Title

Passive Battery management System BMS to allocate the SOC charge of the batteries from high to low
SOC Cell

Abstract

Battery systems face various challenges, with cell imbalance emerging as a critical factor
impacting overall performance. In the absence of an effective balancing system, individual cell
voltages can diverge over time, leading to a rapid decline in battery pack capacity and ultimately
resulting in the failure of the entire battery system. Consequently, cell balancing plays a pivotal
role in preserving battery life. This paper conducts a comprehensive review and comparison of
diverse cell balancing methodologies designed for battery strings. The assessment is performed
through MATLAB/Simulink® simulations, considering factors such as circuit design, balancing
simulation results, practical implementations, applicability, balancing speed, complexity, cost,
size, balancing system efficiency, and voltage/current stress. The findings aim to offer insights
into the strengths and limitations of various balancing topologies, aiding researchers and
engineers in selecting optimal solutions tailored to specific application requirements.

Introduction

Rapid advances in energy storage technologies have accelerated the extensive application of
battery systems throughout a wide range of applications, from mobile electronics to hybrid
vehicles and wind-solar power storage. However, effective control of the individual cells inside a
battery pack is required for efficient and the long-term reliability of modern battery systems.
Among the many problems affecting battery systems, cell imbalance stands out as a major
concern, threatening overall efficiency and longevity.

The battery management system (BMS) is an essential component of any system. It protects the
battery system from damage, predicts SOC and extends battery life, and keeps the battery
system in an accurate and dependable operational state. The BMS measures the system voltage,
current, and temperature, determines the cells' state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), and
remaining useful life (RUL), protects the cells, thermal management, controls the
charge/discharge procedure, data acquisition, communication with on-board and off-board
modules, monitors and stores historical data, and the most important task is cell balancing.

Literature review

The implications of cell imbalance are extensive. Individual cell voltages may fluctuate as time
passes if an efficient balancing system has not been implemented. These phenomena not only
accelerate the degeneration of the battery pack itself, but it also results in a significant decrease
in its overall full capacity. The results are disastrous, frequently resulting in the breakdown of the
entire battery system. As a result, implementing an effective cell balancing mechanism emerges
as a critical technique for mitigating these issues and ensuring the longevity of battery systems.
The study examines several balancing approaches designed for battery strings in order to
address the critical role of cell balancing in prolonging battery life. The study makes extensive
use of MATLAB/Simulink® models to systematically evaluate and compare different techniques
across a range of key variables. Circuit design, the efficacy of balancing simulations, insights
derived from practical implementations, applicability to diverse use cases, balancing speed,
system complexity, expenses, size implications, managing system efficiency, and the impact on
SOC are among the comparison criteria.

The significance of this research lies in its potential to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the strengths and limitations inherent in different cell balancing approaches. The concept of
passive cell balancing is used in battery management systems (BMS) to equalize the state of
charge (SOC) among individual cells in a battery pack. The amount of energy stored in each cell
is represented by SOC, and balancing ensures that all cells contribute equally to the overall
capacity of the battery pack. Passive balancing differs from active balancing, which involves the
exchange of energy between cells.

Passive BMS

The passive battery system is a simple energy storage device that is directly linked to the
photovoltaic (PV) system. It serves as a buffer, storing surplus energy generated by the
PV panels during high sun irradiation periods. This energy can then be used when there is a low
solar input or a high demand for energy. The passive system is often made up of lithium-ion or
lead-acid batteries, which provide a low-cost means of energy storage.

Active BMS

The active battery system, linked by a bidirectional converter, presents a more dynamic and
flexible approach to battery energy management. The batteries may be charged and discharged
utilizing this method, which is allowing you more control over the flow of power in the system.
This bidirectional converter allows for grid involvement by administering extra energy into the
system or taking electricity from the grid as needed.

Result and discussion

The Figure show the Matlab Simulink Model of Active and Passive BMS Management System
Consist of Active Battery Storage system, Bidirectional Converter, Voltage Source, Passive
batteries Pack, Matlab Function block and Scope to check the output waveform of the SOC of
the batteries.

As we know that the active control of batteries to possible by using some closed loop control
mechanism and the battery is isolated from the source through a bidirectional converter. On the
other hand, Passive BMS is connected directly to the Voltage Source and can balance himself
without any closed loop.
In this model we have model the passive 12 pack of batteries through matlab Simulink to
balance the SOC of every battery by using some switching and condition.

There are 12 condition formulate in matlab function block and at a time only condition will be
validating in order to balance the SOC.

If S1>S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 then the S1 will be on and the remaining cell
will be off and will be charge from the source otherwise (else) it will be off. The On and off
condition of the cell is dependent on the State of charge, the high SOC battery will followed by
the rest.

If S2> S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S3> S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S4> S1, S2, S3, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S5> S1, S2, S3, S4, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S6> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S7> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S8> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S9, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S9> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S10, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S10> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S11, S12 ON else OFF

If S11> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S12 ON else OFF

If S12> S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, ON else OFF

The output of the above condition is shown in the Figure 2 and Figure 3 .
Output SOC:
Conclusion:

The application of battery Management systems in Renewable energy, storage system,

automobile, Electric vechiles, is a critical issue, with cell balancing playing a vital role in the BMS
of the cells in order to extend the life and safety of the cells.

battery system as well as the entire battery pack energy. There have been several battery
balancing topologies proposed.

MATLAB/Simulink was used to simulate the results. Most popular programme for dynamic
modelling and simulation systems, as well as a full comparison, have been offered. The cost, size,
and control of cell balancing topologies vary. Complexity, implementation, and suitability are all
factors to consider. Each As predicted, each topology offers advantages and disadvantages.

In future we can integrate the passive cell with SC to regulate the SOC stress of batteries and
extend their life for complex systems specific RES system.

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