) [| © L_] [| Section 6 — Organic Chemistry

90
Candidate Surname Candidate Forename(s)
Centre Number Candidate Number
Edexcel
International GCSE
Chemistry
Paper 1C
Practice Paper
Time allowed: 2 hours
Total marks:
You must have:
* Aruler.
* Acalculator.
Instructions to candidates
* Use black ink to write your answers.
* Write your name and other details in the spaces provided above.
* Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
* In calculations, show clearly how you worked out your answers.
* You will need to answer some questions by placing a cross in a box, like this:
To change your answer, draw a line through the box like this: fat
Then mark your new answer as normal.
Information for candidates

* The marks available are given in brackets at the end of each question.
* There are 110 marks available for this paper.
Advice for candidates

* Read all the questions carefully.
* Write your answers as clearly and neatly as possible.
* Keep in mind how much time you have left.
Practice Paper 1C
91
Answer all questions
Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons.
(a) The diagram below shows the structure of an atom.

Label a proton.
[1]
(b) The table below shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in
six different atoms.
Number of Number of Number of

protons neutrons electrons
ee ee aes =|! 2d
ie i aac | lal
ri Ol
2 ar ee
Which two atoms are isotopes of the same element? Explain your answer.
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raysanssenrbaesuass cesses a
SRPMS LEST. vce ase reazs cos Setearscnrern ero deoseuivss-cs-ayccnvazdtunaannsagsnerncnsnynanncan
=
1 ee
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Practice Paper 1C
92
Zinc appears in the periodic table as shown below.
ZnZinc
(c) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in an atom of zinc?
Flis,t)4 ee eee ICS

(Hitcel ico, Se ee Electrons ..:.::0sseeenees
[3]
(d) Zinc sulfate is a compound with the formula ZnSO,,.
(i) Describe what is meant by the term compound.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of zinc sulfate.
Relative formula MASS = ...........ccsseeeeeeeeeees

[2]
[Total 10 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
93
Nitrogen dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.
(a) Suggest why nitrogen dioxide levels can be particularly high in cities.
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eee eee eee ee eee cece eee eee eee rer errerrrrr rrr rrr rrr rrrrrrer errr rrrrrr rrr errrrr rrr er rere r eee eres,
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[2]
(b) Nitrogen dioxide can react with water in the atmosphere to form nitric acid,
which falls as acid rain. Acid rain can damage buildings made from limestone,
which is mainly calcium carbonate.
(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium carbonate.
nitric acid + calcium carbonate —
bohe S eet enee ee F siciversereonancnvosuvnchsbionsniengee) Kt ip teen

met ennatant
[2]
(ii) Name one other gas that can cause acid rain.
[1]
(Cc) Nitrogen dioxide is a covalent compound with a boiling point of 21 °C.
Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why nitrogen dioxide
has such a low boiling point.
a
[a
[Total 8 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
94
The halogens make up Group 7 of the periodic table.
The table below shows some of the physical properties of the first four halogens.
Halogen
number (°C) (°C) room temperature
Tsonre [os [| 7 |» |
Predict the melting point of chlorine, using the data in the table.
ids soAUh231ie
i826
talc —101°C
ee Da 07cG
[1]
(ii)
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ween
ttt eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee rr errcrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rr rr rrrrrrrr rrr rrrrr errr rir rrr rr
Write down the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between bromine and
potassium iodide.
Practice Paper 1C
95
(d) (i) Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of a chlorine atom.
Mark each electron using an ‘X’.
C
[1]
(ii) Explain how the group number of chlorine in the periodic table is related to its electronic
structure.
[2]
(e) Chlorine is bubbled through sodium iodide solution. What will happen?
Explain your answer in terms of the relative positions of chlorine and iodine in
the periodic table.
[3]
(f) Chlorine can combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

Explain why hydrogen chloride forms an acidic solution in water.
ee 3]
[Total 14 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
4 A student wanted to find out which of five dyes could be present in a particular black ink.
(a) The student was asked to suggest a method. This is the method the student suggested:
Take a piece of filter paper. Draw a pencil line near the bottom.
Add spots of the dyes to the line at regular intervals.
Put the paper into a beaker of water with the line just touching the water.
Repeat these steps with a spot of the black ink on a second piece of filter paper,
and put this paper into a beaker of ethanol.
Place a lid on each beaker, and wait for the solvents to travel to the top of the paper.
Compare the positions of the spots created by the black ink with those created
by the dyes.
Identify two problems with this method. For each problem, suggest how you would
alter the method to carry out the experiment correctly.
You can assume the student takes sensible safety precautions.
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REE EE EEE EEE H HEHEHE EERE EEE E HEHE EERE EEE E EEE HEHE EEE EE EEE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE ED
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Practice Paper 1C
97
(b) The student repeated the experiment using the correct method.
The results are shown below.
Diagram not
to scale.
Dye Dye Dye Dye Dye Black

A B Cc D E ink
Which dyes (A-E) could have been present in the black ink? Explain your answer.
eR ERE REET EE HEE EEE HEHEHE THEE HEHE HEE HERE EE EEE EE HEHEHE EEE H EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHE THEE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE EEE ES
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Terr rrrrrrr rrr rer rrr rrr rrrr ere errr rere reer rere reer err rr errr rere eee eee eee eee eee eee ee
(c) The student measured the distances moved by the solvent and one of the spots in the
black ink. She found that the solvent had moved 6.4 cm from the baseline, and that the
spot had moved 4.8 cm.
Calculate the R, value of the spot in the biack ink.
R, VEG) a wee iceses
[Total 7 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
98
5 Carbon dioxide is a simple molecule whose displayed formula is shown below.
O=C=O
(a) Carbon dioxide can be formed from the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate.
Name the other product of this reaction.
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[1]
(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in carbon dioxide.
Only show the outer electrons.
[2]
(c) The molecular formula of magnesium carbonate is MgCO,,.
Calculate the percentage mass of carbon in magnesium carbonate.
mass of carbon = .............20ssnseene %

[2]
Practice Paper 1C
99
(d) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term greenhouse gas.
PSSST SSSA S SSSA S MASE DA CSRS AE CCAMACE TR SKE TCAS SSeS SO cE eee are cE ASA eD AEC De ARUOsUUREN SC ences sanacaueenoeneessvevesunbeuseseeseapsageussathapuauucuns
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[2]
(ii) State the percentage of the air that is made up of carbon dioxide.
[1]
(iii) Give one possible effect of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
[1]
[Total 9 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
100
6 Analytical tests can be used to identify different substances.
(a) (i) Attest is carried out to distinguish between a solution of iron(II) chloride
and a solution of iron(Ill) chloride.
Describe the test and the result expected for each solution.
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[2]
(ii) Another test is carried out to distinguish between a solution of sodium chloride
and a solution of sodium iodide.
Describe the test and the result expected for each solution.
[2]
(b) When an unknown compound is placed in a blue Bunsen flame, it gives a yellow colour.
If dilute acid is added to the compound, a gas is produced. When this gas is bubbled
through limewater, the limewater goes cloudy.
Identify the compound by its chemical name.
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
101
A student reacts four different metals with dilute sulfuric acid.
She controls all of the relevant variables to make sure that the test is fair.
She collects the gas given off by each reaction in a gas syringe.
The diagrams below show all four reactions after 30 seconds.
Reaction A Reaction B Reaction C Reaction D

apy
t
gas syringe
dilute H,SO 4(aq)
unknown metal iron copper magnesium
(a) State the dependent variable in this experiment.
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[1]
(b) Name the gas that is being collected in the gas syringes.
[1]
(Cc) Which reaction, A, B, C, or D, contains the most reactive metal?
Explain how you can tell.
[3]
(d) Use your knowledge of the reactivity series to suggest a
possible identity for the unknown metal used in reaction A.
i a
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Practice Paper 1C
102
(e) In another experiment, the student placed pieces of different metals in metal salt solutions.
She left them for 10 minutes. The student then recorded whether any reaction had
occurred. The results of this experiment are shown in the table below.
Did any reaction occur with:
magnesium sulfate copper sulfate
Se
eS eee
SS ee ee
Complete the table by filling in the gaps.

[2]
(f) The equation for the reaction between magnesium and copper sulfate solution is:
Mg, + CuSO,.,.. > MgSO,,,.. + Cu,
Which substance was oxidised in this reaction?
[Total
9 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
103
The displayed formulae of two gases are shown below.
i within ch HY. H H
| | | | Py
Gas A pe tae ae Gas B lilies pate Ss
|
H H H H i
(a)
[1]
(b) State the name given to unsaturated hydrocarbons like gas B.
[1]
(Cc) Pentane is a saturated compound. Draw the displayed formula of pentane.
[1]
(d) Describe a test that you could use to distinguish between gas A and gas B.
State what you would observe in each case.
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Observations:
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[2]
(e) In terms of bond breaking and bond formation, explain the observation for gas B.
i
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Practice Paper 1C
104
(f) Gas A is burnt in a plentiful supply of oxygen.
Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
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(g) Demand for short chain hydrocarbons, such as gas A and gas B, is much higher than for
longer chain hydrocarbons.
(i) Name the process by which long chain hydrocarbons are split into short chain hydrocarbons.
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[1]
(ii) Decane, C,,H,,, can be split using the process in (i) into gas B and heptane, C,H...
Write these three hydrocarbons in order of increasing viscosity.
[1]
[Total 11 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
105
Self-heating cans use exothermic chemical reactions to heat up their contents.
When a seal is broken two chemicals mix and react, heating up the can.
Calcium oxide and water can be used to heat up drinks in this way.
a
it
gupe™®
COFFEE
IN A CAN
coffee
metal seal
calcium oxide
breakable seal
water
(a) Explain what is meant by an exothermic reaction.
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[1]
(b) A student wanted to test the reaction of different substances with water
to see if they could be used to cool drinks down.
Outline an experiment the student could carry out to test different substances.
[3]
(Cc) Calcium oxide (CaO) is produced when iron(II!) oxide (Fe,O,) reacts with calcium.
lron is also produced. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
Savas 13)
[Total 6 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
106
10 The graph shows the volume of gas produced over time when lumps of zinc are reacted
with dilute sulfuric acid.
-
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Ol lr
ATTExperiment 1
me
(,WWd)
peonpojd
jo seb
auinjo/ —_=
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (s)
(a) Use the graph to calculate the rate of reaction at 25 s.
rate of reaction .. cm/s

[3]
; ao)® he© 2, Ss 3
107
In a second experiment, some copper sulfate catalyst was added to the acid.
The same amount of zinc was used as before, and the lumps were of a similar size.
The same volume of dilute sulfuric acid was also used.
The results are shown in the table below.
Time Volume of gas formed (cm*)

(secs) |__Experiment2_
= 50
10 100
130
20 143
25 148
Ae 300S |
ee
36
40
(b) Plot the results of the second experiment on the graph on the previous page.
Draw a curve of best fit through the points. Label the line ‘Experiment 2’.
[2]
(c) How long does it take to form half of the total amount of gas collected
in the second experiment?
time: taken. Se. Oo oarhenpacaes Ss

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[1]
(d) Describe what the curves show about how the rate of reaction changes as
the reaction proceeds.
[1]
from
(e) State how the catalyst affects the reaction rate and explain how you can tell this
the graph.
leo riecnane a]
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Practice Paper 1C
108
(f) Explain, in terms of activation energy, how catalysts affect reaction rates.
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109
11 Iron pipes need protection from rusting.
State the conditions that cause iron to rust.
[2]
(b) Rusting is a type of corrosion. What causes corrosion?
|_| A distillation
[| B_ electrolysis
B C_ oxidation
& D_ reduction
[1]
(Cc) Paint can be used to stop underground iron pipes rusting, but they will eventually need
repainting or replacing. An alternative to this is to connect a large piece of magnesium to
the pipe, as shown in the diagram below.
Magnesium block
Insulated copper wire
;ron pipe
(i) State the name given to this kind of corrosion protection.
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[1]
(i~—
Explain why the magnesium protects the iron from rusting, and how this happens.
=
| ey
(d) A coat of zinc could be applied to the iron pipes to prevent them rusting.
State the name given to this method of corrosion protection.
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[Total 7 marks]
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Practice Paper 1C
110
12 The balanced equation below shows what happens when a strip of magnesium metal is
dissolved in a solution of hydrochloric acid.
Mg, + 2HCl... — MgCl 2(aq

yr 2(g)
(a) A student dissolved a piece of magnesium in an excess of hydrochloric acid.

7.60 g of MgCl, was produced. What mass of magnesium did the student start with?
Mass Of MAGNESIUM = ...........cccccceeeeeeeeeeees g
(b) Describe how the student could test for the gas produced in this reaction,
and state what he would observe.
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[2]
(c) The student repeated the reaction, but added a few drops of methyl orange indicator
to the acid before adding a magnesium strip.
Suggest a reason why no colour change occurred during the course of the reaction.
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
eo |
13 A student burns a piece of copper in air.
(a) The copper reacts with oxygen in the air to form copper oxide.
Use the data in the table below to find the empirical formula of the copper oxide.
Mass of empty container 28.00 g

Mass of container + mass of 34.36
copper oxide g
Mass of container + copper 33.08 g
Empirical. formula =r. ret

ene eee
[5]
(b) In another experiment, the student burns 1.08 g of magnesium in air.
She expected to produce 1.80 g of magnesium oxide.
The actual mass of magnesium oxide produced was 1.20 g.
(i) Calculate the percentage yield of magnesium oxide.
Percentage yield = .............ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees %

[2]
(ii) Suggest a reason why the mass of magnesium oxide produced was less than expected.
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[Total 8 marks]
[Total for paper 110 marks]
Practice Paper 1C
112
Candidate Surname Candidate Forename(s)
Centre Number Candidate Number
Edexcel
International GCSE
Chemistry
Paper 2C
Practice Paper
Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes
Total marks:
You must have:
* Aruler.
* Acalculator.
Instructions to candidates
* Use black ink to write your answers.
* Write your name and other details in the spaces provided above.
* Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
* In calculations, show clearly how you worked. out your answers.
* You will need to answer some questions by placing a cross in a box, like this:
To change your answer, draw a line through the box like this: fet
Then mark your new answer as normal.
Information for candidates

* The marks available are given in brackets at the end of each question.
* There are 70 marks available for this paper.
Advice for candidates

* Read all the questions carefully.
* Write your answers as clearly and neatly as possible.
* Keep in mind how much time you have left.
Practice Paper 2C
113
Answer all questions
(a) Chlorine has two major isotopes, *°Cl and °’Cl.

These isotopes are used to calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine.
(i) State what is meant by the term isotope.
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SEER ER EEE EEE EERE EEE HEHEHE THEE HEHEHE HHH H EERE EEE HEHEHE HEE HEHEHE EE EEE EEE HEHE EEE EHH EEE HEHEHE EE EEE EERE EE HEHE EEE EE EEE EEE EE EEE EES
(ii) *°Cl has a relative abundance of 75%.
The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5. Show how this value is calculated.
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(b) Sodium and chlorine react to form the ionic compound sodium chloride.
Draw a dot and cross diagram of sodium chloride. Show only the outer electrons.
[3]
[Total 6 marks]
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Practice Paper 2C
114
2 The Haber process is used to make ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
The chemical equation for the reaction is:
oe
No ml SH.) taka 2NH 4)
(a) The Haber process reaction reaches a dynamic equilibrium.

State one characteristic of a dynamic equilibrium.
[1]
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is exothermic.
Explain what will happen to the yield of ammonia if the temperature is increased.
[2]
(c) Explain what will happen to the yield of ammonia if the pressure is decreased.
[2]
(d) At a particular pressure and temperature, the Haber process
was used to produce 85 g of ammonia.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of ammonia produced.
Number of moles = ........::0seeeee

[2]
(ii) Calculate the volume of this amount of ammonia at room temperature and pressure.
Volume = .....0é0.000cessen dm?

[1]
[Total 8 marks]
Practice Paper 2C
115
The structural formula of an alcohol is shown below.
cet
pet ag
Rhevbin
(a) Name the alcohol shown above.
[1]
(b) This alcohol can be used to make propyl propanoate.
The symbol equation for the formation of propyl propanoate is shown below.
C,H,OH + C,H,COOH — C,H,COOC,H, + H,O
(i) Name the compound C,H,COOH.
[1]
(ii) State the homologous series of propyl propanoate.
[1]
(iii) Propyl propanoate has a strong, fruity smell.
Suggest one other property of propyl propanoate.
[1]
(c) Ethanol is another alcohol. Ethanol can be oxidised by burning in air.
(i) Write down a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
ee a
(ii) Suggest another method that can be used to oxidise ethanol.
aso du dotwivrahann a
sie
[Total 7 marks]
Turn over >
Practice Paper 2C
116
4 A student investigates the reactions of the Group 1 elements lithium, sodium and potassium,
with water. The student’s observations are recorded in the table below.
[wetal [Oberon
lithium Fizzes, moves across the surface
eadinin Fizzes strongly, melts into a round ball,

moves across the surface
A eee Fizzes violently, melts into a round ball, moves

P across the surface, a flame is seen
The student decides that the order of reactivity of the three elements is:
* potassium (most reactive)
* sodium
¢ lithium (least reactive)
(a) Give two pieces of evidence from the table that support the student’s conclusion.
RR REE ERROR EOE E ERE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE E HEHE THERE HEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE EEE
REE EEE EE EERE EH EHH HEHE EEE EEE EEE EEE EERE E EEE HERE E EEE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE R HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE
EEE E EEE EERE HEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHE EEE EEE EE EE HEE EE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EERE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE
eee PPP Pee Pee CeCe Pe PCCP eee eee eee rere CeCe eee rere CeCe Cece re eee ere Cece creer reer rrrrrrcrerrrerrrrrererrrrrerrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rr errrrrr re Teer rere eee
[2]
(b) Explain the pattern of reactivity that the student has noticed.
[2]
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between lithium and water.
[2]
Practice Paper 2C
117
(d) The student accidentally mixes up some unlabelled samples of lithium chloride and
potassium chloride. The student decides to do a test to find out which is which,
using a moistened wire loop. Briefly describe the test that the student could Carry out,
and what the results would be.
alee error reer errr errr rer er errr rrr rr Terre eee ee ee ee ee ee ee)
hee eee eee eee cee rrr rr rrr errrrrrerrerrrrrrrrr rrr rrr re rrr rrr ee Terre re eee eee ee ree ee
[Total 8 marks]
Turn over >»
Practice Paper 2C
5 Hydrogen can be burned in oxygen and used as a fuel.
2H; it Ops ~ea2_O
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. The bond energy values are given below.
Bond energy values (kJ/mol):
O=O +498
H-H +436
O-H +464
Enthalpy change = .................::ssennn kJ/mol

[4]
(b) Is bond breaking an exothermic or endothermic process?
[1]
(c) In another reaction, the energy change is exothermic.
Which of the following energy profiles show the enthalpy change of the reaction?
[| A fadpa
Products
=| Reactants 5
& |AH = +453 kJ/mol ‘- AH = Chi
Products Reactants
Progress of Reaction Progress of Reaction
[|| 8 | |p
5 Products 5 Reactants
5 AH = +243 kJ/mol & |OH = -453 kJ/mol
Reactants
Progress of Reaction Progress of Reaction
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
Practice Paper 2C
119
A student is investigating how the rate of the reaction between magnesium
strips and hydrochloric acid is affected by the concentration of the acid.
The student compares different concentrations of acid by measuring how
long it takes for the reaction to produce 20 cm* of hydrogen gas.
The results of the experiment are shown below.
Concentration of acid (mol/dm*)
Plot the results on the axes below and draw a curve of best fit.
[2]
(s)
Time
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

=|
Concentration (mol/dm’)
Use your graph to predict the time that it would take for 20 cm? of hydrogen gas to form with
Turn over >
Practice Paper 2C
120
How could the student make his results more reliable?
[1]
(d) Describe what the graph shows about the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.
[1]
(e) Explain, in terms of collision theory, why concentration affects the rate of a reaction.
[2]
The student carries out the experiment again using 0.6 mol/dm* hydrochloric acid.
This time, magnesium powder is used rather than strips of metal.
The student says “it will take longer than 18 seconds for 20 cm? of hydrogen gas to form’.
Is the student’s prediction correct? Explain your answer.
RRR REE EE EH EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHE THEE HEHEHE HEE EE EERE EEE EEE HEE EERE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE EEE EERE THEE EERE HEHE EEE ES
eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee Cece CeCe Ce eee eee eee cece Tere errr rcercerrrrcrrrrrerrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr ee ree errr et
ORE EER ORE REE ER EEE EEE EE EERE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEE HERE HEHE THEE HEHEHE HE REE EE EEE EEE HEHE HHH EE EEE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE ER EHH HEHEHE EEE EE EES
SERRE ER ERR HEHE EE EEE HEHEHE THEE HEHEHE EHH EE HEHE EEE E HHH HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EE EEE HEHEHE HEE H EERE EE HEHEHE EEE EERE EEE EEE
EERE REET EER ER EERE EERE HEHEHE HEHEHE EERE EEE E EHH HEHEHE REET H EEE H EEE HEHE EEE EERE HEHE HEHE HEHE EERE R EEE HEHEHE HERE EEE
[Total 10 marks]
Practice Paper 2C
121
Titration with 0.050 mol/dm® sulfuric acid was used to determine the concentration of
calcium hydroxide solution. In the titration, 8.80 cm? of sulfuric acid were needed to
neutralise 10.0 cm? of the calcium hydroxide solution.
burette
clam
P 0.05 mol/dm® sulfuric acid
(7. 10 cm calcium hydroxide solution
(a) Name a suitable indicator for the titration.
Cea bRe Renae een seuacececescaevceceecucscoccusduoundedeeunseseeeecsuccucaseennanace gees veces eu sense ke a anmenaen/e ees eRaie as seca ee
Genin cncbceceawhe@eeme
[1]
(b) Complete and balance the equation for this reaction below.
H,SO4,4) + Ca(OH)jag) > vseseseeeerees tag) Foconteseneeeacrees H,0,)

[2]
(c) (i) How many moles of sulfuric acid reacted with the calcium hydroxide in the titration?
Number Of MGIGS = 2285, gcse. eres eres st ensaxee

[1]
(i) How many moles of calcium hydroxide reacted with the acid?
[1]
(iii) Calculate the concentration of the calcium hydroxide solution in mol/dm?.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
COM GOMIT LENT Sa oskve mol/dm*

cntcaves shanthensecess
[1]
[Total 6 marks]
Turn over >
Practice Paper 2C
122
electrodes
eee ee UEC OUUOUCOCCOCCOCOOCOCOCCCUCCCCCOCUCCCCCOCCCCCCCCCCCOCCCC OCCU CCC CUES C COSC C CeCe CCE CeCe Ce CUCCC reece cerrrrerrerrcrrrrrrrrrrcrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr errr
[2]
(b) Write the half-equation for the reaction occurring at the positive electrode.
[1]
(c) Why is sodium not formed at the negative electrode?
[1]
(d) State the product that remains in solution.
| [1]
Electrolysis can be used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide.
(e) Some metals can also be extracted from their oxides in a reduction reaction with carbon.
Give a reason why aluminium cannot be extracted using this method.
[1]
Practice Paper 2C
123
Aluminium is used as a material in the bodies of aircraft.
Give one property of aluminium which would make it suitable for this application.
[1]
g) The equation for the electrolysis of aluminium oxide is shown below:
2AI,0, > 4Al + 30,
A scientist carries out an experiment where aluminium oxide is electrolysed.

The scientist starts off with 40.8 g of pure aluminium oxide.
Predict the mass of aluminium she can extract from this mass of electrolyte.
Mass sa wok Sghowat......-4c4}. g

[4]
[Total 11 marks]
Turn over >
Practice Paper 2C
9 Soluble salts can be made by reacting an acid with an insoluble base or an alkali.
(a) An excess of zinc oxide is added to a beaker of dilute hydrochloric acid.

The mixture is stirred and the acid is neutralised.
dilute hydrochloric acid

excess of zinc oxide
(i) How could you tell when all the acid has been neutralised?
[1]
(ii) Give the products of this reaction.
[2]
(b) Describe how you could obtain a pure, dry sample of calcium chloride
from the alkali calcium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid.
[3]
Practice Paper 2C
125
(c) Which two substances from the list below could be mixed to obtain barium sulfate
by precipitation? Write the letters of the substances.
A CaSO,
B BaCl,
C BaCo,
D PbSO,
E Na,SO,
F Ba(Oh),
SST tS FT9 Tootstae aan Aleete PING op cc ince eae

[2]
[Total 8 marks]
[Total for paper 70 marks]
Practice Paper 2C
126
Answers
Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures Page 8 — Atoms
1 a)
Page 4 — States of Matter
iam
1 a) solid {7 mark]
b) liquid /7 mark] | Neutron |
c) The particles in a gas move constantly with random motion

Electron
in straight lines /7 mark].
2a) D [1 mark] [1 mark for each correct answer]
b) evaporation /7 mark] An electron’s mass is tiny — you'd also get a mark for saying ‘negligible’
Cc) The particles gain energy /7 mark] and vibrate more b) a molecule /7 mark]
[1 mark]. This weakens the forces that hold the solid 2 a) mass number = 55 /7 mark]
together and makes the solid expand /7 mark]. At the point atomic number = 25 [7 mark]
of melting, many of the particles have enough energy to b) protons = 25 [7 mark]
break free from their positions /7 mark]. neutrons = mass number — atomic number
= 55 — 25 = 30 /1 mark]
Page 5 — Movement of Particles electrons = 25 /1 mark]
1 a) diffusion /7 mark] iar: the nucleus /7 mark]
b) D [J mark] E.g.
c) B [1 mark]
2 Both jars will be the same paler brown colour /7 mark]
because the random motion of the bromine and air particles
means that they will eventually be equally mixed throughout
both jars /7 mark].
Page 6 — Solubility [1 mark for the protons, 1 mark for the neutrons.]
1 a) A mixture of a solute and a solvent /J mark] that does not
separate out /7 mark]. Page 9 — Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass
b) The solution had become saturated, so no more sodium a) Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element,
chloride can dissolve /7 mark]. which have the same number of protons /7 mark] but a
2 a) i different number of neutrons /7 piiscin
2
3 b)
ol
°o 3004 ; iSeaeyeeceeee ars
oD
S
=
5 ne
a.
oD
2 ee [1 mark for correctly stating the mass number and number

=
‘= of protons in >”Cl, 1 mark for correctly finding the number

A 0 | of neutrons in both Cl and 3’CL]
0 10 20 30 40 As 35C] and 37Cl are isotopes of the same element, they must have the
Temperature / °C same number ofprotons.
[1 mark for each correct labelled axis, 1 mark for all points 2 a) The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of
correctly plotted, 1 mark for an appropriate line of best fit.] all isotopes of the element /7 mark], compared to the mass of
b) 18 g per 100 g of water {1 mark. Accept answers between one atom of carbon-12 /7 mark].
17.5 and 18.5 g per 100g of water.] b) E.g. relative atomic mass is an average value/result of a
calculation /7 mark].
Page 7 — Investigating Solubility % isotopic abundance of Ga-71 = 100 — 60.1 = 39.9
relative atomic mass = (69 x 60.1) + (71 x 39.9) + 100
1 a) B [1 mark]
= (4146.9 + 2832.9) + 100 = 69.8
b) E.g. if the solution was heated using a Bunsen burner,
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for
this could cause’a fire hazard {7 mark]. The risk could be
working out % abundance of Ga-71, 1 mark for correctly
reduced by standing the Bunsen burner on a heat proof mat
substituting in values for abundances and atomic masses.]
[1 mark].
c) solubility (g per 100 g of solvent) = mass of solid (g) + mass
ofwater removed (g) x 100 = (12.2 g + 32.8 g) x 100 =
37.1951... = 37.2 g per 100 g of solvent
[2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct
working.]
d) E.g. repeating the experiment would improve the reliability
[1 mark].
e) The solubility of the substance /7 mark].
Answers
127
Page 10 — Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Section 2 — The Periodic Table and Bonding
1 E.g. elements consist of one type of atom only /7 mark],
but compounds are made oftwo or more different elements Page 14 — The Periodic Table
which are chemically bonded together /7 mark].
1 a) A [1 mark]
2 Sample A /J mark]. The purer the substance, the smaller
b) periods /7 mark]
the range ofthe melting point / pure substances have sharp
2 a) i) F/I mark]
melting points, whereas impure substances melt over a range
iil) Kr /J mark]
of temperatures /7 mark].
ili) K {7 mark]
3 Water vapour is a compound /7 mark], because it is made
b) beryllium/calcium /7 mark], because it has the same number
up of two different elements which are chemically bonded
of electrons in its outer shell as magnesium /7 mark].
together /7 mark].
Liquid oxygen is an element /7 mark], because it consists of
one type of atom only /7 mark].
Page 15 — Electron Shells
l C [1 mark]
The electronic structure of neon is 2.8, so has 8 electrons in its outer shell.
Pages 11-13 — Separating Mixtures
2 a) 2.8.6 [1 mark]
] brown seaweed /7 mark]
b)
2 a) A: fractionating column /] mark]
B: condenser /7 mark]
b) The different liquids in the mixture will all have different
boiling points /7 mark]. When the mixture is heated, the
liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first and
it will reach the top of the fractionating column when the [1 mark]
temperature there matches its boiling point /7 mark]. It can 3 a) The group number tells you how many electrons are in the
then be condensed and collected /7 mark]. When the first outer shell, so magnesium has 2 outer shell electrons /7 mark].
liquid has been collected, the temperature can be raised until The period number tells you how many electron shells the
the next liquid evaporates and reaches the top of the column, atom has in total, so magnesium has three shells /7 mark].
and so on /7 mark]. All the shells apart from the outer shell will be filled
3 a) Distance from baseline to spot B = 2.4 cm / 24 mm // mark] (the first holds 2 electrons and the second holds 8) /7 mark].
Distance from baseline to furthest point of solvent = 4.0 cm / b) 2.8.2 [1 mark]
40 mm /7 mark]
R,= distance travelled by solute + distance travelled by solvent Page 16 — More on the Periodic Table
=2.4+40=0.6
B /1 mark]
[1 mark for correctly dividing measured distance to spot B
b) D [1 mark]
by measured distance to solvent front.]
c) To the right of the line /7 mark]. Since it does not conduct
b) i) E.g. draw a pencil line near the bottom of a sheet of filter
electricity, it must be a non-metal /7 mark].
paper and add spots of the different inks, including the ink
2 Argon has a full outer shell of electrons, giving it a stable
from the document, to the line at intervals /7 mark].
electronic structure /1 mark]. It won’t easily give up or gain
Put the paper in a beaker of solvent, e.g. water /J mark],
electrons, making it inert /7 mark]. This means that it won’t
so that the pencil line and the spots of ink are above the
react with the metal filament in the light bulb /7 mark].
solvent /I mark].
ii) The ink from the printer that produced the document will
have the same R, values as the ink from the document Page 17 — Ionic Bonding
[1 mark]. l A [1 mark]
4 a) Filtration /7 mark] would separate sodium chloride and 2 a) The oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each
ethanol, as the liquid ethanol would flow through the filter other /7 mark] by electrostatic attractions/forces /7 mark].
paper, leaving behind the solid sodium chloride /7 mark]. b) i) K* {1 mark]
However, a mixture of sodium chloride and water is a ii) Cl {1 mark]
solution, so both the water and dissolved sodium chloride Group 1 elements form positive ions — they lose 1 electron to get a full
would pass through the filter paper /7 mark]. outer shell. Group 7 elements form negative ions — they gain 1 electron to
b) E.g. simple distillation /7 mark]. Water and ethanol would get a full outer shell.
both evaporate off and leave behind the solid sodium chloride 3 a) Sulfur atoms have six electrons in their outer shell, so they
[1 mark]. need two more to make a complete shell of eight electrons
5 The difference in the boiling points of ethanol and [1 mark]. Chlorine atoms have seven electrons in their outer
cyclopentane is quite large, so you could separate them shell, so they need one more electron to make a full shell of
using simple distillation /7 mark]. But the boiling points of eight electrons /7 mark].
ethanol and ethyl ethanoate are similar, so you would need to b) Both nitrate and bromide ions are negatively charged
use fractional distillation to separate them /7 mark]. [1 mark]. lonic compounds can only be formed between
negative and positive ions /7 mark].
Pages 18-19 — Ionic Compounds
©©—f_ |©
[1 mark for arrow showing electron transfer from Li to Cl,
1 mark for adding seven crosses and one dot to outer shell
of the chloride ion, 1 mark for correct charges on both
ions.]
Answers
b) neutral/no overall charge /7 mark]
2 a) D [1 mark]
b) giant ionic lattice /7 mark]
3 positive: Al>* /7 mark]
negative: F /J mark] @dX_"
4 magnesium hydroxide: Mg(OH), /7 mark]
potassium nitrate: KNO, /J mark] [1 mark for both shared pairs, 1 mark for the non-bonding
5 + ae f electrons.]
Page 22 — Covalent Substances

l D [1 mark] — giant covalent substances have high melting
[1 mark for correct electronic structure of sodium ions,
points and don’t normally conduct electricity, even when
molten /7 mark].
1 mark for correct electronic structure of oxygen ion,
1 mark for correct charge on oxygen ion, I mark for In a giant covalent structure, all of the atoms are bonded to
correct charge on sodium ions.] each other with strong covalent bonds /7 mark]. It takes
It's fine ifyou just drew the outer shell of electrons on the atoms — lots of energy to break the many bonds and melt the solid
[1 mark].
you'd still get the marks in the exam.
6 a) Sodium chloride contains positive sodium ions (Na*) 3 a) A — graphite /7 mark]
[1 mark] and negative chloride ions (Cl-) {7 mark] that are B — C,, fullerene /7 mark]
arranged in a giant ionic lattice /7 mark]. The oppositely C — diamond /] mark]
charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic b) Graphite/structure A can conduct electricity because
attraction /7 mark]. it contains delocalised electrons that can move around
b) To melt sodium chloride, you have to overcome the very [1 mark]. Diamond/structure C doesn’t conduct electricity
strong electrostatic forces/ionic bonds between the ions because it doesn’t contain any charged particles that can
[1 mark], which requires lots of energy /7 mark]. move around /7 mark]. Diamond/structure C is hard because
the strong covalent bonds hold the atoms in a rigid lattice
structure /7 mark]. Graphite/structure A is soft, as the layers
Pages 20-21 — Covalent Bonding
of graphite are held together by weak intermolecular forces
1 a) 8 [1 mark] [1 mark].
b) 3 [1 mark]
c) Structure B is a simple molecular substance /7 mark] so only
c) 0 [7 mark] weak intermolecular forces need to be broken to separate
All the bonds in the molecule are single covalent bonds — you get double the molecules /7 mark]. In order for A to sublime, strong
bonds in molecules like ethene, oxygen and carbon dioxide. covalent bonds need to be broken, which would require more
258) energy /J mark].
Page 23 — Electrical Conductivity and Metals

(@%
Std ©
1 a)
“eo
[1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]

3 A silicon atom has four outer shell electrons, so it needs
another four to have a full outer shell /7 mark].
So a silicon atom will form four covalent bonds /7 mark]. b) When it is molten or in solution it conducts electricity
4 a) because the ions separate and are free to move about
[1 mark], so they can carry electric current. When it is solid
it doesn’t conduct electricity because the ions are held rigidly
and aren’t free to move and carry electric current /7 mark].
c) E.g. covalent compounds make bonds by sharing electrons so
they don’t contain ions /7 mark]. This means that they don’t
have any charge carriers that are free to move and carry an
electric current /7 mark].
Metal ions
Delocalised electrons
[1 mark for the C-C shared pair, I mark for all of the
H-C shared pairs correct.]
[1 mark for regular arrangement of metal ions,
b) There is a pair of shared electrons between each hydrogen
I mark for delocalised electrons, I mark for labels]
atom and a carbon atom, and between the two carbon atoms
[1 mark]. Strong electrostatic attractions between these b) E.g. metals are good conductors of electricity because the
delocalised electrons in the structure carry electrical current
(negatively charged) electrons and the (positive) nuclei of the
[1 mark]. Most metals are malleable because the layers of
atoms hold the atoms together /7 mark].
atoms in metals can slide over each other allowing them to be
hammered or rolled into sheets /7 mark].
Answers
129
Section 3 — Equations, Calculations and 6 M,(Fe,O,) = (56 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 160
Electrolysis 3.52 kg = 3520 g
moles = mass + M_= 3520 + 160 = 22 moles
[3 marks for the correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for
Pages 24-25 — Balancing Equations
calculating the M, of Fe,O,, 1 mark for converting
C [1 mark]
between kg and g.]
2 a) methane + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water M(KOH) = 39 + 16+ 1 =56
[1 mark]
Mass of4 moles of KOH = 4 x 56 = 224 g
b) CH, + 20, > CO, + 2H,O Extra mass needed = 224 — 140 = 84 g /2 marks for correct
[1 mark for the correct reactants and products, 1 mark for
answer, otherwise I mark for correct working.]
correctly balancing the equation]
For any question that involves balancing an equation, you would also get
Pages 29-30 — Calculating Masses in Reactions
the mark ifyou have matching multiples of the correct numbers.
3 Cl, + 2KBr — Br, + 2KCl 1 a) M,(Mg) = 24
M (MgO) = 24 + 16 = 40
correctly balancing the equation] moles ofMg = mass + M,= 12 + 24=0.5
There is a 1:1 ratio between the number of moles of Mg and
4 a) i) 2HCl + CuO — CuCl, + H,O [7 mark]
ii) 2HNO; + MgO — Mg(NO,), + H,O /J mark] MgO in the balanced equation, so 0.5 moles of Mg react to
give 0.5 moles of MgO.
b) 6HCl + 2Al — 2AICl, + 3H,
mass of MgO = moles x M,= 0.5 x 40 = 20 g
[1 mark for the correct reactants and products, I mark for
correctly balancing the equation] [3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correctly
5 a) calculating both M,s, 1 mark for calculating the moles of
2CuO + C -— 2Cu + CO, /I mark]
Mg and MgO.]
b) 3CO + Fe,0O,; > 3CO, + 2Fe /I mark]
6 a) 2Na + Cl, > 2NaCl b) M(Na,O) = (23 x 2) + 16 = 62
M (Na) = 23
moles of Na,O = mass + M_.= 6.2 + 62 = 0.1
correctly balancing the equation]
There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles of Na,O
b) Ca(OH) (aq) + Na,CO,,. — 2NaOH (aq) <P ORTE@) 3(s)
and Na in the balanced equation, so 0.1 moles of Na,O will
[1 mark for all state symbols correct]
be formed from 0.2 moles of Na.
c) 2Na,) + 2H,Oq, > 2NaOHag) + Hyg
mass of Na = moles x M,= 0.2 x 23 = 4.6 g
[1 mark for correct reactants and products, 1 mark
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correctly
for correctly balancing the equation, I mark for all
calculating both Ms, I mark for calculating the moles of
state symbols correct]
Na,O and Na.]
S + 6HNO, — H,SO, + 6NO, + 2H,O /7 mark]
M.(Fe,0,) = (56 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 160
M.(Fe) = 56
Page 26 — Relative Formula Mass moles of Fe,O, = mass + M. = 20 + 160 = 0.125
l C [1 mark] There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles of Fe,O,
2 Ca(OH), = 40 + ((16 + 1) 2) = 74 [2 marks for correct and Fe in the balanced equation, so 0.125 moles of Fe,O,
answer, otherwise I mark for correct working.] react to give 0.25 moles of Fe.
3 Zn(CN), = 65 + ((12 + 14) x 2) = 117 /2 marks for correct mass of Fe = moles x M,.= 0.25 x 56= 14g
answer, otherwise I mark for correct working.] [3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly
2AOH + H, = 114 calculating both M,s, 1 mark for calculating the moles of
2A + ((16+ 1) x 2)+(1 x 2)=114 Fe,0,; and Fe.]
2A+34+2=114 b) M,(Fe,0,) = (56 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 160
2A + 36=114 M{Al) = 27
2A = 78 moles of Fe,O, = mass + M, = (32 x 1000) + 160 = 200
A=39 There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles of Fe,O,
So element A = potassium and Al in the balanced equation, so 200 moles of Fe,O, react
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correct with 400 moles ofAl.
working, I mark for correct A, .] mass ofAl = moles x M,= 400 x 27 = 10800 g = 10.8 kg
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly
Pages 27-28 — Moles calculating both M,s, I mark for calculating the moles of
Fe,O0, and Al.]
1 A [1 mark]
3 a) M,(Na,SO,) = (23 x 2) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 142
2 moles = mass + M, = 9.0 + 12 = 0.75 moles /7 mark]
MA(C,H,O,) = (12 x 9) + (1 x 8) + (16 x 4) = 180 M(NaOH) = 23 + 16 + 1 =40
3
mass = moles x M,= 12.4 x 180 = 2232 g moles of Na,SO, = mass + M,= 71 + 142 =0.5
[2 marks for the correct answer, otherwise I mark for There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles of Na,SO,
and NaOH in the balanced equation, so 0.5 moles of Na,SO,
calculating the M, of CjH,0,.]
M, = mass + moles = 3.0 + 0.075 = 40 [1 mark] will be formed from | mole of NaOH.
mass of NaOH = moles x M,= 1 x 40 = 40 g
B [J mark]
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly
M(ZnCO,) = 65 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 125
calculating both Ms, 1 mark for calculating the moles of
moles = mass + M, = 275 + 125 = 2.2 moles
Na,SO, and NaOH.]
[2 marks for the correct answer, otherwise I mark for
calculating the M, of ZnCO;.]
b) MHC) = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5
mass = moles x M, = 6 = 36.5 = 219 g
[2 marks for the correct answer, otherwise I mark for
calculating the M, of HCL]
Answers
130
b) M.(H,SO,) = (1 x 2) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 98 3 Work out the mass of H: 1.48 — (0.8 + 0.64) = 0.04
M(H,O) = (1 x 2)+ 16=18 Number of moles: Ca=0.8 + 40 = 0.02
moles of H,SO, = mass + M, = 24.5 + 98 = 0.25 O = 0.64 + 16 = 0.04
There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles of H,SO, H=0.04 + 1 =0.04
and H,O in the balanced equation, so 0.25 moles of H,SO, Simplest whole number ratio:
react to give 0.5 moles of H,O. (0.02 + 0.02): (0.04 + 0.02): (0.04 + 0.02) = 1:2:2
mass of H,O = moles x M,= 0.5 x 18=9g Empirical formula: Ca(OH), / CaO,H,
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly /4 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for
calculating both M,s, 1 mark for calculating the moles of calculating the mass of H, I mark for correct number of
H,SO, and H,0.] moles of each element, 1 mark for finding the simplest
4 Moles of CO produced from 10.2 g of C at stage 2: whole number ratio.]
M(C) = 12 4 Calculate the mass of the empirical formula:
moles of C = mass + M_= 10.2 + 12 = 0.85 (12 x 3)+(1 x 7)+ 16 =59 [1 mark]
There is a 1:2 ratio between the number of moles ofC and Divide the relative molecular mass by this mass:
CO in the balanced equation, so 0.85 moles ofC will react to 118 +59 =2 [1 mark]
produce 1.7 moles of CO. Work out the molecular formula:
Mass of CO, produced at stage 3: empirical formula x 2 = C,H,,O, /7 mark]
There is a 1:1 ratio between the number of moles of CO and
CO, in the balanced equation, so 1.7 moles of CO will react Page 33 — Finding Formulae Using Experiments
to produce 1.7 moles of CO,. 13)
C [1 mark]
M(CO,) = 12 + (16 x 2) = 44 b)
i) mass of manganese = (mass of test tube and bung +
mass of CO, = moles x M,.= 1.7 x 44= 74.8 g manganese) — (mass of test tube and bung)
= 84.88 — 36.48 = 48.40 /7 mark]
calculating the M, of C and CO,, I mark for correct moles ii) Number of moles: Mn = 48.40 + 55 =0.88
of C, I mark for correct moles of CO, 1 mark for correct O = 14.08 + 16 = 0.88 [1 mark]
moles of CO;.] Simplest whole number ratio:
, ' (0.88 + 0.88): (0.88 + 0.88) = 1:1 {7 mark]
Page 31 — Calculating Percentage Yield Empirical formula: MnO /7 mark]
1 a) The yield of a reaction is the mass of product it produces 2 #2) E.g. a crucible /7 mark].
[1 mark]. b) mass ofO = 5.440 — 3.808 = 1.632 g /7 mark]
b) percentage yield = (1.2 + 1.6) x 100 = 75% [1 mark] Number of moles: Fe = 3.808 + 56 = 0.068
2 percentage yield = (6 + 15) x 100 = 40% [7 mark] O = 1.632 + 16 = 0.102 {J mark]
3 M(CaCO,) = 40 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 100 Simplest whole number ratio:
M (CaO) = 40 + 16 = 56 (0.068 + 0.068) :(0.102 + 0.068) = 1:1.5 =2:3 [1 mark]
Mass of CaCO, in g = 68.00 x 1000 = 68 000 g Empirical formula: Fe,O, /7 mark]
Moles = mass + M,
Moles (CaCO,) = 68 000 = 100 = 680 Page 34 — Water of Crystallisation
SenGle fe 300, Dione eae 1 a) E.g. to remove all of the water from the salt /7 mark].
So 680 moles of CaCO, should produce 680 moles of CaO. b) i) 61.224 — 53.500 = 7.724 g /1 mark]
Theoretical yield = 680 x 56 = 38 080 g = 38.08 kg ii) 56.364 at53.500 = 2.864 g [1 mark]
Percentage yield = (28.56 + 38.08) x 100 = 75% ) M. of Na,CO, = (23 = 2) + 12 + (16 x 3) = 106 /1 mark]
[5 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly r
Moles of water lost:

calculating Ms, I mark for correct moles of CaCO, and
Mass of water lost = 7.724 — 2.864 = 4.86 g
CaO, I mark for finding the theoretical yield of CaO,
Moles of water lost = 4.86 + 18 = 0.27 [1 mark]
1 mark for dividing actual yield by theoretical yield and Moles of anhydrous salt produced:
multiplying by 100.]
Moles of Na,CO, = 2.864 + 106 = 0.027 [7 mark]
Ifyou didn't convert the mass of CaCO, from kg to g you should still
Ratio of salt to water:
have got the correct answer as long as you kept all the masses as kg
0.027 moles of salt (Na,CO,) : 0.27 moles of water
throughout your working. Ifyour answer is wrong, you should still get 1 mole of Na,CO, : (0.27 + 0.027) = 10 moles of water
marks for your working.
x = 10 /1 mark]
Page 32 — Empirical and Molecular Formulae Page 35 — Moles and Concentration

l Number of moles: N = 30.4 + 14=2.17
1 a) Mean volume of HCI = (12.50 + 12.55 + 12.45) +3
O = 69.6 + 16 = 4.35
= 12.50 em
Simplest whole number ratio:
/2 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correct
C21 P ZA S35 S217) = 1-2 equation to calculate the mean.]
Empirical formula: NO, b) 12.50 cm} = 0.0125 dm? /7 mark]
Moles = concentration x volume of solution
number of moles of each element, 1 mark for finding the
= 1.00 =x 0.0125 = 0.0125 moles /7 mark]
simplest whole number ratio.]
120 cm? = 0.12 dm?
2 Division by A,: Al = 10.1 + 27 = 0.37 ye 2.5 x 0.12 = 0.3 moles /7 mark]
Br = 89.9 + 80 = 1.12 b)
750 cm? = 0.75 dm?
~ Simplest whole number ratio:
3 + 0.75 = 4 mol/dm /7 mark] .
(0.37 + 0.37):(1.12 + 0.37) = 1:3 c) M, of Na,SO, = (23 x 2) + 32 + (16 x 4)= 142 [1mark]
Empirical formula: AlBr,
Mass = 4 « 142 = 568 g =~
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for dividing
Concentration in g/dm* = 568 g/dmé /1 mark] ~
the percentage of each element by the A, 1 mark for finding
the simplest whole number ratio.]
Answers
131
Page 36 — Calculating Volume Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry
1 a) 24 dm? / 24 000 cm? /7 mark]
b) 1.5 x 24 = 36 dm? /] mark] Page 40 — Group | — The Alkali Metals
2 2.25 + 24 = 0.094 moles OR 2250 + 24 000 = 0.094 moles
1 a) Metal B is the most reactive /7 mark] because it takes
[1 mark]
the least time to react completely with the water /7 mark].
3 a) 2NO + O, — 2NO,
b) A = sodium, B = potassium and C = lithium.
MANO) = 14 + 16 = 30
[2 marks for all three answers correct, otherwise 1 mark for
moles of NO = mass + M_= 7.8 + 30 = 0.26
any one answer correct.]
There is a 1:1 ratio between the number of moles of NO and
c) sodium hydroxide /7 mark], hydrogen [1 mark]
NO, in the balanced equation, so 0.26 moles of NO react to
d) Rubidium is further down the group than potassium/metal B
give 0.26 moles of NO,.
[1 mark], so it is more reactive/will take less time to react
volume of NO, = moles x 24 = 0.26 x 24 = 6.24 dm}
[1 mark].
/3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct
2 As you go down Group 1, the outer electron is further
moles of NO, 1 mark for correct moles of NO).]
from the nucleus /7 mark], which means it is less strongly
b) There is a 2:1 ratio between the number of moles of NO and
attracted to the nucleus /7 mark]. So as you go down
O, in the balanced equation, so 0.26 moles of NO react with
Group | the outer electron is more easily lost /7 mark].
0.13 moles of O,.
volume of O, = moles x 24 = 0.13 x 24 =3.12 dm
Page 41 — Group 7 — The Halogens
moles of O,.] 1 a) Chlorine — green /7 mark]
Iodine — solid /7 mark]
b) i) Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine /7 mark].
Page 37 — Electrolysis
ii) gas /7 mark]
1 a) D [7 mark]
2 a) The halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell
b) B [1 mark] [1 mark]. As you go further down the group additional shells
c) C [1 mark]
are added / the outer electrons are further away from the
d) A [1 mark] nucleus /7 mark].
) Negative electrode: Pb** + 2e° > Pb b) Both astatine and fluorine have 7 outer shell electrons so
[1 mark for correct equation, 1 mark for correct balancing] should react in a similar way /7 mark]. So astatine should
Positive electrode: 2Br- — Br, + 2e react with sodium to form sodium astatide /J mark].
[1 mark for correct equation, 1 mark for correct balancing] But astatine would react more slowly than fluorine, as it
3 a) Negative electrode: potassium /7 mark] would be less reactive /7 mark]. This is because it would be
Positive electrode: iodine /7 mark] more difficult for astatine to attract extra electrons/form ions,
b) It is oxidation, as the iodide ions lose electrons /7 mark]. as the extra electron would be added to a shell further away
from the nucleus /7 mark].
Pages 38-39 — Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
1 a) 2H* + 2e — H,/I mark] Page 42 — Displacement Reactions
2CL — Cl, + 2e {1 mark] 1 a) A displacement reaction is where a more reactive element
b) 40H — O, + 2H,0 + 4e /I mark] displaces a less reactive element from a compound /7 mark].
c) cathode /7 mark] b) 1) A reaction where reduction and oxidation happen at the
2 a) B [1 mark] same time, and so one substance loses electrons and another
b) e.g. platinum/graphite /7 mark] substance gains electrons /7 mark].
c) i) Bubbles of chlorine gas would form /7 mark]. ii) iodide/I- [1 mark]
ii) Copper metal would coat the electrode /7 mark]. ili) bromine/Br /7 mark]
3 a) E.g. 2 a) Before — colourless /7 mark]
D.C. power supply
After — brown /7 mark]
b) Yes [1 mark], as chlorine is more reactive than astatine
[1 mark].
Inert anode / Page 43 — Gases in the Atmosphere

positive electrode
1 a) i) argon /J mark]
Inert cathode / ii) oxygen /7 mark]
negative electrode ili) nitrogen /7 mark]
b) i) 78% (accept 77-79%) [1 mark]
ii) 0.04% (accept 0.035-0.045%) [7 mark]
Aqueous solution / electrolyte 2 a) 28.0 —21.7 =6.3
[1 mark for power supply, 1 mark for electrodes in solution, (6.3 + 28.0) x 100 = 22.5%
1 mark for labels] [2 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correct
Cu?* [1 mark], SO,2- [1 mark], H* [1 mark], OH” [1 mark] working.]
ii) Cu2* + 2e — Cu/I mark for correct reactants and b) E.g. use a measuring cylinder instead of a test tube /7 mark]
products, I mark for correct balancing.] as this will give a more accurate measurement for the volume
of air (as the volume of air can be read directly from the
c) Potassium is more reactive than hydrogen /7 mark] so
scale) {1 mark].
hydrogen is produced // mark]. There are no halide ions
[1 mark] so oxygen and water are produced /J mark].
Answers
132
Page 44 — Gases in Reactions 3 a) aluminium | copper iron magnesium
1 a) i) CuCOx,) > CuO,,) + CO) [1 mark] oxide oxide oxide oxide
ii) E.g. using a delivery tube and test tube. / Using a gas syringe. aluminium x ere
=m|
[1 mark] copper x
b) thermal decomposition /7 mark] iron
2 a) i) pale blue /J mark] magnesium
ii) acidic {7 mark] [2 marks for all four answers correct, otherwise I mark for
b) A bright white flame /7 mark] and the formation of white three correct.]
powder /7 mark]. b) none /] mark]
c) 2H, + O, 2H,O0
c) Magnesium //7 mark] as it is the most reactive metal in the
table /7 mark].
correct balancing.] 4 a) Mg,,) + FeChy (ag) — MgChyag) + Fe,,)
Page 45 — Carbon Dioxide all state symbols correct.]
1 a) Heat detector B // mark], e.g. because the nitrogen will b) Magnesium is oxidised / loses electrons to form magnesium
absorb less heat than the carbon dioxide/the carbon dioxide ions /7 mark] and simultaneously iron ions are reduced /
will absorb more heat than the nitrogen /7 mark]. gain electrons to form iron metal /7 mark].
b) Carbon dioxide absorbs heat that would otherwise be radiated c) The solution would turn from blue to colourless {7 mark].
out into space /7 mark] and re-radiates some of it back A brown precipitate would form /7 mark].
towards the Earth /7 mark].
2 ea) There was an increase in CO, in the atmosphere between Page 50 — Iron
1850 and 2000 /7 mark]. This is probably largely due to
1 a) water /7 mark], oxygen [1 mark]
human activity (e.g. burning fossil fuels/deforestation)
Saying air instead of oxygen is unlikely to be specific enough to
[1 mark]. The increase in CO, correlates with an increase
get the marks for a question like this — always be as precise as you can.
in temperature over the same time period /7 mark]. The
b) tube B /7 mark]
temperature increase is likely due to the increase in CO, as Cc) The painted nail would not rust /7 mark], because the paint
CO, is a greenhouse gas / insulates the Earth /7 mark].
creates a barrier that keeps out water and oxygen //7 mark].
b) E.g. climate change / changing rainfall patterns / sea level
2 a) Sacrificial protection involves attaching a metal that is more
rise / flooding /7 mark]
reactive than steel to the ship /7 mark]. The more reactive
Be careful — you can't say global warming’ here because that's just an
metal will lose electrons/be oxidised more easily than steel
alternative name for the temperature change, not an effect of it.
[1 mark], so it will corrode instead of the steel {7 mark].
b) No, the zinc layer acts as sacrificial protection as well as a
Pages 46-47 — Reactions of Metals barrier / the zinc is more reactive than iron /7 mark] so it
ea) Most reactive: magnesium will lose electrons in preference to iron, even if it’s scratched
zinc [1 mark].
iron
Least reactive: copper Page 51 — Metals and Redox
[1 mark for putting magnesium at the top and copper at the
1 a) zinc oxide + carbon — zinc + carbon dioxide /7 mark]
bottom. I mark for putting zinc above iron in the middle.]
b) carbon /1] mark]
zinc oxide /7 mark]
electrolysis {1 mark]
ii) Metal X was sodium, because it reacted vigorously with cold
b) If the metal is more reactive than carbon, it can’t be extracted
water [J mark].
using carbon /7 mark].
2 a) Mg + H,SO, — MgSO, + H,
3 a) Many metals can react with other elements/oxygen to form
[1 mark for correct reactants, 1 mark for correct products.]
compounds/oxides /7 mark].
b) A very vigorous fizzing/more vigorous than lithium
b) Iron is lower in the reactivity series than carbon /7 mark], so
[1 mark], sodium disappears {7 mark].
carbon can take oxygen away from iron /J mark].
Cc) lithium, calcium, copper /7 mark]
c) reduction /7 mark]
d) It is not possible to tell the difference between magnesium
d) 2Fe,0, + 3C — 4Fe + 3CO,
and zinc from these results since both have the same reaction
[1 mark for correct reactants and products, I mark for
with dilute acid /7 mark]. E.g. to find which is more
correct balancing.]
reactive, you could find the effect of adding zinc to water
[1 mark].
Page 52 — Uses of Metals
1 a) As the carbon content increases from 0.07% to 1.6% the
Pages 48-49 — The Reactivity Series
strength increases from 200 MPa to 350 Mpa /7 mark].
1 a) B [I mark]
b) Atoms of different elements are different sizes {1 mark].
b) D [1 mark]
Adding atoms of a different size to a pure metal in alloys
2 a) e.g. iron [7 mark]
distorts the layers /] mark] making it harder for them to slide
The unidentified metal must be more reactive than copper (as it displaces
over one another /7 mark].
copper from copper sulfate), but less reactive than zinc (which it doesn't
c) e.g. corrosion-resistant /J mark]
displace from zinc sulfate).
2 Aluminium /17 mark] because it has a low density/is light
b) The copper was displaced from its salt /7 mark].
so the yacht would be able to move quickly in the water
c) Zinc is more reactive than copper /7 mark].
[1 mark] and aluminium doesn’t corrode (unlike iron) so it
would not be damaged over time by being in contact with
water /1 mark].
Answers
133
Page 53 — Acids and Alkalis Page 56 — Making Insoluble Salts
Pa) 0 to 14 [1 mark] l Silver chloride — insoluble /7 mark]
b) neutral /7 mark] Sodium nitrate — soluble /7 mark]
c) B [I mark] Magnesium hydroxide — insoluble /7 mark]
E.g. lead nitrate/Pb(NO,), and magnesium sulfate/MgSO,
[1 mark for any soluble lead salt, 1 mark for any soluble
sulfate salt.]
The student has poured too much solution into the funnel /
the level of the solution goes above the filter paper /7 mark].
This means that some ofthe solid could pass down the sides
of the filter paper and into the conical flask below, reducing
[3 marks for whole table correct, otherwise 1 mark for each the amount of solid that’s extracted from the solution
correct answer.] [1 mark].
3 a) H* ions/hydrogen ions /7 mark] E.g. calcium chloride/CaCl, and sodium carbonate/Na,CO,
b) agai [1 mark] [1 mark for any soluble calcium salt,
c) I mark for any soluble carbonate.]
H" (aq) t OF (aq) > H20
all state symbols correct.] Page 57 — Making Soluble Salts
1 a) ammonium chloride /7 mark]
Page 54 — Reactions of Acids b) No, because the salt will be contaminated by the indicator
1 a) magnesium sulfate + water /7 mark] [1 mark].
aluminium chloride + hydrogen /7 mark] 2 a) H,SO4
(aq)+ CuO.) > CuSO,
(4) + H04)
b)
2 a) nitric acid + copper oxide — copper nitrate + water [1 mark for correct reactants and products, 1 mark for
[1 mark] correct state symbols.]
b) 2HCI + Zn(OH), — ZnCl, + 2H,O [1 mark for the correct b) E.g. warm the sulfuric acid in a water bath /7 mark]. Add
formulae, 1 mark for correct balancing.] excess copper oxide to the acid /7 mark]. When the reaction
is complete, filter the reaction mixture to remove the excess
c) ammonium sulfate /7 mark]
3 a) carbon dioxide /7 mark] copper oxide /7 mark]. Heat the remaining solution gently
Don't just give the formula of carbon dioxide — the question asks you to (using a Bunsen burner) to evaporate off some of the water
name the gas. [1 mark]. Leave the solution to cool and allow the salt to
b) 2HNO, + MgCO, — Mg(NO,), + H,O + CO, /1 mark for crystallise {1 mark]. Filter off the solid salt and leave the
the correct formulae, I mark for correct balancing] crystals to dry [7 mark].
c) hydrochloric acid /7 mark]
Page 58 — Tests for Cations
Page 55 — Titrations 1 a) E.g. take a clean platinum wire loop /J mark], dip it into the
substance to be tested and put the material into the hot part of
1 a) 0.1 x (20 + 1000) = 0.002 moles
a Bunsen burner flame /7 mark].
Potassium would give a lilac flame /7 mark] but sodium
correct working.]
would give a yellow-orange flame /7 mark].
b) ratio of moles of HCl:Ca(OH), = 2:1
D [1 mark]
0.002 + 2 = 0.001 moles /7 mark]
Ammonia gas turns damp red litmus paper blue /7 mark].
c) 0.001 + (50 + 1000) = 0.02 mol/dm?
B [1 mark]
Fe?" (aq)
(ag)+ 20H (ag) > Fe(OH)a(4) [1 mark]
correct working.] (aq)
d) Add an indicator to the Ca(OH), solution /7 mark]. The
end-point has been reached when the indicator changes Page 59 — Tests for Anions
colour /7 mark]. | Ba** + SO, > BaSO, /1 mark]
2 a) Moles KOH = 0.10 x (30.0 + 1000) = 0.0030 2 a) i) CO,” [I mark]
Reaction equation shows that 2 moles of KOH react with ii) L [1 mark]
1 mole of H,SO, so 0.0030 moles of KOH react with b) i) dilute hydrochloric acid /7 mark], barium chloride solution
0.0030 + 2 = 0.0015 moles of H,SO, [1 mark]
Concentration = 0.0015 + (10.0 + 1000) ii) a white precipitate /7 mark]
= 0.15 mol/dm? The presence of chloride ions could be tested by adding
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correct dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution /7 mark].
moles of KOH, I mark fr correct moles of H,SO,.] If chloride ions were present, a white precipitate would form
..There are 0.0015 moles in 10 cm? of H,SO, So you need to calculate [1 mark].
* how many moles there are in 1 dm? (1000 oe to get the concentration. The presence of carbonate ions could be tested by adding
+ (4 x 16)= 98
M, of H,SO, is (2 = 1) + (1 x 32) dilute hydrochloric acid /1 mark]. If carbonate ions were
b)
Concentration=0.15 x 98 = 14.7 g/dm? present, bubbles of gas (carbon dioxide) will be released
[2 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for [I mark].
correct working.]
Page 60 — Tests for Gases and Water
1 a) Test the gas with a lighted splint /7 mark]. Hydrogen will
burn with a squeaky pop /J mark].
b) Test the gas with a glowing splint /7 mark]. Oxygen will
relight it /7 mark].
Answers
The powder would change colour from white /7 mark] to Page 64 — Bond Energies
blue /7 mark]. (4 x 412) + (2 * 498) = 2644 kJ/mol /7 mark]
Pure water has a boiling point of 100 °C /7 mark] and a (2 x 743) + (4 * 463) = 3338 kJ/mol /1 mark]
freezing point of 0°C /7 mark], so the liquid cannot be pure Enthalpy change = 2644 — 3338 =—694 kJ/mol
water /J mark]. [1 mark for correct value, 1 mark for correct sign]
9) Chlorine gas bleaches damp litmus paper /7 mark]. Zray 158 + (4 x 391) + 498 = 2220 kJ/mol /1 mark]
Carbon dioxide gas turns limewater cloudy /7 mark]. 945 + (4 x 463) = 2797 kJ/mol /7 mark]
So the gas does contain carbon dioxide /7 mark] but it Enthalpy change = 2220 — 2797 = -577 kJ/mol
doesn’t contain chlorine /7 mark]. [1 mark for correct value, I mark for correct sign]
b) The reaction is exothermic /7 mark] as the energy change of
reaction is negative / energy is given out during the reaction
Section 5 — Physical Chemistry / it takes less energy to break the bonds in the reactants than
the energy given out when the bonds in the products are
Page 61 — Energy Transfer in Reactions made /1 mark].
] B [I mark]
Dray Endothermic /7 mark]. The temperature decrease shows that Pages 65-66 — Rates of Reaction
the reaction is taking in energy from the surroundings
1 a) C [1 mark].
[1 mark].
b) activation energy /J mark]
b) i) The overall change in energy during a reaction /7 mark].
2 Produced most product: C /7 mark], as the most mass was
ii) positive {7 mark]
lost from the reaction vessel /7 mark].
iii) AH {1 mark]
Finished first: B /7 mark], as it is the first curve to flatten out
E.g.
[1 mark].
Started at the slowest rate: A /1 mark], as the gradient of the
Products curve is the shallowest /7 mark].
3 a) E.g. ===
Enthalpy
Energy change
— g
AH
2&
Son
Reactants
3.8
ante
Progress of reaction Mo)
[1 mark for reactants and products correctly labelled and 2

at appropriate energies, 1 mark for correct shape of curve,
1 mark for enthalpy change correctly labelled.]
Time (s)
Page 62 — Measuring Enthalpy Changes [1 mark for curve with steeper gradient at the start of the
Lay To ensure that they are the same temperature before reaction, I mark for final volume being the same as for the
beginning the reaction / to know their initial temperature other curve but reaching it in less time.]
[1 mark]. b) The frequency of the collisions /7 mark] and the energy of
b) i) To insulate the cup {1 mark]. the colliding particles {7 mark].
il ~— To reduce the energy lost by evaporation /7 mark]. c) There are more particles in a given volume/the particles are
Cc) 31 °C —21 °C = 10°C [1 mark] closer together /7 mark], so the collisions between particles
d) The temperature of the reaction mixture /7 mark]. are more frequent /7 mark].
e) The experiment could be repeated and an average d) The rate would increase /J mark].
temperature change calculated /7 mark]. e) Smaller pieces have a higher surface area to volume ratio
f) E.g. dissolving (or dissolution) / displacement [1 mark]. So for the same volume of solid, the particles
[1 mark]. around it will have more area to work on and collisions will
be more frequent /7 mark].
f) E.g. changing the temperature / adding a catalyst /7 mark].
Page 63 — Calculating Enthalpy Changes
1 a) Because copper conducts heat very well /7 mark].
Page 67 — Catalysts
b) heat energy change (Q) = m xc x AT
= 50 x 4.2 x 30.5 = 6405 J /2 marks for correct answer, 1 D [1 mark]
otherwise I mark for correct working.] 2 a) 1) It’sacatalyst /7 mark].
Cc) Energy produced = 6405 + 0.7 ii) It provides an alternative reaction pathway /7 mark] with a
= 9150 J/g = 9.15 kJ/g [2 marks for correct answer, lower activation energy /7 mark].
otherwise I mark for correct working.] b) The reaction equation won’t change /7 mark]. Cerium oxide
pe. M_ of ethanol = (2 x 12) + (6 x 1) + (1 x 16)
= 46 isn’t used up in the reaction, so doesn’t appear in the reaction
Number of moles = 1.15 + 46 = 0.025 /2 marks for correct equation /7 mark].
answer, otherwise I mark for correct working.]
b) 7245 J = 7.245 kJ
Molar enthalpy change = —7.245 + 0.025
= —289.8 kJ/mol /2 marks for correct answer,
otherwise I mark for correct working.]
The molar enthalpy change (—289.8 kJ/mol) is negative because
combustion is an exothermic reaction.
Answers
135
c) ii) Draw a tangent to curve R at 120 s, e.g.:
Without cerium oxide 60
50
Reactants = AU
x &
Gy
ona 30
Products Progress of
Reaction ES
29
o© 20
S65
[1 mark for start and end energies being the same for
reactions with and without cerium oxide, I mark for
reaction with cerium oxide rising to a lower energy than
reaction without cerium oxide]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (s)
Page 68 — Measuring Rates of Reaction
Then calculate the gradient of your tangent, e.g.:
1 A [1 mark]
Change in y = 54 — 22 = 32
2 a) i) Eg. the gas is released directly into the room and may be
Change in x = 260 — 60 = 200
toxic/hazardous /7 mark].
Gradient = change in y + change in x
ii) E.g. measure the volume of gas given off using a gas syringe
= 32 + 200 = 0.16 cm/s
[1 mark].
[Accept answers between 0.11 cm3/s and 0.21 cm*/s.
b) i) E.g. observe a marker through the solution /7 mark].
3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for drawing a
Measure how long it takes for the marker to disappear (as the
correct tangent and I mark for using the correct equation to
precipitate forms) /7 mark].
calculate the gradient.]
ii) The time taken for the mark to be obscured. / The rate of
b) Reaction Q must used powdered zinc. Powdered zinc has
reaction. /7 mark]
a larger surface area to volume ration than zinc ribbon
[1 mark], so the rate of reaction would be higher for
Pages 69-70 — Rate of Reaction Experiments powdered zinc than for zinc ribbon /7 mark]. The line for
1 a) 2H0 (44) > 2H,0q + Ox) reaction Q has a steeper gradient / finishes sooner than the
[1 mark for correct formulae of products including their line for reaction R, so it must have a higher rate /J mark].
state symbols, 1 mark for correctly balancing the equation.] Cc) E.g. the student would have used the same volume /
b) i) 17 cm? /] mark] concentration of acid in each experiment /7 mark].
ii) Manganese(IV) oxide was the most effective catalyst This variable needed to be controlled so that the student
[1 mark] because it led to the greatest volume of oxygen could tell that the variable he was changing was causing the
being produced over the time period measured/increased the results {7 mark].
rate of reaction by the greatest amount /7 mark].
2 B [1 mark] Pages 71-72 — Reversible Reactions
3 a) i) Drawa tangent to curve Q at 505, e.g.:
hae) It is reversible /7 mark].
b) Both (the forward and reverse) reactions are taking place
at exactly the same rate /7 mark].
C)pt) It takes in energy /7 mark], because it’s endothermic/all
reversible reactions are exothermic in one direction and
endothermic in the other direction. /7 mark]
il) One reaction is always exothermic and the other endothermic
[1 mark], so a change in temperature will always favour one
reaction more than the other /7 mark].
iii) left /7 mark]
d) It won’t affect the position of equilibrium /7 mark], because
of (cm’)
produced
Volume
H
there are the same number of moles of gas on either side of
the equation /7 mark].
Make sure you talk about the number of moles in your answer — ifyou
only mention volume you won't get the mark.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 It is not a closed system / the products can escape /7 mark].
e)
Time (s)
2 a) Endothermic /1 mark], because it is favoured by heating/heat
Then calculate the gradient of your tangent, e.g.: is taken in /7 mark].
Change in y = 54 — 22 = 32 It turns from white to blue /7 mark].
Change in x = 130-10 = 120 It increases /7 mark].
Gradient = change in y + change in x The first student’s reaction conditions are better /7 mark],
= 32 + 120 = 0.27 cm/s because:
[Accept answers between 0.22 cm*/s and 0.32 cm/s, The forward reaction is endothermic /7 mark] so raising the
a
3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for drawing temperature will increase this reaction to use up the extra
for using the correct equation to
correct tangent and I mark heat /7 mark]. There are more moles of gas on the
calculate the gradient.] right-hand side of the equation /7 mark], and a lower
or if
It's OK ifyou've drawn your tangent slightly differently to this one, pressure will encourage the reaction that produces more
As long
you've used a different bit of the tangent to calculate the gradient. moles of gas /1 mark].
sensible and your final answer is in the range given, you'll
as your tangent's
get the marks.
too...
The same thing applies to the second tangent and calculation
Answers
136
Section 6 — Organic Chemistry Page 76 — Crude Oil
l
Pages 73-74 — Organic Compounds
] B [1 mark]
2 A [I mark]
3 a) A group of compounds that can all be represented by the
same general formula /7 mark].
b) i) H H H H
ai
H—C-+C =Q—C—C—H
| i
z oo i morkl crude
ii) pent-2-ene /J mark] oil
iii) CH, /7 mark]
4 H H H H H. H [3 marks for all 6 correct, 2 marks for at least 4 correct,
Usman tt
H—C—C¢—C —C—C—C—H I mark for at least 2 correct]
pays fies peo pany 2 a) E.g. fuel for large ships /7 mark] and in power stations
[Bier Win gelsfem eae a8 [1 mark].
[1 mark] b) Triacontane, e.g. because the fractionating column is hottest
at the bottom /7 mark] so hydrocarbons with higher boiling
> H points will be collected further down the column /J mark].
a are aa Triacontane has a higher boiling point than heptane because
H—¢=— c= 49 |
iat O—C—H triacontane is a bigger molecule /7 mark] (so triacontane will
Eur EF | be collected lower down).
H [1 mark]
6 a) pentanoic acid /7 mark] Page 77 — Cracking
b) Yes it will, as compounds in the same homologous series 1 a) C,H, — C,H,, + C,H, [1 mark]
react in similar ways /7 mark]. b) D [1 mark]
2 a) i) It acts asa catalyst / catalyses the reaction /J mark].
Page 75 — Isomers ii) alkenes /7 mark]
| B [1 mark] b) There is a greater demand for short-chain alkanes than for
longer-chain alkanes /7 mark]. To meet this demand, long
2 a) H Br H hydrocarbons are split into more useful short-chain molecules
| | |
H—C—C—C—H [1 mark]. Cracking also produces alkenes /7 mark] which
| abel are used to make polymers/plastic /7 mark].
ELeeHow.H [1 mark]
b Pages 78-79 — Burning Hydrocarbons
Hl Heese
| A [1 mark]
oe ler
eee me me 2 a) Carbon monoxide can form if the fuel is burnt without
‘eval kindPrey enough oxygen / if incomplete combustion occurs /7 mark].
We A 8 ahs b) Carbon monoxide can interfere with the blood’s role of
[1 mark] carrying oxygen around the body, meaning it can carry less
[1 mark].
3 a) i) high temperatures /7 mark]
ii) E.g. ina car engine /7 mark].
b) nitric acid /7 mark]
[1 mark] c) sulfur dioxide /7 mark]
Don't worry ifyour answer doesn't look identical to what's shown here — 4 a) C [1 mark]
as long as you drew an isomer with the Cl attached to one of the end b) propane + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water
carbons, and an isomer where it's attached to one of the middle carbons, [1 mark]
youd get the marks. c) i) C,,H,,+ 180, > 12CO, + 12H,0 [1 mark for all reactants
and products correct, 1 mark for correct balancing.]
ii) soot {7 mark]
5 a) CyH5, [1 mark]
b) e.g. sulfur /7 mark]
Page 80 — Alkanes
] C [1 mark]
2 a) CH) ,..9 [1 mark]
A general formula means you can replace the 'n's with a number to get
the formula of a certain molecule in the series — so the 4th alkane is
CaF 20442) = C4iy
b) i) ethane /7 mark]
ii) 6 [1 mark]
Answers
137
c) H H H H Page 84 — Carboxylic Acids
1 a) D [1 mark]
b) HCOOH [17 mark]
[1 mark] c) hydrogen/H, /7 mark]
d) i) methane + bromine UV, bromomethane + hydrogen bromide 2 a) i) butanoic acid /7 mark]
[1 mark for each correct product] li) His atleball
It doesn’t matter which way round you write the two missing answers here.
ii) substitution reaction /7 mark] H —
| lin
C— C—C—C
gaaaal
\
I i i O—H [1 mark]
Page 81 — Alkenes
b) water /7 mark], carbon dioxide {7 mark]
1 a) C,H,,, [1 mark] c) ethanoic acid /7 mark]
b) A molecule that contains at least one (carbon-carbon)
double bond / can make more bonds /7 mark].
Pages 85-86 — Esters
a) A volatile chemical evaporates easily /7 mark].
<i il a dig b) They often smell nice/have distinctive smells /7 mark].
| |
H Br Br H [1 mark] c) e.g. as flavourings /7 mark]
You'd still get the mark ifyou drew the molecule with the Br atoms on the 2 a) e.g. sulfuric acid {7 mark]
top instead of the bottom. It's usually sulfuric acid that's used as the catalyst for this reaction,
3 a) i) CH,CHCH,/CH,CHCH, /7 mark] but any named acid would be fine here.
ii) The solution would turn from orange to colourless /7 mark]. b) CH,COOH + CH,CH,OH — CH,COOCH,CH, + H,O
iii) An addition reaction /7 mark]. [1 mark]
b) Nothing would happen / the solution would stay orange c) ethyl ethanoate /7 mark]
[1 mark]. C,H,/ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon/an alkane/ d) -COO- [I mark]
doesn’t contain a double bond /7 mark] so it can’t react with 3 carboxylic acid: O
bromine /7 mark]. Y
H—C (s
Page 82 — Alcohols
No—H [I mark]
1 a) propanol /7 mark]
alcohol: leks BEE yes!
b) CH,CH,OH/HOCH,CH, /7 mark]
c) H
Pe toe
H— C—-C—— 6 Oe
| Sere
H—C—O—H i deh at [1 mark]
H [1 mark] 4 a) E.g. the students could use a water bath to heat the reaction
2a) Molecule Y must have reacted as it’s an alcohol /7 mark]. mixture. /The students could use a Bunsen burner to
When alcohols are added to potassium dichromate(VI), they heat some water in a beaker and place a test tube
are oxidised /7 mark] to form carboxylic acids /7 mark]. containing the reaction mixture into the hot water. /7 mark]
Molecule Z is an alkane, and so can’t be oxidised by You can have the mark here for any sensible method of heating the
reaction mixture that doesn't involve holding it directly over an open flame.
Se,
potassium dichromate(VI) /7 mark].
b) i) It is acatalyst / catalyses the reaction /7 mark].
ii) E.g. wear gloves {7 mark] and safety goggles [1 mark].
H— C— C— C— 7 c) BH a
TT hee eon O—H 1 mark] Senate
H—C—C—C
oy:
le ee Baek cee
ini Ug |
Page 83 — Production of Ethanol
1 B [1 mark]
H [1 mark]
d) E.g. smell the mixture. If it smells fruity/pleasant/sweet then
2 a)
Temperature needed an ester has been formed /7 mark].
e) Carboxylic acid — propanoic acid /7 mark]
C,H, +H,O > C,H,OH Alcohol — butanol /7 mark]
C,H 9, > 2CO, + 2C,H,OH

Pages 87-88 — Addition Polymers
1 a) B [1 mark]
b) i) ethene /7 mark]
[4 marks — 1 mark for each correct answer]
ii) C=C /7 mark]
b) Pressure — 60-70 atmospheres /] mark]
Catalyst — phosphoric acid /7 mark]
2a)i) /H H
Li Sl
c) i) Any pH from 2-6 /1 mark]. The ethanol will react with C=C
oxygen in the air, converting it to ethanoic acid (which is Fe
H CH,/
n
[1 mark]
acidic) /7 mark].
ii) The enzyme in the yeast was denatured /7 mark] so it could
il JH UH
not catalyse the reaction / the reaction could not happen & =i
[1 mark]. H CH; [1 mark]
Don't worry ifyou put the CH , in another position — as long as it's
attached to one of the carbon atoms, it's still correct.
Answers
138
iii) propene /7 mark] 2 a) Nitrogen dioxide is created when the temperature is high
b) poly(chloroethene) /7 mark] enough for the nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react
Cc) E.g. most addition polymers are inert/don’t react easily [1 mark]. This often happens in car engines, which there are
[1 mark]. This means that it takes a very long time for them lots of in cities {7 mark].
to biodegrade and they can stay unchanged in landfill sites b) i) nitric acid + calcium carbonate — calcium nitrate +
for a long time /7 mark]. carbon dioxide + water
Bes ie
[1 mark for calcium nitrate, 1 mark for carbon dioxide and
co}.
water.]
Think back to acid and metal carbonate reactions — you always get a salt,
| | carbon dioxide and water.
a ORaech 3 ii) e.g. sulfur dioxide /7 mark]
c) Nitrogen dioxide has a simple molecular structure /7 mark]
and the molecules are held together by weak intermolecular
O [1 mark] forces {7 mark]. This means it has a very low boiling point,
4 F F because not much energy is needed to break the molecules
apart /7 mark].
C—C 3 a) i) C/I mark]
Melting point increases down the group, so chlorine will have a melting
| | /n point about halfway between the melting points of fluorine and bromine.
F F [1 mark]
ii) It is around halfway between the melting points of bromine
Page 89 — Polyesters and fluorine /7 mark].
b) It is a red-brown /7 mark] liquid [1 mark].
| D [7 mark]
c) Br, + 2KI > I, + 2KBr
2 a) i) OF Vie HH 0 Hy 1H
[1 mark for correct reactants and products, I mark for
ee ae a | i @ correct balancing]
C— C= — © -—_ 0 —'C — eo
d) i)
a | | n
H H H H
[1 mark for correct ester link connecting monomers,
1 mark for rest of the structure being correct.]
You could also draw the repeat unit with the monomers the other @)
way round (so that the diol monomer is on the left-hand side and the
dicarboxylic acid is on the right-hand side).
[1 mark]
ii) H,O [7 mark]
ii) The group number is equal to the number of electrons in the
b) Cewl\ H H te A ou CR outer electron shell /7 mark]. Chlorine is in Group 7, so a
blaine for sitet andor | featarah oot | chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outer shell /7 mark].
Gees Gesrn 8) 520i +6is Oi Cad? Contes 0 e) Chlorine will displace the iodine in solution to form sodium
far ax cabici ey |row olncae a n chloride solution /7 markj. This happens because chlorine
Ft ikl ntl Hiisl Aiiiedt is higher up Group 7 than iodine /7 mark], which means that
[1 mark for correct ester link connecting monomers,
chlorine is more reactive /1 mark].
I mark for rest of the structure being correct.]
f) When hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, the hydrogen
chloride molecules split up into H* ions and Cl ions
Practice Paper 1C [1 mark]. It is the H* ions that make the solution acidic
[1 mark].
1 a) E.g.
4 a) Any two from: Problem — the spots of dye/ink are touching
the solvent /7 mark]. Correction — the student should put
the filter paper in a beaker of solvent with the pencil line
above the level of the solvent /7 mark]. / Problem — the ink
and dyes are compared using different solvents /7 mark].
proton Correction — the student should use the same solvent for the
black ink and the dyes so that it’s a fair test [7 mark]. /
Problem — the ink and dyes are compared on different
[1 mark] pieces of filter paper which could make it difficult to directly
Remember that atoms have the same number of electrons and protons. compare them /J mark]. Correction — the student should
b) C and D /7 mark] — isotopes have the same number of put the spots of the dyes and the ink on the same piece of
protons but a different number of neutrons, and C and D are filter paper /7 mark].
the only pair with the same number of protons /7 mark]. b) Dyes B and D [7 mark]
c) Protons — 30 [1 mark] Explanation — the spots from these two dyes are in the same
Neutrons — 35 /7 mark] positions as the spots from the black ink /7 mark].
Electrons — 30 {7 mark] c) R,= distance travelled by solute + distance travelled by
d) i) A compound is a substance made of two or more different solvent = 4.8 + 6.4 = 0.75 [7 mark]
elements /7 mark] that are chemically bonded together
[1 mark].
.
i) M,=65 +32+(4 x 16)=161

[2 marks for the correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for
correct working]
Answers
139
magnesium oxide /7 mark] 9 a) A reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings (usually
b) in the form of heat) /7 mark].
b) E.g. measure the temperature of some water, add the
substance and stir, then measure the temperature every
© © 30 seconds and record the lowest temperature reached
[1 mark]. Repeat the experiment with other substances to
determine which is the most effective /7 mark]. The same
volume of water and mass/volume of substance should be
[1 mark for all shared pairs correct, 1 mark for the
used for each experiment /7 mark].
non-bonding electrons correct]
C) Fe,O, + 3Ca — 3CaO + 2Fe
Cc) M(MgCO,)= 24 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 84
percentage mass ofC = (12 + 84) x 100= 14%
correct balancing]
10a) Eg. 45
correct working.]
d) i) Greenhouse gases act like an insulating layer by absorbing
heat that would normally be radiated from the Earth into seek AE aes it
space /J mark] and re-radiating some of it back towards the A Experiment
1}.
Earth {7 mark].
ii) 0.04% [1 mark]
iii) e.g. global warming / climate change / changing rainfall 10
patterns / sea level rise [7 mark]
6 a) i) Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution /7 mark].
Iron(II) chloride will form a green precipitate. [ron(III)
chloride will form a reddish-brown precipitate /7 mark].
ii) Add dilute nitric acid (HNO,) followed by silver nitrate
(AgNO,) solution /7 mark]. Sodium chloride will form
(cm’)
produced
of
Volume
gas
a white precipitate. Sodium iodide will form a yellow
precipitate /7 mark].
b) sodium carbonate / sodium hydrogen carbonate /7 mark for
identifying the sodium ion and I mark for identifying the
carbonate ion.] |
The volume of gas produced /J mark].
0 5 10 15 20 2530 35 40 45 50
b) hydrogen/H, {1 mark]
Time (s)
c) Reaction D /7 mark]. The most reactive metal will react
rate of reaction = change in y + change in x
fastest with the acid /7 mark]. In reaction D the largest
volume of gas has been collected in the syringe / the most = (135 - 65) + (27.5 - 2.5)
bubbles are being given off /7 mark]. = 70 + 25 =2.8 em?/s
(accept answers between 2 and 3 cm?/s)
d) e.g. zine [1 mark]
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correctly
You would get this mark ifyou named any metal between magnesium and
drawn tangent, I mark for dividing change in y by change
iron in the reactivity series (for example, aluminium would be fine here too).
in x.]
e) Reaction of copper sulfate with iron: yes /7 mark]
Reaction of iron sulfate with magnesium: yes /7 mark] a: el os a
f) Mg / magnesium /7 mark]
Remember, when you're talking about oxidation and reduction in terms of
electrons, oxidation is the loss of electrons. In this reaction, the magnesium + ft tt
| Se
went from being neutral atoms to positively charged ions — so they must (
have lost electrons.
8 a) propene /7 mark]
b) alkenes /7 mark]
c)
a,
ee Co Ci
4 4 H H H _ [mark]
d) Test: Add a few drops of bromine water to the gas and shake
[1 mark]. (cm’)
of
produced
Volume
gas
Observations: Gas A (propane) will have no effect. Gas B
(propene) will change the bromine water from orange to
colourless /7 mark].
e) The C=C double bond is split /7 mark] and a bromine atom
is added to each carbon atom // mark].
f) C,H, + 50, > 3CO, + 4H,O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
[1 mark for products and reactants, I mark for balancing] Time (s)
g) i) cracking /] mark] [1 mark for correctly plotted points, 1 mark for curve of
ii) Gas B/propene, heptane, decane /1 mark]. best fit]
c) 7-8 seconds (to collect 75 cm) /7 mark]
The total volume is 15O cm, so you need to read off the value from
75 cm? on your graph.
d) The rate of reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds
[1 mark].
Answers
140
It increases the rate of the reaction. The graph for experiment d) i) M. of ammonia = 14+ (3 x 1)=17
2 has a steeper slope at the beginning. / The reaction is Number of moles of ammonia = mass + M_
complete in less time /7 mark]. = 85+ 17=5 moles
Catalysts make reactions happen faster by providing an [2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct
alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy working.]
[1 mark]. ii) Volume = moles x 24 = 120 dm} /] mark]
Oxygen /1 mark] and water /1 mark] must be present. The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm’, so you need to multiply that value by
C [1 mark] the number of moles.
sacrificial protection /7 mark] S94) propanol/propan-1-ol /7 mark]
Magnesium is more reactive than iron /7 mark], so the b) i) propanoic acid /7 mark]
magnesium will be oxidised instead of the iron /7 mark]. ii) ester /J mark]
galvanising /J mark] ili) E.g. it is volatile /7 mark].
M(Mg) = 24 c) i) C,H,OH + 30, — 3H,O0 + 2CO,
M(MgCL,) = 24 + (35.5 x 2) = 95 [1 mark for the correct reactants and products,
moles of MgCl, = mass + M, = 7.60 + 95 = 0.08 moles I mark for correctly balancing the equation.]
From the equation, 1 mole of MgCl, is produced from 1 mole ii) E.g. microbial oxidation / heating with potassium
of Mg. So 0.08 moles of MgCl, will be produced from dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid /7 mark]
0.08 moles of Mg. 4 a) Any two from: e.g. fizzing increases from lithium to
So mass of Mg = 0.08 x 24 = 1.92 g potassium / sodium and potassium melt, but lithium doesn’t /
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise I mark for correctly a flame is only seen with potassium /2 marks — I mark for
calculating the Ms, 1 mark for correct number of moles of each correct answer].
MgCl, and Mg.] b) E.g. Group 1 elements further down the group have an outer
b) Test: test the gas with a lighted splint /7 mark]. electron in a shell that is further from the nucleus /7 mark].
Observation: hydrogen produces a squeaky pop /J mark]. So as you go down the group, the attraction between the
Cc) E.g. the hydrochloric acid/HClI was used in excess /7 mark]. outer shell electron and the nucleus becomes less and so the
13a) Mass of Cu: 33.08 — 28.00 = 5.08 electron is more easily lost /7 mark].
Mass ofO: 34.36 — 33.08 = 1.28 c) 2Li + 2H,O —> 2LiOH + H,
Number of moles: Cu = 5.08 + 63.5 = 0.08 [1 mark for the correct reactants and products, I mark for
O= 1.28 + 16 =0.08 correctly balancing the equation.]
Simplest whole number ratio: d) The student could put the wire loop in one of the unlabelled
(0.08 = 0.08) : (0.08 + 0.08) = 1:1 samples and then hold it in a blue Bunsen flame /7 mark].
Empirical formula: CuO If the flame turns crimson-red, the sample is lithium
[5 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for chloride, but if it turns lilac, the sample is potassium chloride
calculating the mass of Cu, I mark for calculating the mass [1 mark].
of O, I mark for correct number of moles of each element, Bonds broken (2 « 436) + 498 = 1370 /7 mark]
1 mark for finding the simplest whole number ratio.] Bonds formed (4 x 464) = 1856 /7 mark]
b) i) percentage yield = (1.20 + 1.80) x 100 = 66.7% /2 marks for Enthalpy change = 1370 — 1856 = -486 kJ/mol
correct answer, otherwise I mark for correct working.] [1 mark for the correct value, 1 mark for the correct sign]
ii) E.g. not all of the metal may have reacted /7 mark]. b) endothermic /7 mark]
c) D [1 mark]
Practice Paper 2C 6 a)
Le), 1) Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element,

which have the same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons /7 mark].
il — Cl is 25% 37Cl and 75% 35Cl [1 mark]
A,= (37 x 25 + 100) + (35 x 75 + 100) = 35.5 [1 mark]
b) Eig;
0 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0

[1 mark for 8 electrons in sodium, 1 mark for 8 electrons in Concentration (mol/dm’)
chlorine, I mark for the correct charges] [1 mark for plotting points correctly,
The forward and reverse reactions happen at exactly the same I mark for sensible curve of best fit.]
rate. /The concentrations of reactants and products remain b) E.g. 23 s (accept 22-24 s) /1 mark]
the same. [7 mark] c) Repeat the experiment and take the mean of the results
b) The yield of ammonia will decrease /7 mark]. Increasing [1 mark].
the temperature will favour the reverse/endothermic reaction d) The rate increases as the concentration increases /7 mark].
which takes in energy /7 mark]. e) At higher concentration there are more particles
c) ~ The yield of ammonia will decrease {7 mark]. This is in a certain space / the particles are closer together
because lowering the pressure will encourage the reaction [1 mark]. This means that collisions between particles
that produces more moles of gas (there are four moles of gas happen more often / there are more frequent collisions
on the left-hand side of the equation, for every two moles on / there are more collisions per second /7 mark].
the right) /7 mark].
Answers
141
f) No. The magnesium has a larger surface area
[1 mark]. This will increase the rate of the reaction
[1 mark], so it will take less than 18 seconds
for 20 cm? of hydrogen to form /7 mark].
7 a) E.g. methyl orange / phenolphthalein /7 mark]
b) H,SO 449) + Ca(OH) (44) > CaSO4,,) + 2H,O,)
[1 mark for the correct formula for calcium sulfate,
I mark for correctly balancing the equation]
c) i) (8.80 + 1000) x 0.050 = 0.00044 moles /7 mark]
ii) 0.00044 moles /7 mark]
From the equation you can see that one mole of H,SO, reacts with one
mole of Ca(OH), so the number of moles of each will be the same.
iii) 10 cm? + 1000 = 0.01 dm?
concentration = moles + volume
0.00044 = 0.01 = 0.044 mol/dm? /] mark]
8 a) So the ions are free to move /7 mark] so they can
carry the current / conduct electricity /7 mark].
b) 2Cl > Cl, + 2e° [1 mark]
c) The sodium ions are more reactive than the hydrogen
ions, so hydrogen gas will be formed /7 mark].
d) sodium hydroxide /7 mark]
e) Aluminium is more reactive than carbon (so the carbon
will not be able to reduce the aluminium oxide) /7 mark].
f) Aluminium has a low density, which
makes it relatively light /7 mark].
g) M{ALO,) = (2 x 27) + (3 x 16) = 102
moles = mass + M_
moles of Al,O, = 40.8 + 102 = 0.400 moles
From the balanced equation, 2 moles of aluminium oxide
produce 4 moles of aluminium.
So, 0.400 moles of aluminium oxide will produce
(0.400 = 2) x 4=0.800 moles of aluminium.
A(Al) = 27, so mass of Al = 0.800 x 27 = 21.6 g
correctly calculating M, of Al,O;, 1 mark for correctly
calculating the number of moles of Al,O; and I mark
for working out how many moles of Al are made.]
9 a) i) The solid stops dissolving and remains at
the bottom of the flask /7 mark].
ii)— zinc chloride /7 mark] and water /7 mark].
b) E.g. do a titration to find out how much acid and
alkali are needed for neutralisation /7 mark]. Add
these volumes of acid and alkali together without
indicator /1 mark]. Heat the solution to evaporate the
water, leaving a dry sample of the salt /7 mark].
c) B [1 mark] and E [1 mark]
For this reaction you need to pick two soluble salts — one that contains
Ba** and one that contains SO/~
Answers
Do both exam papers.
Use the answers and mark scheme to mark each exam paper.
Use the tables below to record your marks.
Add together your marks for the two papers to give a total mark out of 180.
Total Mark = Paper 1 Total + Paper 2 Total
Total Mark = [_|/180
Look up your total mark in this table to see what grade you got.
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The grade boundaries above are given as a guide only.
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is no guarantee of getting that grade in the real exam — but it should give you a pretty ¢
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"BMI
CGP
International GCSE Chemistry

needs a lot of practice...
...and this CGP Workbook is the best way to master the Grade 9-1 Edexcel course!
¢ Hundreds of exam-style questions...

Oh, yes — we've covered every topic
¢ A full set of practice papers...

Yep, they’re just like the real exams
e And step-by-step answers...

So checking your work is a piece of cake!
When CGP’s exam solution is this good, why mix with anyone else’s book? ©
Rout
Chemistry
P.S. Looking for more help with International GCSE Chemistry? Don’t miss
CGP’s matching Revision Guide — it explains the whole course!
Prolonged
g use may y cause rash : —_
—" "
ISBN 978 1 78294 686 1
9 781782 9 946861
CEQI42 £6.95
(Retail Price)
www.cgpbooks.co.uk

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_CGP

Edexcel International GCSE

The Revision Guide

Guide Exam Practice Workbook | The Revisi

Fantastic Revision Guides and matching Exam Practice Workbooks,

CGP — revision that’s right up your alloy...

CGP — still the best! ©

Then we work our socks off to get them out to you

po ELS 2ae ee ae 2 Section 4 — Inorganic Chemistry

With thanks to Ana Pungartnik for the copyright research.

ISBN: 978 1 78294 686 1

Based on the classic CGP style created by Richard Parsons.

The questions are ; These grade stamps

er Ser A TY questions, not just

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a) Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols,

the student burnt in her experiment. =

your answers on. For : You'tas ir. "

Molar enthalpy change = ............ssscscscsssssesesceeeassenes

Exam Practice Tip

How To Use This Book

Edexcel International GCSE Exam Stuff

You Need to Understand the Command Words

This means the same thing as ‘Name...’ or ‘Give...

Seven Golden Rules for your Exam

2) Look at the number of marks a question is worth.

3) Write your answers as clearly as you can.

4) Use specialist vocabulary.

5) Show each step in your calculations.

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Z The diagram shows a substance changing ) liquid

b) Give the name of the process represented by arrow A. ENRE NAMED Oe

sealed glass tube ring of ammonium chloride

source of source of hydrogen

2 Inthe experiment shown in the diagram, a gas jar full of brown

The glass plate is then removed. bromine

Be wow bes oa )eWwees: ae bs on... Solon.SS a. glass plate

tine, eoming.....98 A. ARLES... fhroven. te. The...

a) Define the term ‘solution’.

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[ae] A Desiccator E C Evaporating dish

Mass of solid obtained / g

Exam Practice Tip

Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

a) Complete the table.

a) State the mass number and atomic number of 3;Mn.

mass number: ....... RD cvcscceeccsesiecsnesusvoiecescnasccasUeQQeyoTAbubaieciee

protons: we ... neutrons: ..2...... electrons: ...4©....

3 The diagram below shows part of the structure Grade

___Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass

a) State what is meant by the term isotope.

a) Give the definition of the relative atomic mass of an element.

Telative ATOMIC MASS = To cicdesescecdshscsdeccecsccsescces

Exam Practice Tip

) LJ © eS) ee Section 1 — Particles and Mixtures

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Briefly describe the difference between an element and a compound.

es AN AeArcnr ear as one es Se arom. WhilSk oS Compounge ese

Saves... A... AR... PETS... BREGOAMNISES....YSeoy.

Liquid oxygen .7.... Meee eek Nes

Use the chromatogram on the right

The diagram below shows a set of equipment you

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