Erbil Polytechnic University

Engineering College
Information System Engineering

Electrical and Electronic Circuits

Transformer

Prepared By
Dana Omer Mahmood

Third Semester

Lecturer: Mohammad Ahmed

2020 - 2021
Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
Transformer.............................................................................................................2
Principle........................................................................................................................................2
Working Principle....................................................................................................2
Transformer Parts and Construction..............................................................................................4
 Primary Winding of Transformer....................................................................4
 Magnetic Core of Transformer........................................................................4
 Secondary Winding of Transformer................................................................4
Types of Transformers...................................................................................................................5
Types by Design......................................................................................................5
1. Core- Type Transformer..................................................................................5
2. Shell-Type Transformer...................................................................................6
Types of Transformers based on Cooling method...................................................7
1. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN).....................................................................7
2. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)......................................................................8
3. Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)........................................................................9
4. Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF).................................................................9
5. Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF).................................................................10
6. Air Blast Type................................................................................................11
7. Air Natural.....................................................................................................11
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................12
References...................................................................................................................................13

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Introduction

Transformer

A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of

electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or
decrease in the current ratings. And are electrical devices consisting of two or more
coils of wire used to transfer electrical energy by means of a changing magnetic field.

Principle

Working Principle

The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two

circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of
two coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked
through a path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be
understood from the figure below.

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As shown above the electrical transformer has primary and secondary windings. The
core laminations are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can see that
there are some narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core. These staggered
joints are said to be ‘imbricated’. Both the coils have high mutual inductance. A
mutual electro-motive force is induced in the transformer from the alternating flux that
is set up in the laminated core, due to the coil that is connected to a source of
alternating voltage. Most of the alternating flux developed by this coil is linked with
the other coil and thus produces the mutual induced electro-motive force.

A transformer carries these Operations:

1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.

2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.

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Transformer Parts and Construction

Main parts of transformers are:

 Primary Winding of Transformer

 Magnetic Core of Transformer
 Secondary Winding of Transformer

 Primary Winding of Transformer

Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical source.

 Magnetic Core of Transformer

The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass through this low
reluctance path linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.

 Secondary Winding of Transformer

The flux, produced by primary winding, passes through the core, will link with the
secondary winding. This winding also wounds on the same core and gives the desired
output of the transformer.

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Types of Transformers

Types by Design

The types of transformers differ in the manner in which the primary and secondary
coils are provided around the laminated steel core. According to the design,
transformers can be classified into two:

1. Core- Type Transformer

In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part of the core. The
coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are of cylindrical type. Such a type
of transformer can be applicable for small sized and large sized transformers. In the
small sized type, the core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used are
cylindrical. The figure below shows the large sized type. You can see that the round or
cylindrical coils are wound in such a way as to fit over a cruciform core section. In the
case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a fair advantage of having good mechanical
strength. The cylindrical coils will have different layers and each layer will be
insulated from the other with the help of materials like paper, cloth, micarta board and
so on. The general arrangement of the core-type transformer with respect to the core is
shown below. Both low-voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) windings are shown.

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The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core as it is the easiest to insulate.
The effective core area of the transformer can be reduced with the use of laminations
and insulation.

2. Shell-Type Transformer

In shell-type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings.

The comparison is shown in the figure below.

A strong rigid mechanical bracing must be given to the cores and coils of the
transformers. This will help in minimizing the movement of the device and also
prevents the device from getting any insulation damage. A transformer with good
bracing will not produce any humming noise during its working and will also reduce
vibration.

A special housing platform must be provided for transformers. Usually, the device is
placed in tightly-fitted sheet-metal tanks filled with special insulating oil. This oil is
needed to circulate through the device and cool the coils. It is also responsible for
providing the additional insulation for the device when it is left in the air.

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Types of Transformers based on Cooling method

1. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

Natural convection process is used for this type of cooling. The assembly of the core
and windings are placed in the oil-immersed tank. As the core and the windings heat
up the temperature of the oil in the transformer rises. As a result, the oil moves upward
and flows from the upper portion of the transformer tank. This hot oil dissipates heat in
the air by natural convection and conduction process, the oil gets cooled by the
circulation of natural air and passes through the radiator again for the use of the
transformer. This type of cooling is used for the transformer rating up to 30 MVA.

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2. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

This method is used for the cooling of the transformer of rating up to 60 Mega volts
ampere. As discussed above that in ONAN method, the dissipation of heat is taking
place by the convection process in which air is naturally circulated to cool down, but in
this type, the forced air is used for the purpose of cooling the transformer.

he cooling of oil will be faster if the area of the tank of the transformer is increased
finally, which result in the increase in heat dissipation level. As the fans and blowers
are installed, a high velocity of air is forcefully applied to the radiator and cooling
towers which will help in cooling oil more quickly and efficiently.

Its cost is higher as compared to another process where the circulation of oil and air is
done naturally because a fan and blowers are attached as extra cooling equipment, in
this method.

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3. Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)

As the name itself says that both the oil and the air are applied by force for cooling of a
transformer. The Heat Exchanger is installed through which hot oil is circulated with
the help of a pump. Air is forced to pass on the heat exchanger with the help of high-
speed fans.

This method is similar to ONAN, as when there is low load on the transformer the
cooling is done by a simple ONAN method. However, as soon as the load is increased,
the generated heat will also be more and therefore the sensor gives an alarm that the
dissipation of heat has exceeded the safe value and as a result, the fans and pumps are
switched on automatically.

4. Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF)

In Oil Natural Water Force cooling method, the transformer core and the windings are
immersed in the oil tank. A radiator is installed outside the tank, as the temperature

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rises and the oil heats up and moves upward, the heat is dissipated by the natural
process of convection and oil is passed through the radiator, but the water is pumped
and passed through the heat exchanger for cooling of the oil.

5. Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

A heat exchanger is installed through which both oil and water are passed with the help
of a pump. The level and pressure of the oil are always kept higher than that of water
so that if any leakage occurs in the system the oil mixes with the water, but water does
not get mixed up with the oil.

This type of method is suitable for large capacity of the transformer having rating as
several hundred MVA or where banks of transformers are installed. Mainly this type of
cooling is done for the transformer installed at the hydropower plant.

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6. Air Blast Type

This type is used for transformers that use voltages below 25,000 volts. The
transformer is housed in a thin sheet metal box open at both ends through which air is
blown from the bottom to the top.

7. Air Natural

By Air Natural method the generated heat in the transformer is cooled by the
circulation of natural air. When the temperature of the transformer becomes higher as
compared to the temperature of the surrounding air, thus by the process of natural
convection, heated air is replaced by the cool air. This method is also known as a self-
cooled method. This method is used for cooling the smaller output transformer rating
that is up to 1.5 MVA.

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Conclusion

 A Transformer is a static device which transfer electrical energy from one part of
the electrical circuit to other part of circuit without changing the frequency.

 A basic transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and
inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance.

 Main parts of transformers are (Primary Winding of Transformer, Magnetic Core of

Transformer, Secondary Winding of Transformer).

 Types of Transformers by design are (Core- Type Transformer, Shell-Type

Transformer).

 Types of Transformers by cooling method are (Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) ,
Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) , Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF), Oil Forced Air
Forced (OFAF), Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF) , Oil Forced Water Forced
(OFWF) , Air Forced (AF) or Air Blast , Air Natural (AN)).

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References

1. electricalengineeringinfo. (2021/1/8). Transformers. Retrieved from

www.electricalengineeringinfo.com:
https://www.electricalengineeringinfo.com/transformers

2. electronics-tutorials. (2021/1/8). Transformers. Retrieved from

www.electronics-tutorials.ws: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformers

3. electrical4u. (2021/1/8). Transformers. Retrieved from www.electrical4u.com :

https://www.electrical4u.com/transformers

4. circuitstoday.com. (2021/1/8). Transformer. Retrieved from

www.circuitstoday.com: https://www.circuitstoday.com/transformer

5. circuitglobe. (2021/1/8). Cooling of Transformer and Methods of Cooling.

Retrieved from circuitglobe.com: https://circuitglobe.com/cooling-of-transfomer-
and-methods-of-cooling.html

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