Instrumental method of analysis

1. Differentiate between analog domain and the time domain [2016]

2. Write short notes on electrical domain. [2015C]
3. What are energy source (stimulus), information shorter and transducer for a photometer? [2015]
4. What is transducer in an analytical instrument? How does sensor work? [2016C]
5. Differentiate between detector, transducer and sensor. [2018]
6. Differentiate between (i) input and output transducer. [2015C]
7. Write short notes on detection limit of analytical instrument. [2016]
8. How would you measure detection limit of an analytical instrument? [2018]
9. Differentiate between calibration and analytical sensitivity. [2015]
10. Define figure of merit. what are the factors that are of vital importance in selecting an analytical
method? [2016C]
11. How would you measure the performance characteristics of an analytical instrument? [2018]
12. Write short notes on standard addition method. [2018]
13. Define detection limit. Calculate the minimum distinguishable analytical signal (S m) and hence the
detection limit (Cm) of the instrument in calculating ppm concentration of Pb by flame emission
spectroscopy. The following are some instrumental readings. [2015C]
mean of 20 blank samples (𝑆̅𝑚) = 0.0296 ppm
standard deviation of the blank (sbl) = 0.082
Calibration sensitivity (m) = 1.12
14. A method for the analysis of Ca2+ in water suffer from interference in the presence of Zn 2+. When
the concentration of Ca2+ is 100 times greater than Zn2+ the analysis for Ca2+ gives a relative error of
+0.5%. What is the selectivity coefficient for this method? [2015]
15. Calibration curve for the determination of isooctane in hydrocarbon sample using chromatographic
method is generated from the following data,
Specimen % of Peak area (yi) xi2 yi2 xiyi
isooctane (xi)
0.352 1.09 0.123904 1.1881 0.38368
0.803 1.78 0.644809 3.1684 1.42934
Standard
1.08 2.6 1.1664 6.76 2.808
samples
1.38 3.03 1.9044 9.1809 4.1814
1.75 4.01 3.0625 16.0801 7.0175
SUM: 5.365 SUM: 12.51 SUM: 6.902013 SUM: 36.3775 SUM: 15.81992
Determine the line of best fit using least square method. Also calculate SD of residuals (s r),SD of
slope (sm), SD of intercept (sb),Mole% isooctane in unknown sample whose peak area is 2.65 (calculated
from 3 replicates), SS of the final result. (sc).
16. Sample is analyzed for potassium by flame emission. Two 0.5mL aliquots are added to 5 mL portion
of water. To one portion added 10𝜇L of 0.05 M KCl solution. The net emission signals in arbitrary
units are 32.1 and 58.6. Calculate the concentration of potassium in serum using standard addition
method.
Few Objectives
Which one of the following is not the measure of precision? [2015C]
[ ] standard deviation [ ] detection limit [ ] variance [ ] coefficient of variation
Which of these statements is not true? [2015]
[ ] quartz crystal microbalance is based on piezoelectric characteristic of quartz
[ ] time between successive HI and LO transition is called period.
[ ] detector convert electrical signal to non-electrical signal and vice versa.
[ ] sensors are the devices that are capable of monitoring specific chemical species continuously
and reversibly
Accuracy is defined as [2016C]
[ ] A measure of how often an experimental value can be repeated.
[ ] The close ness of measured value to the real value.
[ ] The close ness of measured value to the real value.
[ ] The number of significant figures used in measurement.
A device use to change analog to electrical domain or vice versa is [2016C]
[ ] detector [ ] transducer [ ] sensor [ ] filter
Many electrical devices that serves to convert data from electrical to non-electrical domain are broadly
called ……………………….[2015C]
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is based on ………………………….… characteristic of quartz.
[2018]
The time between LO to HI transition is called ……………………….. and time between LO to HI and a
HI to LO transition is called ………………………..[2018]
In measure of dynamic range LOL stands for……………………..……………………[2016C]
Information in analog domain is encoded as the magnitude of ……………………….[2016]

Spectroscopic Methods (principle)

1. What is a photomultiplier tube? state its working principle. [2015C]

2. Write about UV Visible absorption detector. [2015]
3. Explain the significance of the slit width of a monochromator. List out the advantages and
disadvantages of making slit width smaller. [2018] [2016]
4. Differentiate between single beam and double beam spectrophotometer. [2016]
5. Calculate the energy of a 700 nm photon of visible radiation in KJ/mole unit. (h = 6.63×10 -34Js,
Avogadro’s no = 6.02×1023). [2015]
6. What wavelength of a photon that has three times as much energy as that of a photon whose
wavelength is 799nm? [2016]
7. what are the devices that have been utilized for obtaining (selecting) monochromatic light from a
light source? Discuss how does a filter work? [2016C]
8. The absorption energy per unit area of the solvent is called…………….. [2016C]

UV spectroscopy
1. What is Beer’s law? what is significance of molar absorptivity coefficient? [2015]
2. State Beer’s law. Strict adherence to Beer’s law is not valid in presence of polychromatic radiation.
Explain. [2015C]
3. What is a chromophore? what are the causes of red shift and blue shift during UV-vis absorbance?
[2015C]
4. What factors influence the absorption measurement in UV spectroscopy? [2016]
5. Explain about absorption by inorganic species in UV Visible region. [2015]
6. Briefly explain the sources of radiation used in UV-visible spectrophotometer. [2018]
7. Differentiate (i) Deuterium lamp and Tungsten lamp. [2015]
8. Describe with suitable example hypsochromic shift and bathochromic shift[2018]
9. Explain why the polar solvent usually shift the -* transition to longer wavelength and n-*
transition to shorter wavelength. [2016C]
10. A 2.50mL aliquot of a solution that contain 7.9 ppm iron (III) is treated with an appropriate excess
KSCN to form Fe(SCN)2+ complex and diluted to 50 mL. what is the absorbance of resulting
solution at 580 nm in a 2.5 cm cell? (molar absorptivity coefficient = 7×10 3 Lcm-1mol-1) [2018]
11. Acrolein (CH2=CHCHO) absorbs at 217 nm (max = 16000). What is the weight concentration
(g/mL) required to absorb an absorbance of 0.8 when the cell length is 1 cm? [2016C]
12. A solution containing 6.23 ppm KMnO4 had a transmittance of 0.195 in a 1.00 cm cell at 520 nm.
Calculate the molar absorptivity of KMnO4 at 520nm. [2016]
Objectives
Which of the following linkage shows auxochromic effect in UV-visible absorption? [2015C]
[ ] -NH4+ [ ] -CH3 [ ] -OH - [ ] =CH2
In UV absorption spectroscopy, which of the following statement is true? [2015]
[ ] -* transition are lower in energy than -* transition.
[ ] A conjugated system of double bond in a molecule shift the absorption maxima to higher
wavelength.
[ ] n- * transitions are higher in energy than -* transitions.
[ ] b and c
A sample container used in UV region (below 350nm) are made up of the material
……………………..{A} glass {B} Quartz {C} Fused silica {D}Plastic[2015]
[ ] [AB] [ ] [BC] [ ] [AC] [ ] [AD]
The wavelength of photon that has three times as much energy as that a photon whose wavelength is 779
nm is [2018]
[ ] 240nm[ ] 250nm[ ] 260nm[ ] 270nm
Which of the following transition is the highest energy transition? [2018]
[ ] n to * [ ] n to *[ ]  to *[ ]  to *
The extinction coefficient is [2016C]
[ ] a constant of a substance [ ] a universal constant [ ] a constant for a solvent [ ] equal to 1
A solution of 1.14×10-3 M in Y had transmittance of 0.126 when measured in 2.00 cm cell. What
concentration would be required for the transmittance to be increased by a factor 3?........... [2015C]
Which region of electromagnetic spectrum IR and UV is characterized by waves of shorter wavelength?
…………. [2015]
We have 29.9% transmittance value. conversion of this transmission data to absorbance will give the
value…………….. [2015]
……………………. from Beer’s law arises when an analyte dissociates, associates, or reacts with a
solvent to produce a product with a different absorption spectrum than the analyte. [2018]
Positive deviation from Beer’s law occurs when ……………… [2016]

IR spectroscopy

1. Explain in detail the quantum treatment of vibration. [2015C]

2. Differentiate between (i) Stretching and bending vibration [2015C]
3. How are group frequency region and fingerprint regions helpful in IR spectra? [2015C]
4. Giving suitable regions, figure out the functional group of the compound that gives the following IR
spectrum? [2015]

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch13/ch13-ir-4-fg.ml
5. Write short notes on sampling handling techniques in IR. [2015]
6. Gaseous HCl exhibit IR absorption at 2890cm-1 due to hydrogen chlorine stretching vibration.
calculate the force constant for the bond. [2018]
7. The IR spectrum of CO shows a vibrational absorption band at 2170 cm -1. what is the force constant
for the CO bond? [2016]
8. How many vibrational modes does Sulphur dioxide have? How many IR absorption bands would
Sulphur dioxide be expected to have? [2018]
9. Write the types of radiation observed in the electromagnetic spectrum going from high to low
energy.
10. What is the basic requirement for a vibration to be IR active? explain taking the example of CO 2.
[2016C]
11. Explain the sample handling process of the solid samples in IR spectroscopy. [2016]
12. The spectrum in figure below was obtained for the compound having empirical formula C 5H10O.
Identify the compound as closely as possible. [2016] [ http://olafs.chem.uh.edu/teaching-files/PS-NMR.pdf]

Objectives
Which of the following molecule is IR inactive but Raman active? [2015C]
[ ] HCl [ ] N2 [ ] SO2 [ ] CH4
Rank the following bond in order of increasing stretching frequency (cm -1) in IR spectrum/ {A} O-H {B}
C=O {C} C-N {D} N-H[2015]
[ ] C<B<D<A [ ] C<B<A<D [ ] B<A<C<D [ ] D<C<B<A
The basic principle of IR for analysis of compound is [2018]
[ ] movement of electrons between different atomic energy levels.
[ ] movement of electrons between different molecular levels.
[ ] absorption of radiation by nuclei placed in magnetic field.
[ ] bending and stretching of covalent bond in molecule.
where does the carbonyl (C=O) stretch appears in IR spectrum? [2018]
[ ] 740-720cm-1[ ] 650-600cm-1[ ] 1160-1030cm-1[ ] 1870-1650cm-1
Which of the following bonds would show the strongest absorption in the IR? [2016]
[ ] carbon-nitrogen, [ ] oxygen-hydrogen[ ] nitrogen-hydrogen [ ] Sulphur-hydrogen
Grating is a device used in a spectrophotometer to function as [2016]
[ ]A light source [ ]A monochromator [ ]A detector [ ]A nebulizer
Ethylene (HCCH) does not show IR absorption in the region 2000-2500 cm -1 because, [2016C]
[ ] HCCH stretches occur at about 1640cm-1.
[ ]There is change in dipole moment when HC CH bond in ethyne stretches.
[ ]There is no change in dipole moment when HC CH bond in ethyne stretches.
[ ] HCCH stretches occur at lower energies.
The region of IR spectrum which contains the most complex vibrations (600-1400cm -1) is called the
…………………. region of the spectrum. [2016C]
A non-linear molecule with n atoms has …………… fundamental vibrational modes. [2016C]
CO2 molecule shows two absorption maxima, one at …………. cm -1 and other at …………. cm-1. [2015]
Among HCl, CH4, NO and O2, the IR inactive molecule is………………..[2015]
Radiation of what wavenumber has a wavelength of 4 m?....... [2015C]
An IR wavelength of 4.48 m is equivalent to the wavenumber of ……… cm -1. [2015]