CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

College of Pharmacy
Spring Semester 2020-21

Course: Pharmaceutical Chemistry with Lab (CHEM 410) Date: Sunday 23rd May 2021

Assessment: FINAL EXAM (structured questions) Time: 10:25 am- 1:00pm

ID : OPCM-15-061 Name: Ismael Mohammed Merie

INSTRUCTIONS
 This exam consists of the following:
 Sec A- Short structured questions: Eight questions worth of 15% of final grade.
 Sec B- Long answer questions: 2 questions worth of 10% of final grade
** Answer ALL questions. Submit your answer for Sec A and Sec B (either scanned copy of
handwritten answers as PDF OR a word document) through Google classroom.
Failure to submit response in due time will result in zero grade.
THE file name of the PDF/word document of your ANSWER script SHOULD be your FIRST NAME
AND THE LAST NAME.
IMPORTANT
NU has zero tolerance policy towards plagiarism. Students are strictly advised to refrain from sharing the
answers of this graded assessment component with other students. As per the NU guidelines and policy,
students will be penalized for the plagiarized (copy/ paste) answers and will receive ZERO grade.

You have 155 min to complete and submit your exam.

Weightage: 25% of the final grade

Marked by: Total Marks:

SECTION A

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 CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

Short answer questions (SAQs)- weightage of this section is 15% of the final grade
This section contains 8 short- structured questions worth of 30 pts. Q no 1 and 2 are worth 3 pts and Q. No 3-8
are worth 4 pts. Total points= (2x3=6pts) + (6x4=24 pts) 30pts. Answer all the questions to the
point.

1. Which titrimetric method would you use to analyze calcium chloride? Give reason for selecting a
particular method and also discuss the underlying principle/reactions in brief.
I would use EDTA Complexometric Titration to analyze calcium chloride, and the reason for this use is due
to that creates a soluble complex of two compounds which are the metal ion Ca+2 and the complexing
agent EDTA, as well this complex varies from those of the free Ca + 2 metallic ions and EDTA in the
properties, where the Lewis base is the ligand EDTA that donates electron pairs and the Lewis acid is
Ca+2 that accepts electron pairs. So because of ca+2 has an affinity for EDTA to form the complex, this
analytical method is chosen.

2. The solubility of silver chromate is 0.00165 gm/L. Calculate its solubility product. (At wt of Ag=108;
Cr=52; O=16).
M = mass of solute x 1000 / molecular weight x volume in ml
= 0.00165 x 1000 / 332 x 1000
= 4.96*10-6
Ks(Ag2CrO4) = [Ag+] . [CrO4-] = [4.96*10-6] * [4.96*10-6] = 2.46 * 10-11

3. Name the various parts of a polarimeter:

- Light Source
- Sample Tube
- Analyzer
- Polarizer
What is the effect of:
(i) increasing angle of rotation:
Increasing angle of rotation, when angle i increases, also angle r increases.
As the rotating angle increases, causing increase the specific rotation
(ii) decreasing length of sample tube:
Decreasing length of sample tube, will lead to increase angle of rotation, and increase the specific rotation.
As the length of the sample tube decreases, causing increase the specific rotation
(iii) increasing concentration of a sample on the Specific rotation:
increasing concentration of a sample on the specific rotation, will lead to wavelength decrease, the density
will increase, the temperature will decrease, and increase bending.
Therefore, the concentration Increasing causing observed rotation to increase

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

4. Refractive index of a liquid at 25 ˚C is 1.4440. Calculate the refractive index at 20 and 30 ˚C?
RI20 = [(T observed – 20) x 0.00045] + RI observed
= [(25- 20) x 0.00045] + 1.4440 = 1.44625
So, at 30C = 1.4440 - (0.00045 * (30-20 C)) = 1.44175

5. Mention at least four differences between TLC and paper chromatography.

1- PC has both a liquid mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase, whereas TLC has a solid stationary
phase and a liquid mobile phase.
2- PC is Partition chromatography, while TLC is considered as Adsorption chromatography.
3-TLC may be both qualitative and quantitative chromatography, whereas PC it be a qualitative
chromatography only.
4- Since the cellulose is densely packed and takes longer to collect, only high polarity solvents can be used
in PC. Whereas in TLC polar or nonpolar solvents can be used, because the stationary phase is loosely
bound and fast and easy to rise and collect.
 Also, both TLC and PC are a Planer chromatography.
Why a direct contact between the sample and the solvent system should be avoided in both TLC and PC?
The direct contact should be avoided as the main reason is that the spots on the sample could melt in the
solvent if this solvent is above the baseline, giving an incorrect result; Hence, the solvent should be below
baseline.

6(a): Calculate the HDI of a molecular formula C10H6O2N2Cl4Br2.

HDI = 1 + Carbon – H/2 + Nitrogen/2 – Halogen/2
HDI = 1 + 10-6/2+2/2-6/2 = 6
6(b): Calculate the chemical shift (δ, ppm) for a signal appearing at 125 Hz down the field from TMS in an
NMR spectrometer operating at 300 MHz.
δ =distance downfield from TMS (Hz) / operating frequency of the spectrometer (MHz)
= 125 / 300
= 0.41666 HZ

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

7. Discuss the importance of a guard column, sparging, and filtration in the HPLC.
 Guard Column: The mechanism of this technology depends on protecting the analytical column, as
this is done by preventing the entering of particles such as dust or gas particles in the original
column, which in turn prevents the effect of interfering with the original column. Moreover, the
protection column prolongs and extends the life of the analytical column, as its working mechanism
relies on preventing dust particles, gases, and other particles from entering between the original
particles.
 Sparing: This process is also called degassing, or gas cleaning, such as (He, Ar), as its action
relies on preventing the entering of minute and fine gas bubbles such as (He, Ar).
 Filtration: This process depends on preventing the entering and entry of dust by removing it and
preventing entering and interference, in addition to preventing damage to the pumping system, as
this is done by using a Mllipore filter under vacuum, with detection and clogging of the column.
Briefly explain why or why not intravenous sodium chloride infusion is analyzed by GC?
The reason behind this is that GC has limitations and restrictions on using only the form of valorization gas
vapor, as it must be thermally stable, like alcohol, as it is carry transportedand by the use of the carrier gas
through the column to the separation. In the other hand, the use of sodium chloride will cause the defect in
the column, and resulting in no separation.

8. Differentiate between absorption and emission spectroscopy.

- The emission spectroscopy produces a wavelength of a photon that emitted when an analyte is in a
higher energy state and returned to a lower energy state, such as flame photometry and Raman
spectroscopy, nephlometry, and fluorescance spectroscopy or fluorometry. In absorption spectroscopy,
energy is transmitted in between both the analyte and a photon of electromagnetic radiation where the
analyte is moved from lower state of energy to the excited or higher energy state because it absorbed the
energy that is generated by the photon, for example IR, and UV spectroscopy. The radiant energy from a
photon, thermal energy, and the chemical reactions, all they achieve the higher state of energy.
Mention the principle of Visible and IR spectroscopy.
- The principle of IR spectroscopy is Infrared radiation causes molecular vibrations and it used to identify
functional groups. while the principle of Visible spectroscopy is electronic excitation, which is acts to
analyse the colored samples and find the number of present rings and double bond, as well as the open
and close cycles.

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

SECTION B
Long Answer Questions (LAQs)-10% of final grade
This section contains 2 long answer questions. Each question is worth 10.0 pts, total points=2x10=20 pts.
Answer both questions.

1A. Identify the important functional (structural features) groups present in the following IR spectra. Write
the wavenumber against identified functional groups (2x2=4 pts).

(A1):
 Csp3-H:  at 3000-2850
 C=O (ether):  at 1720

(A2):
 Csp3-H:  at 3000-2850 Cm-1
 C=O (ether):  at 1720 Cm-1
 Isopropyl:  at -1375

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

1B. Write all the possible electronic transitions possible for the following two compounds (1.5x2=3 pts).

n to Sigma antibonding n to Sigma antibonding

n to Pie antibonding n to Pie antibonding
Sigma to Sigma antibonding Sigma to Sigma antibonding
Pie to Pie antibonding Pie to Pie antibonding

1C: Sketch the mass spectrum of 2-bromopropane (3 pts).

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

2. Answer the following questions related to NMR (2.5=4=10 pts):

a. What arrangement of protons in a molecule will show two triplets of equal area? Write the chemical
structure of the compound.
CH2CH2=O
b. An ester with a molecular formula C4H8O2 gives the following NMR spectrum. Assign the chemical
shift values to the peaks and give its structure.
The weight is 88

b
a c d

a  CH3, which has 3H  triplet

b  CH2, which has 2H  sextet
c  CH2, which has 2H  triplet
d  OH, which has 1H  singlet

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

c. A monosubstituted hydrocarbon with a molecular formula C9H12 gives the following NMR spectrum.
Assign the chemical shift values to the peaks and give its structure.

a  CH3, which has 6H

b  CH, which has 1H
c  the cycle, which has 5H

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CHM 410 Final Exam Spring Semester

d. How could proton NMR spectra distinguish the following compounds?

- The number of signals are:

A) three signals
B) There are four signals.
C) There are two signals.
- The Chemical shift are:
A- CHCH is a, close to Br is b, CH near (close) to NO2 is c
B- CH is a, CH close (near) to Br is b, CH close the CO2 is c and CH between Br and NO2 is d
C- CHCH close to Br is an and CHCH close to NO2 is b

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