Modul Revision SK015 SEM 1 2324 CHIA CHEW PING

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TARGET PSPM 1 CHEMISTRY:
Success is A Journey, Not A Destination

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1. PSPM SKOP
CHAPTER QUESTIONS MARKS % TIME REMARKS
Chapter 1: 1 21 10.5 40
Matter
Chapter 2: 2 10 5 10
Atomic
structure
Chapter 3 17 8.5 30
4:Chemical
Bonding
Chapter 5: 4 9 4.5 10
State of matter
Chapter 6: 5 9 4.5 10
Chemical
equilibrium
Chapter 7: 6 14 7 20
Ionic Equilibria
80 40 120

CHECK LIST HOMEWORK

SET / Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Remarks
PSPM 2223
PSPM 2021
PSPM 1920
PSPM 1819
PSPM 1718
SET 1
SET 2
SET 3
SET 4
SET 5
SET 6
SET 7
SET 8
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Chapter 1: Matter

Case Question solution

1.1 Mass 1. Average atomic mass from mass Average atomic mass =
spectrometer spectrometer ∑(isotopic mass )x (isotope abundance)
∑ isotope abundance
The two naturally occurring isotopes of gallium
are gallium-69 and gallium-71 which are found
in the ratio of 3:2. Determine the atomic mass
of gallium
2. % @ ratio abundance % abundance A= x
The isotopes of Ag occur naturally as 107Ag and
109
Ag with their relative isotopic masses of % abundance B= y= 1-x
106.906 and 108.868 respectively. If the x+y=1
average atomic mass of Ag is 107.868, what
would be the percentage abundance of these
two isotopes? (ANS :107Ag=50.97%
,109Ag=49.03%)
1.2 Empirical Simple calculation C H 0
and molecular A compound used as an additive for gasoline to ratio 3 2.5 1
formula help prevent engine knock shows the following
percent composition:
3x2 2.5x2 1x2
24.27% C 4.07% H 71.65% Cl 6 5 2
The molar mass is known to be 98.96gmol-1.
Determine the empirical formula and the
molecular formula for this compound.

Complex calculation CxHyOz + O2→ CO2 + H2O

Compound A consists of the elements C, H and O. All C in CO2 from sample

The complete combustion of 4.624 g of the All H in H2O form sample
compound A yielded 6.557 g of CO2 and 4.026 g 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
of H2O. Determine the empirical formula of 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
= 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝐶𝑂2
compound A. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑂2

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𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = 𝑥6.557𝑔
44
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑯
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2𝐻
= 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻2𝑂
2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 = 18
𝑥4.026g

Mass of O =
mass of sample-(mass of C+ mass of H)

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1.2concentratio Simple calculation ( all info given)

n

CONCENTRATION
Molality (mol/L) @ M

Molality ( mol/kg) @m

% by mass

% by volume

Mole fraction:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑏
Xa+Xb=1
Calculation required assume

Q Data 1 Data 2 Assume:

1 Volume of
moles of solute (mol) Mass of solution
Molarity Density = solution: 1L
=
Volume of solution (L) Volume of solution

2 MASS OF SOLVENT:
moles of solute(mol) Mass of solution
Molality = Density = 1 kg
mass of solvent (kg) Volume of solution

3 Mass of solution:
mass of solute Mass of solution 100g
X 100%
%w/w = Density =
Mass of solution)
@(mass solute+ mass of solvent Volume of solution

4 Volume of solution:
Volume of solute Mass of solution 100ml
%V/V = X 100% Density =
Volume of solution
Volume of solution

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1.3stoichiometry Case 1: One of reactant or product will give

the information (mol, molarity, volume, mass) .

Case 2: stoichiometry involved information

form two reactant
• Limiting reactant

Function of limiting reactant:

1. Determine the amount product (
theoretical yield)
2. Determine the excess reactant use
3. Excess reactant left = mol initial-mol
use

1. 10 g of Zn is added to a beaker containing (a) 1Zn(s) +2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2(aq) +

0.18 mole of hydrochloric acid to form zinc H2(g)
How to determine limiting reactant
chloride and hydrogen gas. Determine
(ratio mehod)
(a)Limiting reactant

(b)The mass in gram for hydrogen gas produced Reactant Zn HCl

Mol 10/65.4= 0.18

given 0.1529mol

1 mol ZnΞ 2 mol HCl

0.1529 mol ZnΞ 0.3058 mol HCl
(needed)

Mol Given HCl is less than mol needed

HCl, so HCl is limiting reactant.

(b) 2mol HCl Ξ 1 mol H2

0.18 mol HCl Ξ 0.09 mol H2

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2. Freon-12 CCl2F is used in various
manufacturing industries. It is produced
from the reaction of carbon
tetrahedrachloride, CCl4 with SbF3.
𝟑𝐂𝐂𝐥𝟒 + 𝟐𝐒𝐛𝐅𝟑 → 𝟑𝐂𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝐅𝟐 + 𝟐𝐒𝐛𝐂𝐥𝟑
If 130.0 g of CCl4 is mixed with 95.0 g of
SbF3, calculate
(i) The amount (in gram) of CCl2F2
obtained. (96.425g)
(ii) The amount of excess reactant
after the reaction is completed.
(7.28g)
Case 3: completely reaction but the product
obtained is less then what we expected?
example 1. Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 can be prepared by
heating silicon in excess chlorine gas
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) → SiCl4(l)
(i) Calculate the mass of silicon needed to
produce 400g of SiCl4, if the percentage yield
is 42.5%.
( 400g is actual yield)
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If 130.0 g of CCl4 is mixed with
95.0 g of SbF3,
( when both reactant contains
mass@volume which can
calculate the mol, determine the
limiting reactant first)
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
= 𝑥100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑
1. Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 an important raw
material for the dye industrial, is prepared
from benzene, C6H6 and nitric acid,
HNO3.
C6H6(l) + HNO3(l) → C6H5NO2(l)+ H2O(l)
When 21.6 g of benzene and an excess
of HNO3 are used, what is the
theoretical yield of nitrobenzene? If
30.0g of nitrobenzene is recovered, what
is the percentage yield?
( 30g recovered: actual yield)
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Case 4: stoichiometry involved redox

• Simple titration
• Impure sample: using mol titration
determine mol pure sample

1. An iron ore sample weighing 0.9132 g 2. An impure solid sample of iron is reacted
is dissolved in acid, the iron is obtained with an excess of hydrochloric acid, HCl,
to form an aqueous solution of iron(II)
as Fe2+.
chloride, FeCl2 and H2 gas. Assume that
This solution is then titrated with 28.72 mL of
the impurities do not react with HCl.
0.05051 M K2Cr2O7(aq).
i. Write a balanced equation for
What is the % Fe by mass in the ore
the reaction.
sample/ What is % purity of Fe in the
sample? 3.When 0.274 g of the impure iron is reacted
Fe2+ + Cr2O72– → Fe3+ + Cr3+ (not with an excess of hydrochloric acid, HCl, an
balanced) amount of 8.54 ×10-3 g of H2 gas is evolved.
Calculate the percentage of iron in the
Step 1: Balance redox equation sample. (87.11%)
Step 1: using mol C2O72- determine mole Fe
pure Step 1: using mol H2 determine mole
Fe pure
Step2: Find the mol mass Fe, 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒆
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒆 % 𝑭𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
% 𝑭𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 ( Cannot use mass impure to calculate
( Cannot use mass impure to calculate mol) mol)
Achieve equivalence point 𝑀𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑎
25 mL, 0.222 M of the oxalic acid is titrated with =
𝑀𝐵 𝑉𝑏 𝑏
0.15 M KMnO4 solution. The unbalanced equation
for the reaction is:
MnO4- + C2O42- →Mn2+ + CO2
i. Determine the oxidation number
of Mn in KMnO4.
ii. Write a balanced redox equation
for the above reaction.
iii. Calculate the volume of the
KMnO4 solution needed to reach end
point.

Dilution: M1V1 =M2V2

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Acidic medium Basic medium

Purity of Mass % of a specified substance in impure sample

sample

Equivalence The point at which the reaction is complete, Equimolar amounts of acid and
point base have reacted, No more acid or base left in the solution
Example:
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required to titrate 25.00 mL of a
4.50 M H2SO4 solution?

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CHAPTER 2: Atomic structure

Calculate the energy at n.

Calculate the energy before drop to
lower energy level.
Energy at excited level.
 1 1  1.Calculate the energy of transition.
E = RH  2 − 2 
 ni nf 

RH (Rydberg constant) =2.1810–18J

ni=1 nf= 3

ni= nf= ni=

nf=

2.Calculate the energy emitted when e

fall from n=6 to n=3 in kJmol-1

Calculate the wavelength of emission.

n1 < n2
1  1 1 
= RH  2 − 2  1nm= 10-9m
  n1 n2  , n1< n2 Calculate the final n with a line with
RH = 1.097  107 m- wavelength of 486.4 nm of Balmer
 = wavelength series.
Since  should have a positive value thus n2, n1 = 1,
n2=3

hc If question ask kJmol-1, final answer

ΔE =
E = h,  = c / λ  must times Avogadro’s number.

 1 1  For removal of 1 mole of electrons

E = RH  2 − 2  from 1 mole of H atom?
 ni nf  Ionization energy = ΔE x 6.02 x 1023
mol-1

This is Lyman Series.

Which is fist line of series? State n?
Which is third line of series? State n?
Which shortest wavelength? Higher
frequency? Higher energy?
Which longer wavelength? lower
frequency?lower energy?

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Determine the shortest wavelength in

nanometers (nm) in the Paschen series for
the hydrogen atom?

Series n1 n2 Spectrum region

(lower energy level)/Level at which (higher energy level)
an electron drop to
Lyman 1 2,3,4,……. Ultraviolet
Balmer
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund

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Aufbau Electron will fill atomic orbitals with

Principle the …………………………………………………………….before
occupying …………………………………………………………
Therefore, energy of……..is higher than……………’,…………………………..orbital is filled
first before …………………………orbital
Pauli’s No ……………….electrons in same orbital can have……………………set of four quantum
Exclusion numbers.
Principle Each orbital can be occupied by a maximum of ……….electrons and each
with …………………………………. spin.
Hund’s When filling electrons at degenerate orbitals/equivalent energy orbital, electrons
Rule will occupy different atomic orbital with ………………..and ……………………….before a
second electron of the opposite spin is ……………………………………..

Most stable arrangement of electrons in orbitals of a subshell is the one with the
greatest number of ……………………………………….

Anomalous Electronic configuration ( stability of orbital: fully filled orbital 3 d10, half-filled orbital 3d5 , partially-
filled orbital 3d6

Chromium 24Cr Copper 29Cu

Expected electronic configuration: Expected electronic configuration:

Actual electronic configuration: Actual electronic configuration:

Reason:
An electron from ________orbital moved to
_____________to obtain the stability
of__________________________________________.
_____________________________is more stable than
partially filled orbital.
Reason:
An electron from ________orbital moved to
_____________to obtain the stability
of__________________________________________.
_____________________________is more stable than
partially filled orbital.

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Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding

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1. Formal Charge :
the most likely structure when a compound has more than one valid Lewis structure.
Formal Charge is apparent charge assigned to bonded atom in Lewis Structure.
Formal charge on an = Total no. of - Total no. of lone pairs e- + ½ Total no. of
atom of in Lewis valence e- bonding e-
structure an atom

To calculate formal charges, we assign electrons in the molecule to individual atoms according to these rules:

• Nonbonding electrons are assigned to the atom on which they are located.
• Bonding electrons are divided equally between the bonded atoms.
Structure I II

Formal charge: O1= 6 - (4+ ½(4)=0 O1 = 6-( 6+ ½(2)= -1

C = 4- ( 0+ ½(8) =0 C= 4 - ( 0+ ½(8) =0
O2=6-(4 + ½(4) =0 O2= 6 - (2+ ½(6)) = +1

• Note that in both case the formal charge add up zero, as they must because CO2 is neutral molecules.
• So, Which is more correct structure? How to choose the most plausible structure?
• When more than one Lewis structure is possible, we will use the guideline to choose the dominant one:
1. The dominant Lewis structure is the structure with the lowest formal charge. ( all formal charge zero)
2. Lower formal charge ( 0, -1,+1) ( low number)
3. Negative formal charges on the more electronegative atoms

So, the most possible structure is structure I because lowest formal charge.

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1.2 Molecular geometry

How to determine electron pair of central atom

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Predict molecular shape, explain Compare the bond angle … Determine the polarity of
@Determine the molecular geometry molecules……

DARW: Lewis structure, molecular
geometry +bond angle
DESCRIBE:: No of LB and BP,
class/Formula ABE, no of electron pairs,
electrons pair arrangement, name the
molecular geometry and state the bond
angle.
( **CENTRAL ATOM OF X has n
electron pairs √ )
DARW: Lewis structure, molecular
geometry +bond angle
DESCRIBE: No of LB and BP,
class/Formula ABE, no of electron
pairs, electrons pair arrangement, name
the molecular geometry and state the
bond angle.
ELABORATE: state the type of
repulsion, compare the strength of
repulsion towards bond angle
Lone pair-lone pair repulsion >
lone pair-bonding pair repulsion >
bonding pair-bonding pair repulsion
Step 1: draw lewis structure
Step 2: draw molecular geometry,
label polar bond arrow
Step 3: Describe the structure:
1. F is more electronegative
than C, C-F is polar bond.
2. The molecular geometry is
_________ and
symmetrical/non
symmetrical.
3. The bond dipole
can/cannot cancel each
other.
4. The resultant dipole
moment , µ ≠ / µ = 0
5. ______is polar/non polar
molecules

4.3 Hybridisation
Electron Bonding Lone pair Electron pair Molecular Type of
pair pair Arrangement geometry hybridisation
2 2 1 linear linear sp
3 3 0
2 1
4 4 0
3 1
2 1
5 5 0
4 1
3 2
2 3
6 6 0
5 1
4 2

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4.4 intermolecular force and 4.5 metallic bond

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5.1 GASES

function formula
Density 𝑷𝑴
𝒑=
𝑹𝑻
Molar mass 𝒎𝑹𝑻
𝑴=
𝑷𝑽
Changing 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏
=
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽 𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽 𝟐 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
before and after 𝒏𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝑻𝟐 = = =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
(P@T@V@n)
( cancel which
constant)
Pressure at the nA RT
moment PA =
V

P total
nT RT
PT =
V

Pressure PA = 𝑿𝑨 𝑷𝑻
( mole, Ptotal)
( mole fraction)
Pressure Total 𝑷 𝑻 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩
( sum Pressure)

Type of question:
1. Collection the gas over water/water displacement method, the pressure given is total
pressure PT = Pgas + PH2O

Zn(s)+ HCl (aq) ZnCl 2(aq) + H2(g)

Teori: 1 mol 1 mol

xp:
x mol
stoichiometry
mass
Step 1: pressure gas
Step 3: mass of Pgas=PT-PH2O
reactant
Step 2: Mol gas
Mol reactant,
mass reactant

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5.2 Liquid
Summarize:
1. Case 1; Intermolecular forces stronger:
• Intermolecular force of liquid_________,
• Molecules liquid _______escape to form vapour ,
• __________molecules vapour form,
• __________vapour pressure.
• _________volatile liquid.
• Vapour pressure is inversely proportional to boiling point.
• _________energy is required to overcome the intermolecular between molecules
to vaporize and to reach vapor pressure equivalent to the atmosphere pressure.
• Boiling point________

2. Case 2; Intermolecular forces weaker:

• Intermolecular force of liquid _________,
• Molecules liquid _______escape to form vapour ,
• __________molecules vapour form,
• __________vapour pressure.
• _________volatile liquid.
• Vapour pressure is inversely proportional to boiling point.
• _________energy is required to overcome the intermolecular between molecules
to vaporize and to reach vapor pressure equivalent to the atmosphere pressure.
• Boiling point________

Conclusion:
Intermolecular force of liquid stronger,……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Intermolecular force of liquid weaker,……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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5.3 Phase Diagram
Phase diagram of carbon dioxide CO2
Positive slope ( slant to the right)
O:Triple point : 5.2 atm, -57oC
C:Critical point: 73 atm, 31oC.
sublimation point: 1atm, -78oC
melting point:
OA: solid and gas at equilibrium
OB: solid and liquid at equilibrium
OC : liquid and gas at equilibrium

B Phase diagram of H2O Negative slope ( slant to the left)-

anomalous case
O:Triple point : 0.006 atm, 0.01oC
C:Critical point: 218 atm, 373oC.
Normal Boiling Point: 1 atm, 100oC
Melting point: 1 atm, 0oC
OA: solid and gas at equilibrium
OB: solid and liquid at equilibrium
OC : liquid and gas at equilibrium

Chapter 6: Chemical Equilibrium

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Case Question Solution
Given 1. Graph Kc, Kp
concentration [ ]
or pressure in ( solid and liquid
equilibrium excluded)
(depend to equation)
( only
concentration or
pressure at
equilibrium can
substitute in the Kc
and Kp)

2. The following equilibrium process has been Kc

o
studies at 230 C:
2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g)
In an experiment the concentration of the
reacting species at equilibrium were found to
be as follows: [NO] 0.0542 M, [O2] 0.127
M, [NO2] 15.5 M. Determine the equilibrium
constant(Kc) of the reaction at this
temperature.

3. The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction Kp

is 158 at 1000K. What is the equilibrium
pressure for O2 if, PNO2 0.400atm and PNO
0.270 atm?
2NO2(g) ⇋ 2NO(g) + O2(g)

Relationship Kc If Kc for the following react is 15.35 at 300oC, calculate Kp = Kc (RT) ∆n

and Kp Kp at the same temperature (answer: 6.9392x10-3) ∆n= number of moles of
gaseous product – number
N2(g) +3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g) of mole of gaseous reactant
R= universal gas constant
0.08206 L atm mol-1K-1
T= absolute temperature in
K

When ∆n=0, Kc=Kp

(mol product =mole reactant)
Given initial, 1. [ ] @ pressure of reactant initial and ICE (M)table
% dissociation, equilibrium given
equilibrium,
K c, K p The atmospheric oxidation of nitric oxide.
2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g)
was studied at 184oC with pressure of 1.00
atm of NO and 1.000 atm of O2.(initial). At
equilibrium, PO2 = 0.506 atm. (equilibrium)
.Calculate the Kp.

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2.[ ] @ pressure of reactant initial and equilibrium ICE (M)table
given
At 30°C, the equilibrium constant, Kc, is 0.250 for the reaction,
2NO2(g)⇄ N2O4(g)

If 3.00 moles of N2O4 is placed in a 2.00L container at this

temperature, calculate the equilibrium concentration for each of
the gases.

3.[ ] @ pressure of reactant initial and equilibrium ICE (M) table

given

At 1280oC the equilibrium constant(K) for the reaction

is 1.1 x 10-3.
Br2(g) ⇋ 2Br(g)
If the initial concentration are [Br2] =0.063 M and [ Br]
= 0.012 M, determine the concentration of these species
at equilibrium.
4. percentage of dissociation or degree ICE (M) table
dissociation
Two moles of hydrogen bromide, HBr, is Dissociation depend to mole
placed in a 4.0 L container. At high reactant..x@2x@3x
temperature, it decomposes according to the
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
following equation: [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
2HBr(g) ⇋ H2(g) + Br2(g) = 𝑥100%
[𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
At equilibrium, the concentration of bromine is 0.10
M. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc and the
percentage of dissociation of HBr. [7 marks]

1. Is the system at The value of Kc for the reaction Qc vs Kc

equilibrium? N2O4 (g) ⇋ 2NO2 (g) Qp vs Kp
2. Determine
is 4.6 x 10-3. If the concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 are
whether more Q=K
product or 0.50M and 1.5 M respectively, determine the direction of
the reaction in order to reach equilibrium. System is at equilibrium
more reactant
is formed? [3 marks]
Q< K
3. Determine the
direction of System is not at
shift to right shift to left equilibrium
reaction to
achieve (equilibrium position shift
equilibrium to right until Q=K)
4. Predict the Qc <Kc Qc=Kc Qc >Kc Q>K
direction of
net reaction. System is not at
equilibrium
(equilibrium position shift
to left until Q=K)

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Le Chatelier’s Principle:
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure or a component
concentration, the system will shifts its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the
disturbance.
Summary Factor that affect the equilibrium position
A (g) B(g) + C(g) ∆H = -ve kJ
Disturbance How to reduce Shift to the Effect on Equilibrium
Disturbance constant, K
When….. System will reduce the Equilibrium position shift
disturbance by/ to/moved……
Equilibrium reestablish Theory, right or left
to
1 increase/add Concentration A

2 decrease/removed [B]
3 increase Pressure

4 decrease Pressure

5 increase Volume of container ,

pressure of system………….
6 Decrease Volume of container,
pressure of system…………
7 Add Inert Gas (Constant
Volume)
8 Add Inert Gas
( Constant Pressure)
9 increase Temperature

10 Decrease Temperature
11 Catalyst

Case value Kp @Kc to determine the direction of rection.

Theory: Experiment:
disturbance How to Solution disturbance Kp@Kc Shift left
reduce @right
disturbance T decrease
T decrease T increase
T increase

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Case how to increase the product:
1. Continuous remove product
2. Add reactant
3. Increase @ decrease pressure
4. Temperature increase @ decrease

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Chapter 7 Ionic Equilibria
ICF (M) → ICE (M) ⇋ ICF (mol) [ ] Final (M) →

Strong Acid ICF (M) →

Calculate the pH of each of following
strong acid solutions 8.5 x 10–3 M HBr
Strong Base ICF (M) →
What is the concentration of a solution
of KOH for which the pH is 11.89
Weak Acid ICE (M) ⇋
What is the pH of a 0.5 M HF solution
(at 25oC)?
Ka of HF = 7.1 x 10–4
Weak base ICE (M) ⇋
Calculate the concentration of OH– in
a 0.15 M solution of NH3.
Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x 10–5
Buffer Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
0.25 M CH3COOH mix with 0.25 M
CH3COONa [𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆]
pH= 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + log [𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅]
0.25 M NH3 mix with 0.25 M NH4Cl

0.25M 100 mL NaNO2 mix with 0.35 M 200 [𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅]

mL HNO2 pOH= 𝒑𝑲𝒃 + log
[𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆]
500 mL of 0.10M hydrazinium chloride
solution, N2H5Cl was added to a 500 mL
solution of 0.20 M hydrazine, N2H4.

Add the strong acid to buffer ICF (mol) [ ] final (M) →

1. A buffer is made by adding 0.300 mol

CH3COOH and 0.300 mol CH3COONa
to enough water to make 1.00L of
solution.
i. Calculate the pH of the buffer
solution.

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ii. Calculate the pH of this solution
after 5.0 mL of 4.0 M NaOH (aq)
solution is added.
iii. Calculate the pH of this solution
after the addition of 0.020 mol
HCl .

Add the strong base to buffer ICF (mol) [ ] final (M) →

Strength of weak acid and weak

base

Neutralization strong acid and ICF (mol) [ ] final (M) →

strong base

In an acid-base titration, 10 mL of 0.45 M HCl was

added to 40 mL of 0.10 M NaOH. Determine the
pH of the solution formed. (A:2.00)
Determine the pH of the solution formed when
15.0 mL of 0.250 M sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH is mixed with 25.0 mL of 0.100 M
hydrochloric acid. ( A:12.49)

Neutralization weak acid and strong ICF (mol) [ ] final (M) →

base
Neutralization weak base and strong ICF (mol) [ ] final (M) →
acid
Equivalence point 𝑴 𝒂 𝑽𝒂 𝒂
=
𝑴 𝒃 𝑽𝒃 𝒃
A titration of 25.0 mL solution of 0.15 M
HNO3 requires 37.5 mL of NaOH to reach
the equivalence point.

i. Calculate the pH of the solution

before the addition of NaOH.
ii. Calculate the concentration of
NaOH solution at equivalence
point.
Explain pH at equivalence=
Consider the titration of 30 ml of 0.050M NH3 explain salt by using ENDCHECK
with 0.025 M HCl. Equation neutralization:
Equation dissociation

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i. Predict the pH of solution
when achieve equivalence
point. Explain.
Modul Revision SK015 SEM 1 2324 CHIA CHEW PING
Check cation will hydrolysis with water?
Check anion will hydrolysis with water?
strong conjugated base from weak acid will
hydrolysis with water produce
CH3COO-(aq) +H2O(l) ⇋

Strong conjugate acid from weak base will

hydrolysis with water produce…..
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇋

Conclusion:
molar solubility/solubility ICE (M) ⇋
The solubility of silver carbonate is 0.032 mol L–1
at 20oC. Calculate the Ksp of silver carbonate.

Calculate the molar solubility of PbCl2. Ksp = 1.6 x

10–5
Will the precipitate form? Qsp vs Ksp
If addition volume, calculate new Explain is the precipitate form?
concentration: M1V1=M2V2

Does any solid Cu(OH)2 form when 0.075 g of

KOH is dissolved in 1.0 L of 1.0 x 10–3 M
Cu(NO3)2? Ksp of Cu(OH)2 = 2.2 x 10–20
What is the solubility of salt with the Common ion effect
present of X salt Equation common ion
ICE (M) ⇋
The solubility product Ksp of Ag2SO4 is 1.5 x Explanation why solubility decrease.
10-5. Calculate the solubility of the salt in
distilled water and in 1.0 M H2SO4 solution.
Explain the difference in the values of
solubility.
Addition volume [ A]new: M1V1=M2V2

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STRONG ACID

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STRONG BASE

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WEAK ACID

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WEAK BASE

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BUFFER

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ADD THE ACID/BASE IN THE BUFFER

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NEUTRALIZATION BEFORE @ AFTER EQUVALENCE POINT

Neutralization at equivalence point

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Molar solubility / Ksp

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Will precipitate form

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COMMON ION EFFECT

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